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Cocculus Hirsutus (L.) W.Theob medicines Review Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (Menispermaceae): A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities Rajan Logesh 1, Niranjan Das 2 , Anjana Adhikari-Devkota 3 and Hari Prasad Devkota 3,4,* 1 TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland’s, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia 799155, Tripura, India; [email protected] 3 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; [email protected] 4 Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health life Sciences: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 October 2020; Accepted: 6 November 2020; Published: 10 November 2020 Abstract: Background: Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (Menispermaceae) is a perennial climber distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. The main aim of this article is to collect and analyze the scientific information related to traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Methods: Scientific information on C. hirsutus was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (e.g. MEDLINE/PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus). Information regarding traditional uses was also acquired from secondary resources including books and proceedings. Results: Different plant parts of C. hirsutus were reported to be used for the treatment of fever, skin diseases, stomach disorders and urinary diseases. Alkaloids such as jasminitine, hirsutine, cohirsitine and their derivatives along with a few flavonoids, triterpene derivatives and volatile compounds were reported from whole plant or different plant parts. Extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective activities among others. Conclusion: Although widely used in traditional medicines, only a few studies have been performed related to chemical constituents. Most of the biological activity evaluations were carried out using in vitro evaluation methods and only a few studies were carried out in animal models. In the future, properly designed in vivo and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the pharmacological activities of C. hirsutus along with bioassay-guided studies to isolate and identify the active constituents. Keywords: Cocculus hirsutus; Menispermaceae; Jamti-ki-bel; traditional uses; alkaloids; pharmacological activity 1. Introduction The Menispermaceae family consists of about 70 genera and 500 species [1]. Among them, the genus Cocculus comprises about 10 species distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and North America [1]. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob (Figure1) (syn. Cebatha hirsuta (L.) Kuntze, Cebatha villosa C.Chr., Cocculus aristolochiae DC., Cocculus hastatus DC., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Cocculus holopeira-torrida Broun & R.L.Massey, Cocculus linnaeanus Kurz, Cocculus sepium Colebr., Cocculus villosus DC., Menispermum hirsutum L.) [2] is a perennial climber distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas [3]. In Asia, it is reported from India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan and southern China [1,4–6]. Medicines 2020, 7, 0069; doi:10.3390/medicines7110069 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Medicines 2020, X, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 Medicines 2020, X, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 Medicinesareas [3].2020 In, 7Asia,, 0069 it is reported from India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan and southern China 2[1,4 of 10– areas [3]. In Asia, it is reported from India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan and southern China [1,4– 6]. In Africa, it is reported from Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea, Angola and south-west and southern Africa 6]. In Africa, it is reported from Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea, Angola and south-west and southern Africa [1,6]. The detailed distribution in Asia and Africa is given in Figure 2 [7]. It is known by various In[1,6]. Africa, The itdetailed is reported distribution from Egypt, in SudanAsia and and Africa Eritrea, is Angola given andin Figure south-west 2 [7]. andIt is southern known Africaby various [1,6]. names in local languages such as: Broom creeper (English); Huyer (Bengali); Farid buti, Jamti ki bel Thenames detailed in local distribution languages insuch Asia as: and Broom Africa creeper is given (English); in Figure Huyer2[ 7]. (Bengali); It is known Farid by variousbuti, Jamti names ki bel in (Hindi); Kaage Mari (Kannada); Farid buti (Urdu); Paathaalagarudakkoti (Malayalam), Kaanse local(Hindi); languages Kaage suchMari as:(Kannada); Broom creeper Farid (English);buti (Urdu); Huyer Paathaalagarudakkoti (Bengali); Farid buti, (Malayalam), Jamti ki bel (Hindi);Kaanse laharo (Nepali); Garudi, Patalagarudi (Sanskrit), Chipuru-tiga (Telegu); Kattu-k-koti (Tamil) among Kaagelaharo Mari(Nepali); (Kannada); Garudi, Farid Patalagarudi buti (Urdu); (Sanskrit), Paathaalagarudakkoti Chipuru-tiga (Telegu); (Malayalam), Kattu-k-koti Kaanse laharo(Tamil) (Nepali); among others [3,4,8]. Garudi,others [3,4,8]. Patalagarudi (Sanskrit), Chipuru-tiga (Telegu); Kattu-k-koti (Tamil) among others [3,4,8]. Figure 1.1. PhotographsPhotographs of of male male (a) and(a) femaleand female (b) plants (b) ofplantsCocculus of Cocculus hirsutus (Photos hirsutus by (Photos Dr. D. Narasimhan by Dr. D. Figure 1. Photographs of male (a) and female (b) plants of Cocculus hirsutus (Photos by Dr. D. andNarasimhan Mr. K. Devanathan). and Mr. K. Devanathan). Narasimhan and Mr. K. Devanathan). Figure 2. Distribution2. Distribution of C. hirsutusof inC. Asiahirsutus and Africa.in (Source:Asia GBIF,and https:Africa.//www.gbif.org (Source: /speciesGBIF,/ Figure 2. Distribution of C. hirsutus in Asia and Africa. (Source: GBIF, 7930800https://www.gbif.org/species/7930800[7]). [7]). https://www.gbif.org/species/7930800 [7]). Various plant plant parts parts of C.of hirsutusC. hirsutusare widely are widely used in used South in Asia South for theAsia treatment for the oftreatment fever, rheumatism, of fever, Various plant parts of C. hirsutus are widely used in South Asia for the treatment of fever, skinrheumatism, disorders skin and disorders visceral diseases and visceral and also diseases as a detoxifier and also [ 9as]. a In detoxifier Africa, stems [9]. In are Africa, used to stems make are baskets used rheumatism, skin disorders and visceral diseases and also as a detoxifier [9]. In Africa, stems are used andto make the purplebaskets berries and the are purple eaten berries or used are to eaten dye basket or used materials. to dye basket Leaves materials. are used Leaves by Tsonga are used people by to make baskets and the purple berries are eaten or used to dye basket materials. Leaves are used by asTsonga an important people as herb an in important their diet [herb1]. Regardingin their diet the pharmacological[1]. Regarding the activity pharmacological evaluations, extractsactivity Tsonga people as an important herb in their diet [1]. Regarding the pharmacological activity obtainedevaluations, from extracts the plant obtained parts from of C. the hirsutus planthave parts shown of C. hirsutus potent have diuretic, shown laxative potent [10 diuretic,], analgesic laxative and evaluations, extracts obtained from the plant parts of C. hirsutus have shown potent diuretic, laxative Medicines 2020, 7, 0069 3 of 10 anti-inflammatory activities [11]. Mainly alkaloids and some other compounds are reported from whole plant or different plant parts, however the detailed chemical analysis has not been performed yet. A current pandemic outbreak of Coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) has affected 216 countries and territories and more than 47 million cases were reported till 3 November 2020 (https://www. worldometers.info/coronavirus/). Along with the research on the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs, many researchers are also focusing on the plant-derived natural products as potential sources of therapeutic agents. According to Clinical Trials Registry-India [12], an open label, randomized, comparative, multi-center, parallel group, controlled clinical study has been started in India to evaluate the effect and safety of aqueous extract of Cocculus hirsutus (AQCH) tablets in treatment of Coronavirus infection (CTRI Number: CTRI/2020/05/025397, registered on 28 May 2020). Previously, a randomized, Phase-I, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate safety and tolerability of AQCH tablets in healthy adult human subjects was registered (CTRI Number: CTRI/2019/12/022297, registered on 10 December 2019). To the best of our knowledge, the outcomes of these studies have not been published yet. For a medicinal plant species that has been widely used in traditional medicines and is also being considered as a source for the development of therapeutic agents for various diseases, it is important to critically analyze and understand the available scientific information about the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Thus, the aim of this article is to compile and analyze the available scientific information about these reported aspects of C. hirsutus. Persistent gaps in research and future perspectives on research and utilization of C. hirsutus are also discussed in detail. 2. Traditional Uses Various publications have mentioned the traditional uses of C. hirsutus as practiced by the ethnic
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