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O. Ivar Lovaas "IN MEMORIAM" (1927-2010) Autores: Luis Valero Y Manuel García Silvente

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O. Ivar Lovaas Publicado por Grupo Contextos www.conducta.org O. Ivar Lovaas "IN MEMORIAM" (1927-2010) Autores: Luis Valero y Manuel García Silvente El profesor O. Ivar Lovaas era profesor emérito en la Universidad de California (Center for Autism and Related Disorders) y ha fallecido el 2 de Agosto de 2010 debido a las complicaciones de la operación de cadera a la que había sido sometido. Además, desde hacía varios años padecía la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Sus aportaciones fundamentales han sido las aplicaciones del AC en las intervenciones conductuales con niños con retraso, especialmente con autismo, en los programas de tratamiento intensivo (al menos 40 horas por semana) que pueden ayudar a mejorar grandemente la vida de estas personas. En su estudio de 1987 demostró que casi la mitad de los niños con autismo que recibían un tratamiento conductual intensivo a edades tempranas conseguía puntuaciones CI normales y podía seguir las clases de primaria sin ayuda; muchos de los otros niños que no conseguían tan buenos resultados, mostraban grandes avances en su vida diaria. Otros estudios posteriores y más recientes han replicado estos resultados en la intervención temprana de tipo conductual en niños con autismo. Publicado por Grupo Contextos www.conducta.org Con el fallecimiento del Dr. Lovaas desaparece un hito del Análisis de Conducta Aplicado. Sin su dedicación y continuo esfuerzo por dar una respuesta, inexistente en ese momento para las personas con autismo y sus familias, podemos decir que en actualidad estas personas y sus familias no gozarían de la calidad de vida que ahora disponen. Su método ha posibilitado que niños con escasas opciones de compartir la vida de sus seres queridos pudieran hacerlo evitando, en muchos casos, la institucionalización de por vida. Tratamos, en definitiva de hacer aquí un homenaje a alguien que con su trabajo ha sido semilla de otros muchos que también hemos creído (y experimentado) que tanto las familias como las propias personas con trastornos tan complejos como estos podían tener la esperanza en una vida mejor. Biografía Nació en 1927 en Lier (Noruega). Su padre era periodista en un periódico local , y su madre era hija de un granjero, ambos tuvieron que trabajar en el campo durante la ocupación nazi. Llegó a EEUU con una beca como violinista en el Luther College en Decorah (Iowa), y se graduaría en 1951. Su primer matrimonio (Beryl Scoles) terminó en divorcio, pero con tres hijas y un hijo. Se formó con Bijou y Baer en el Child Development Institute de la Universidad de Washington, obteniendo su doctorado en 1958 en esa universidad. En 1961 ingresó en el Departamento de Psicología de la Universidad de California, donde formuló su programa educativo y terapéutico intensivo para niños con autismo, que recibió su nombre como “Modelo Lovaas” , y más tarde generalizado como programa ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis). En esta UCLA daría siempre clases de modificación de conducta, y sus alumnos cuentan anécdotas sobre historias noruegas y su ilustración de procesos conductuales con alguna que otra canción. Posteriormente conocería a su segunda esposa (Nina Watthen) en unas clases en Noruega, y con ella formaría su propio Instituto Lovaas. Se hizo muy famoso y tuvo gran demanda para su tratamiento a partir de 1993 cuando publicó “Déjame oír tu voz”, una novela escrita con pseudónimo que presenta las memorias de una madre que ha ayudado a sus dos hijos autistas. En 1995 fundó el Instituto Lovaas (The Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention) para proporcionar este tipo de servicios, asesoramiento y ayuda en distintos estados norteamericanos, que continúa bajo la dirección de su esposa y otro profesores asociados a sus investigaciones. También uno de sus hijos continúa con su propia clínica para niños con autismo en Nevada. Dedicó toda su vida, durante más de 60 años, a las investigaciones clínicas y estudios centrados en los niños con autismo. Siempre defendió, en las pocas entrevistas que hizo, que su método no era una barita mágica, sino sólo una forma de trabajar y mejorar la vida de los niños con autismo. Publicado por Grupo Contextos www.conducta.org Investigación La publicación de Lovaas en 1987 supuso una diferencia importante respecto a los casi inexistentes tratamientos para el autismo. En ese primer estudio se muestra la eficacia del método intensivo de entrenamiento uno-a-uno y durante 40 horas semanales, con un procedimiento estructurado y sistemático. La diferencia en este primer gran estudio sobre la eficacia de este método ABA era la medición, control de variables, y procedimiento estructurados y organizados para la enseñanza sistemática con estos niños. Los estudios sobre autismo hasta ese momento eran sólo descriptivos y basados más en teorías psicoanalíticas no comprobadas; y también muchos estudios posteriores son de carácter más correlacional o sobre procesos básicos de laboratorio basados en teorías cognitivas sobre la mente. No hay otros estudios empíricos que muestren ese grado de eficacia en la educación y adaptación de niños con autismo a edades tempranas, además replicados por varios grupos de investigadores independientes. El inicio del método Lovaas fue muy criticado por hacer uso de técnicas aversivas para eliminar conductas disruptivas, autoestimuladas o agresivas (p.ej. pequeños shock eléctricos, restricción física y “no” fuerte como estimulación). En años posteriores, el propio Lovaas defendería el uso de mayor cantidad de reforzamiento positivo y sobre todo técnicas de reforzamiento diferencial (RDO, RDI, RDB) mucho más efectivas para disminuir esas conductas a largo plazo y producir un verdadero aprendizaje. Los inicios de su método también comenzaron con ensayos discretos, entrenamiento de ensayos masivos con objetivos concretos cada uno de ellos, reforzamiento artificial y condicionado; y posteriormente ha evolucionado hacia el entrenamiento incidental –que mejora la generalización a la vida diaria-, el entrenamiento a padres y en la casa, y el uso de reforzamiento natural y juego como reforzadores principales. El método Lovaas ha sido comprobado por otros equipos de investigación independientes, y comparado con otros procedimientos estandarizados escolares o bien procedimientos eclécticos para el aprendizaje (Howard et al., 2005; McEaching, Smith y Lovaas, 1993; Sallows y Graupner, 2005). En todos estos estudios, el grado de recuperación y adaptación de los niños es superior al no tratamiento o a tratamientos eclécticos. De hecho es el más recomendado por las guías clínicas y educativas para actuación con niños con retraso y autismo en edades tempranas (0-4 años), y el único con datos que muestran su eficacia como método completo y estructurado. Publicaciones en castellano Lovaas, O.I. (1990). Enseñanza de niños con trastornos del desarrollo. Barcelona: Martínez Roca. Lovaas, O.I. (1989). El niño autista: El desarrollo del lenguaje mediante la modificación de conducta. Madrid: Debate. Publicado por Grupo Contextos www.conducta.org Lovaas, O.I. et al. (1989). The Me Book: Manual de tratamiento de niños con trastornos del desarrollo. Edición electrónica http://www.psicodiagnosis.cat/downloads/librolovaas.pdf Maurice, C. (1993). Let me hear you voice. Traducción en edición digital http://www.scribd.com/doc/20454911/Dejame-Oir-Tu-Voz-Catherine-Maurice Referencias y enlaces interesantes Lovaas, O.I. (2003). Teaching individual with developmental delays: Basic intervention techniques. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Lovaas, O.I. (1981). Teaching developmentally disabled children. The Me Book. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Instituto Lovaas para la Intervención Temprana (L.I.F.E.) en California : http://www.lovaas.com Lovaas, O, I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9. McEaching, J.J., Smith, T., y Lovaas, O.I. (1993). Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 97, 4, 359-372. Traducción: http://www.didacticalvs.com/psico/AUTISMO/Lovaas.pdf Informe de recomendaciones para el tratamiento de autismo del Departamento de Salud de Nueva York http://www.nyhealth.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/dis orders/autism/index.htm#contents Cohen, H., Amerine-Dickens, M., y Smith, T. (2006). Early intensive behavioral treatment: Replication of the UCLA Model in a community setting. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 2, 145-155 Sallows, G.O., y Graupner, T. (2005). Intensive behavioral treatment for children with autism: Four-year outcome and predictors. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110, 6, 417-438. Howard, J.S., Sparkman, C.R., Cohe, H.G., Green, G., y Stanislaw, H. (2005). A comparison of intensive behavior analytic and eclectic treatments for young children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 4, 359-383. The Lovaas Center: http://www.thelovaascenter.org Center for Autism and Related Disorders Inc. (C.A.R.D.): http://centerforautism.com/ Aplicación del “método Lovaas” en España. Fundación Planeta Imaginario: http://www.planetaimaginario.org/ Fundación Ilusiones. Centro “La Escuelita de Ilusiones”: http://www.fundailusiones.es/ Centro CIEL: http://centrociel.es/CIEL/castellano/Pagina.Principal.html Centro Al-Mudaris: http://www.centroalmudaris.com/index.htm Publicado por Grupo Contextos www.conducta.org Videos Entrevista histórica con Lovaas: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=593_9tGB3hs Videos históricos del procedimiento Lovaas (10
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