Los Judíos Y Nathan El Sabio De G. E. Lessing: Propuestas De Tolerancia

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Los Judíos Y Nathan El Sabio De G. E. Lessing: Propuestas De Tolerancia View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA FACULTAT DE FILOLOGIA, TRADUCCIÓ I COMUNICACIÓ DEPARTAMENT DE FILOLOGIA ANGLESA I ALEMANYA Los judíos y Nathan el sabio de G. E. Lessing: Propuestas de tolerancia TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Laura Llorens Bejarano Dirigida por la Dra. Brigitte E. Jirku Programa de Doctorado 646 155E Estudios Literarios en Lengua Inglesa y Alemana Valencia, 2015 A mis padres Agradecimientos Durante el proceso de elaboración del presente trabajo he contado con el apoyo de personas que me han facilitado tantos días de esfuerzo. Ahora que este trabajo ha llegado a su fin, me gustaría dedicarles unas palabras de agradecimiento. En primer lugar, querría agradecer el apoyo constante de mi tutora, la Dra. Brigitte Jirku, por haber estado ahí siempre que lo he necesitado. Sus conocimientos, sus orientaciones, su manera de trabajar, su paciencia y motivación han sido fundamentales para hacer posible este trabajo. En segundo lugar quisiera dar las gracias a mis padres por haber sido una fuente de apoyo constante durante toda mi vida y por haber creído siempre en mí. Sin su ayuda este sueño no se hubiera hecho realidad. Por último, mi más caluroso agradecimiento está dedicado a la persona que ha vivido este trabajo desde su comienzo día a día: a Miguel, mi esposo, por su paciencia y cariño, por haber estado a mi lado durante todos estos años. Índice Introducción .................................................................................................................... 7 1. Historia del Pueblo Judío en Alemania hasta el siglo XVIII .................................. 15 1.1. Desde el Rey David hasta Carlomagno ............................................................... 15 1.1.1. ¿Quién fue el fundador de la fe? ................................................................... 17 1.1.2. El nuevo rey fundó un reino ......................................................................... 18 1.1.3. En Babilonia revivió la fe de nuevo ............................................................. 23 1.1.4. Herodes, rey por la gracia de Roma .............................................................. 26 1.1.5. La Tierra Prometida se convirtió en provincia romana ................................ 30 1.1.6. La caída de Jerusalén supuso una gran ruptura ............................................ 31 1.1.7. Existen rastros antiguos que apuntan hacia Alemania .................................. 35 1.1.8. Los judíos como mercaderes en la época merovingia, carolingia y salia ..... 37 1.1.8.1. Los judíos en la época merovingia ........................................................ 37 1.1.8.2. Los judíos en la época Carolingia ......................................................... 40 1.1.8.3. Los judíos en la época otona y salia ...................................................... 53 1.2. La lúgubre Edad Media ....................................................................................... 61 1.2.1. Las cruzadas ................................................................................................. 61 1.2.2. Distintivos y leyes judías .............................................................................. 70 1.2.3. Acusaciones .................................................................................................. 79 1.2.3.1. Las acusaciones de asesinato ritual ....................................................... 79 1.2.3.2. Las acusaciones de la profanación de hostias ....................................... 82 1.2.4. La desgracia de la peste negra y sus consecuencias ..................................... 85 1.3. El Humanismo, la Reforma y los judíos ............................................................. 97 1.3.1. Reuchlin y su defensa del Talmud ................................................................ 97 1.3.2. La Reforma y los judíos .............................................................................. 106 1.4. Contrarreforma y nuevas penurias .................................................................... 118 1.5. La situación de los judíos en la Alemania del siglo XVIII ................................. 128 5 2. Los judíos de Lessing .............................................................................................. 143 2.1. Argumento de la obra ........................................................................................ 144 2.2. Lessing y el género de la comedia .................................................................... 145 2.3. Crítica a los prejuicios antisemitas en Los judíos .............................................. 160 2.4. Recepción de Los judíos .................................................................................... 179 3. Moses Mendelssohn y su amistad con Lessing ..................................................... 187 4. Nathan el sabio ........................................................................................................ 233 4.1. Argumento de la obra ........................................................................................ 234 4.2. La modestia de Nathan ...................................................................................... 235 4.3. El entorno de Nathan ......................................................................................... 258 4.3.1. Recha .......................................................................................................... 259 4.3.2. El Templario ............................................................................................... 263 4.3.3. Saladino ...................................................................................................... 273 4. 3.4. Sittah .......................................................................................................... 277 4.3.5. Daja ............................................................................................................. 281 5. Conclusiones ........................................................................................................... 285 6. Bibliografía ............................................................................................................. 295 6.1. Fuentes primarias .............................................................................................. 295 6.2. Crítica literaria .................................................................................................. 295 6.3. Historia del pueblo judío en Alemania hasta el siglo XVIII ............................... 298 6.4. Lessing, Los judíos ............................................................................................ 303 6.5. Moses Mendelssohn y su amistad con Lessing ................................................. 304 6.6. Lessing, Nathan el sabio ................................................................................... 306 6 Introducción Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), es el máximo representante de la literatura alemana de la Ilustración y uno de los primeros escritores alemanes que abogó por los derechos de los judíos. La obra Nathan el sabio (1779) se considera como la obra de Lessing que, de manera más representativa, predica la tolerancia hacia los judíos y hacia otras religiones. Después de más de doscientos años, la importancia de Lessing y del mensaje de tolerancia de su obra Nathan el sabio continúa vigente. Lessing es un canon de la literatura alemana y su obra póstuma Nathan es lectura obligatoria en los colegios alemanes. Como afirma Karl Josef Müller Nathan el sabio anuncia la victoria de la humanidad sobre la barbarie1 y muestra una tolerancia religiosa ilustrada basada en el diálogo, el profundo respeto por el interlocutor, la superación de prejuicios, la reconciliación y el entendimiento entre seres humanos. Fiel al espíritu de la Ilustración, Lessing pretende con su drama educar al espectador (o lector) en la tolerancia y el rechazo del fanatismo religioso para hacer posible así la construcción de un mundo más humano. Sin embargo, este concepto de tolerancia y respeto hacia diferentes individuos y credos presente en Nathan y tan avanzado para el siglo XVIII no aparece de repente en la personalidad de Lessing al final de su existencia, sino que es el resultado de una vida valiente y consecuente. Lessing fue una persona que siempre luchó contra la corriente. Su valentía y su ausencia de prejuicios ya se perciben en su más tierna juventud. Cuando su padre le envía a Leipzig con apenas veinte años para estudiar Teología, Lessing toma la decisión de contradecir las directrices de su educación, de no seguir la carrera profesional planeada por su padre para él, sino que desea convertirse en un “ser humano” y satisfacer su voluntad.2 Fue pues una ruptura sin precedentes. Lessing se separa de sus raíces, no solo defiende una nueva orientación ideológica, sino que la vive 1 Cf. Müller, Karl-Josef. “Konstruierte Humanität. Zu Lessings Nathan der Weise, Goethes Iphigenie auf Tauris und Brechts Die Maßnahme”, en: Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift 45.3 (1995), p. 301. 2 Cf. Fick, Monika. Lessing Handbuch. Leben-Werk-Wirkung. Stuttgart, Weimar. Metzler, 2000, p. 19. 7 contra los deseos de sus padres, en una época en que la desobediencia de los hijos era considerada nada menos que un desprecio hacia el orden divino. En el contexto de una sociedad todavía estamental Lessing tuvo la osadía de defender su propio
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