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The Molecular Characterization and Expression of New Human SLC26 Anion Transporters Minna Kujala-Myllynen

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The Molecular Characterization and Expression of New Human SLC26 Anion Transporters Minna Kujala-Myllynen Helsinki University Biomedical Dissertations No. 69 The Molecular Characterization and Expression of New Human SLC26 Anion Transporters Minna Kujala-Myllynen Department of Medical Genetics University of Helsinki Finland Academic dissertation To be publicly discussed with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, in the large lecture hall of Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki, on November 18th 2005, at 12 noon. Supervised by: Juha Kere, Professor Department of Biosciences at Novum Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Medical Genetics University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Reviewed by: Hannu Jalanko, MD, PhD, Adjunct Professor Hospital for Children and Adolescents University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland and Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski, MD, PhD, Adjunct Professor Department of Pathology University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland Official opponent: Per-Henrik Groop, MD, DMSc, Adjunct Professor Folkhälsan Research Center University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ISSN 1457-8433 ISBN 952-10-2735-5 (paperback) ISBN 952-10-2736-3 (PDF) Yliopistopaino Helsinki 2005 To My Family Table of Contents List of Original Publications ................................................................................. 13 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 16 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 19 Review of the Literature ...................................................................................... 23 1. Anion Exchanger Genes and Proteins ............................................... 23 1.1 The Classic Family of Anion Exchangers Belongs to Solute Carrier Family 4 (SLC4) Bicarbonate Transporters ..................... 23 1.1.1 SLC4A1 ........................................................................... 24 1.1.2 SLC4A2 ........................................................................... 24 1.1.3 SLC4A3 ........................................................................... 25 1.2 The Solute Carrier Family 26 (SLC26) Anion Transporter Family ................................................................................................ 25 1.2.1 SLC26A1 Was Originally Found in Rats ...................... 26 1.2.2 Mutations of SLC26A2 Cause Several Bone and Cartilage Diseases of Varying Severity ............................. 26 1.2.3 SLC26A3 is Defective in Congenital Chloride Diarrhea ................................................................................. 28 1.2.4 Certain Forms of Deafness Result from Flawed SLC26A4 ................................................................................. 29 1.2.5 The Cochlear Motor Protein SLC26A5 is Associated with Non-syndromic Deafness ........................................... 30 1.2.6 The New Members SLC26A6-A11 .............................. 31 2. Interactions of Several Proteins Define Overall Ion Transport ........ 32 2.1 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator . 32 2.2 Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger 3 ............................................. 33 2.3 Vacuolar H+ ATPase .................................................................. 33 2.4 Carbonic Anhydrase II ............................................................. 34 2.5 PDZ Domain Containing Proteins .......................................... 35 3. The Human Kidney ................................................................................ 36 3.1 Structure of the Human Kidney ............................................... 36 3.2 Kidneys Have Many Functions ................................................ 37 3.2.1 Kidneys Regulate pH of the Body ............................. 38 3.2.2 Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the Kidney Tubules ................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Kidneys Can Autoregulate Their Filtration via Juxtaglomerular Complexes .............................................. 39 3.3 Polycystic and Dysplastic Kidney Diseases .......................... 40 3.4 Expression of SLC26A4 in the Kidney ...................................... 41 4. The Epididymis ....................................................................................... 42 4.1 Structure of the Human Epididymis ........................................ 42 4.2 Function of the Epididymis ...................................................... 42 4.2.1 Absorption of Na+, Cl- and Water During the Flow Through the Epididymis ....................................................... 44 4.2.2 Strict Bicarbonate Control is Needed in the Epididymal Ducts for Keeping Sperm Quiescent ........... 44 Aims of the Study ................................................................................................. 47 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 49 1. Computational Sequence Analysis (I-II) ............................................ 49 2. Chromosomal Mapping Using Radiation Hybrids (I) ....................... 49 3. Cloning of the SLC26A6-A9 Genes (I-II) ............................................. 50 4. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of Single Base Polymorphism (I) ........................................................................................ 50 5. Expression Analyses Using Northern Blotting (I-II) ............................. 51 6. Expression Analyses Using PCR Panels (I-II) ....................................... 51 7. Expression of SLC26A6 and A9 in Cell Lines (I-II) ............................... 51 8. Functional Transport Measurements in Xenopus Laevis Oocytes (II) ................................................................................................................. 52 9. Tissue Samples (I-IV) .............................................................................. 53 10. RT-PCR (III) ............................................................................................. 53 11. In Situ Hybridization (I-II) ...................................................................... 54 12. Antibodies (I-IV) ................................................................................... 54 13. Transfection, Immunofluorescence and Peptide Competition (III) ................................................................................................................ 55 14. Western Blotting (III-IV) ........................................................................ 56 15. Immunohistochemistry (I-IV) .............................................................. 56 Results ..................................................................................................................... 59 1. Detection and Chromosomal Localization of New SLC26 Genes (I) .................................................................................................................. 59 2. Cloning of New SLC26 Genes ............................................................. 60 2.1 SLC26A1 (I) .................................................................................. 60 2.2 SLC26A6 (I) ................................................................................. 60 2.3 SLC26A7 (I-II) .............................................................................. 61 2.4 SLC26A8 (I-II) .............................................................................. 62 2.5 SLC26A9 (II) ................................................................................ 63 2.6 SLC26A10 and SLC26A11 .......................................................... 64 3. Functional Characterization of the SLC26A7-A9 Transporters (II) .. 64 4. Characterization of the Antibodies (III-IV) ........................................ 65 4.1 The SLC26A6 Antibodies ........................................................... 65 4.2 The SLC26A7 Antibodies (III) .................................................... 65 4.3 The SLC26A8 Antibodies (IV) ................................................... 65 5. Expression Profiles of SLC26A6-A9 (I-II) ............................................... 66 5.1 SLC26A6 is Expressed in Various Tissues (I) ............................. 66 5.2 SLC26A7 Was Observed in the Human Kidneys (II) ............. 67 5.3 SLC26A8 Expression is Restricted to the Testes (II) ................ 68 5.4 SLC26A9 is Located in the Pulmonary Epithelium (II) .......... 68 6. Distinct Expression of SLC26A6 and SLC26A7 in the Human Kidney (III) ................................................................................................................ 68 6.1 SLC26A6 and SLC26A7 mRNA Expression in the Kidneys .... 69 6.2 Specific Expression of the SLC26A6 and SLC26A7 Proteins in Distinct Human Kidney Structures ................................................ 69 7. Expression of Selected SLC26 and Other Ion Transport Associated Proteins in the Human Epididymis (IV) .................................................... 72 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 75 1. The SLC26 Family Grew By Several New Structurally Homologous Members ..................................................................................................... 75 2. The New SLC26 Members May Have Important Functions in Certain Tissues ............................................................................................ 80 3. SLC26A6
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