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Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes Molecular Characterization And www.doktorverlag.de [email protected] Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: -5599890 Tel: D-35396 GIESSEN ST AU FEN BER G R I N G 1 5 VVB LAUFERSWEILERVERLAG VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG VVB LAUFERSWEILER édition scientifique 9783835 952300 ISBN 3-8359-5230-7 ISBN VVB CARLA FREIRE CELEDONIO FERNANDE S SLC10A4 AND SLC10A5 Carla FreireCeledonioFernandes Expression ofTwoNewMembers of theSLC10TransporterFamily: Molecular Characterizationand VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG VVB LAUFERSWEILER SLC10A4 andSLC10A5 Doktorgrades der Naturwissenchaften dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Dissertation zur Erlangung des édition scientifique édition Philipps-Universität Marburg (Dr. rer. Nat.) Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Autors oder des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. 1. Auflage 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Author or the Publishers. 1st Edition 2007 © 2007 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen Printed in Germany VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG édition scientifique STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: 0641-5599890 email: [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de Aus dem Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Dr. Joseph Krieglstein und dem Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Ernst Petzinger Molecular Characterization and Expression of Two New Members of the SLC10 Transporter Family: SLC10A4 and SLC10A5 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenchaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes Pharmazeutin aus Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brasilien Marburg/Lahn 2007 Vom Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation am 02. November 2007 angenommen. Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Josef Krieglstein Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ernst Petzinger Tag der mündlichen Prüfung am 14. Dezember 2007 „DENN DER HIMMEL IST DER MENSCH UND DER MENSCH IST DER HIMMEL UND ALLE MENSCHEN EIN HIMMEL UND DER HIMMEL NUR EIN MENSCH.“ PARACELSUS This dissertation is dedicated to my parents Carlos & Ariza, my siblings Carliza & Carlos Júnior, and my husband Cléberson. Com amor… ERKLÄRUNG Ich versichere, dass ich meine Dissertation “ Molecular characterization and expression of two new members of the SLC10 transporter family: SLC10A4 and SLC10A5 „ selbständig ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt und mich dabei keiner anderen als der von mir ausdrücklich bezeichneten Quellen bedient habe. Die Dissertation wurde in der jetzigen oder einer ähnlichen Form noch bei keiner anderen Hochschule eingereicht und hat noch keinen sonstigen Prüfungszwecken gedient. Marburg, den 02 November 2007 Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes . CONTENTS Contents Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Review of Literature.................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Principles of Membrane Transport ............................................................................................. 9 1.1.2. Membrane Transport Systems ................................................................................................. 10 1.1.3. The Solute Carrier Superfamily (SLC)...................................................................................... 10 1.1.4. The Solute Carrier 10 Family.................................................................................................... 12 1.1.4.1. NTCP........................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.4.2. ASBT ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.1.4.3. SLC10A3 .................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.4.4. SLC10A4 .................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.4.5. SLC10A5 .................................................................................................................. 15 1.1.4.6. SOAT........................................................................................................................ 15 1.1.4.7. SLC10A7 .................................................................................................................. 15 1.1.5. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids .................................................................................... 16 1.1.6. The Role of CHT1, VAChT and ChAT in the Cholinergic System............................................ 17 1.2. Aim of the Work ....................................................................................................................... 20 2. Material ....................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1. Primers and Assays .............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1. Primers for sequencing............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.2. Primers for expression profile................................................................................................... 21 2.1.3. TaqMan gene expression assays for quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) ............................... 21 2.1.4. Primers for cloning.................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.5. Primers for sequence insertion of FLAG-epitope ..................................................................... 22 2.1.6. Primers for sequence insertion of HA-epitope.......................................................................... 22 2.1.7. Primers for subcloning in the vector pcDNA5/TO..................................................................... 23 2.1.8. Primers for control of the FLAG- and HA-insertions................................................................. 23 2.2. Agarose/Formaldehyde Gel Electrophoresis and Northern Blot........................................................... 23 2.2.1. Solutions and buffers ................................................................................................................ 23 2.2.2. Gel electrophoresis................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.3. Blotting...................................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4. Other materials ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.3. Cloning, Expression Profiles, cRNA-Synthesis and Insertion of the FLAG and HA epitopes............... 25 2.3.1. Bacterial strains ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2. Vectors...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3. Media ........................................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.4. Agarose gel electrophoresis ..................................................................................................... 29 2.3.5. Enzymes ................................................................................................................................... 29 2.3.6. Commercialized kits and material............................................................................................. 30 2.3.7. cDNA-Pannels and RNAs......................................................................................................... 30 2.4. Expression in Xenopus laevis Oocytes ................................................................................................. 31 2.4.1. Animals ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2. Solutions and buffers for the X.laevis oocytes.......................................................................... 31 2.4.3. Radiochemicals ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.4.4. Material ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.5.
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