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Edinburgh Research Explorer THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 Citation for published version: Cgtp Collaborators 2019, 'THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Transporters', British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 176 Suppl 1, pp. S397-S493. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14753 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1111/bph.14753 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: British Journal of Pharmacology General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Transporters. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S397–S493 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Transporters Stephen PH Alexander1 , Eamonn Kelly2, Alistair Mathie3 ,JohnAPeters4 , Emma L Veale3 , Jane F Armstrong5 , Elena Faccenda5 ,SimonDHarding5 ,AdamJPawson5 , Joanna L Sharman5 , Christopher Southan5 , Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK 2School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK 3Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK 5Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14753. Transporters are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled re- ceptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), therefore,providingofficialIUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. Conflict of interest The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose. © 2019 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The British Pharmacological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Overview: The majority of biological solutes are charged organic teins, which transport (primarily) inorganic cations. The second, 400 members. Many of these overlap in terms of the solutes that or inorganic molecules. Cellular membranes are hydrophobic F-type or V-type ATPases, are proton-coupled motors, which can they carry. For example, amino acids accumulation is mediated and, therefore, effective barriers to separate them allowing the for- function either as transporters or as motors. Last, are ATP-binding by members of the SLC1, SLC3/7, SLC6, SLC15, SLC16, SLC17, mation of gradients, which can be exploited, for example, in the cassette transporters, heavily involved in drug disposition as well SLC32, SLC36, SLC38 and SLC43 families. Further members of generation of energy. Membrane transporters carry solutes across as transporting endogenous solutes. the SLC superfamily regulate ion fluxes at the plasma membrane, cell membranes, which would otherwise be impermeable to them. The second largest family of membrane proteins in the human or solute transport into and out of cellular organelles. Some SLC The energy required for active transport processes is obtained from genome, after the G protein-coupled receptors, are the SLC so- family members remain orphan transporters, in as much as a phys- ATP turnover or by exploiting ion gradients. lute carrier family. Within the solute carrier family, there are a iological function has yet to be dtermined. Within the SLC super- ATP-driven transporters can be divided into three major classes: P- great variety of solutes transported, from simple inorganic ions to family, there is an abundance in diversity of structure. Two fami- type ATPases; F-type or V-type ATPases and ATP-binding cassette amino acids and sugars to relatively complex organic molecules lies (SLC3 and SLC7) only generate functional transporters as het- transporters. The first of these, P-type ATPases, are multimeric pro- like haem. The solute carrier family includes 65 families of almost eromeric partners, where one partner is a single TM domain pro- Searchable database: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/index.jsp Transporters S397 Full Contents of ConciseGuide: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14753/full S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Transporters. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S397–S493 tein. Membrane topology predictions for other families suggest direction. Symports allow concentration gradients of one solute to dients. A more complex family of transporters, the SLC27 fatty 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 or 14 TM domains. The SLC transporters allow co-transport of a second solute across a membrane. A third, acid transporters also express enzymatic function. Many of the include members which function as antiports, where solute move- relatively small group are equilibrative transporters, which allow transporters also express electrogenic properties of ion channels. ment in one direction is balanced by a solute moving in the reverse solutes to travel across membranes down their concentration gra- Family structure S399 ATP-binding cassette transporter family S428 SLC8 family of sodium/calcium exchangers S457 SLC27 family of fatty acid transporters S399 ABCA subfamily S429 SLC9 family of sodium/hydrogen exchangers S458 SLC28 and SLC29 families of nucleoside transporters S401 ABCB subfamily S429 SLC10 family of sodium-bile acid co-transporters S458 SLC28 family S403 ABCC subfamily S431 SLC11 family of proton-coupled metal ion transporters S459 SLC29 family S404 ABCD subfamily of peroxisomal ABC transporters S431 SLC12 family of cation-coupled chloride transporters S461 SLC30 zinc transporter family S405 ABCG subfamily S433 SLC13 family of sodium-dependent sulphate/carboxylate S461 SLC31 family of copper transporters S406 F-type and V-type ATPases transporters S462 SLC32 vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter S406 F-type ATPase S434 SLC14 family of facilitative urea transporters S463 SLC33 acetylCoA transporter S407 V-type ATPase S435 SLC15 family of peptide transporters S464 SLC34 family of sodium phosphate co-transporters S407 P-type ATPases S437 SLC16 family of monocarboxylate transporters S465 SLC35 family of nucleotide sugar transporters S407 Na+/K+-ATPases S438 SLC17 phosphate and organic anion transporter family S466 SLC36 family of proton-coupled amino acid transporters S408 Ca2+-ATPases S438 Type I sodium-phosphate co-transporters S468 SLC37 family of phosphosugar/phosphate exchangers S408 H+ /K+ -ATPases S439 Sialic acid transporter S468 SLC38 family of sodium-dependent neutral S408 Cu+-ATPases S439 Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) amino acid transporters S409 Phospholipid-transporting ATPases S440 Vesicular nucleotide transporter S469 System A-like transporters S409 SLC superfamily of solute carriers S440 SLC18 family of vesicular amine transporters S469 System N-like transporters S410 SLC1 family of amino acid transporters S442 SLC19 family of vitamin transporters S470 Orphan SLC38 transporters S410 Glutamate transporter subfamily S443 SLC20 family of sodium-dependent phosphate S470 SLC39 family of metal ion transporters S412 Alanine/serine/cysteine
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  • Interplay Between Metformin and Serotonin Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract: a Novel Mechanism for the Intestinal Absorption and Adverse Effects of Metformin

    Interplay Between Metformin and Serotonin Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract: a Novel Mechanism for the Intestinal Absorption and Adverse Effects of Metformin

    INTERPLAY BETWEEN METFORMIN AND SEROTONIN TRANSPORT IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR THE INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN Tianxiang Han A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy. Chapel Hill 2013 Approved By: Dhiren R. Thakker, Ph.D. Michael Jay, Ph.D. Kim L. R. Brouwer, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Joseph W. Polli, Ph.D. Xiao Xiao, Ph.D. © 2013 Tianxiang Han ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT TIANXIANG HAN: Interplay between Metformin and Serotonin Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Novel Mechanism for the Intestinal Absorption and Adverse Effects of Metformin (Under the direction of Dhiren R. Thakker, Ph.D.) Metformin is a widely prescribed drug for Type II diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have shown that this highly hydrophilic and charged compound traverses predominantly paracellularly across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, a well-established model for human intestinal epithelium. However, oral bioavailability of metformin is significantly higher than that of the paracellular probe, mannitol (~60% vs ~16%). Based on these observations, the Thakker laboratory proposed a “sponge” hypothesis (Proctor et al., 2008) which states that the functional synergy between apical (AP) transporters and paracellular transport enhances the intestinal absorption of metformin. This dissertation work aims to identify AP uptake transporters of metformin, determine their polarized localization, and elucidate their roles in the intestinal absorption and adverse effects of metformin. Chemical inhibition and transporter-knockdown studies revealed that four transporters, namely, organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and choline high-affinity transporter (CHT) contribute to AP uptake of metformin in Caco-2 cells.