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Peter B. Golden Peter B. Golden TÜRK HALKLARI TARİHİNE GİRİŞ Ortaçağ ve Erken Yeniçağ’da Avrasya ve Ortadoğu’da Etnik Yapı ve Devlet Oluşumu Çeviren: Osman Karatay YAYIN NU: 949 KÜLTÜR SERİSİ: 508 T.C. KÜLTÜR ve TURİZM BAKANLIĞI SERTİFİKA NUMARASI: 16267 ISBN: 978-975-437-914-3 www.otuken.com.tr [email protected] 1. Basım: 2002, KaraM 3. Basım: 2012, Ötüken 9. BASKI ÖTÜKEN NEŞRİYAT A.Ş.® İstiklâl Cad. Ankara Han 65/3 • 34433 Beyoğlu-İstanbul Tel: (0212) 251 03 50 • (0212) 293 88 71 - Faks: (0212) 251 00 12 Kapak Tasarımı: Zafer Yılmaz Dizgi-Tertip: Ötüken Kapak Baskısı: Pelikan Basım Baskı: İmak Ofset Basım Yayın San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Sertifika Numarası: 12531 Tel: (0212) 444 62 18 İstanbul- 2020 İstanbul- Kitabın bütün yayın hakları Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş.’ye aittir. Yayınevinden yazılı izin alınmadan, kaynağın açıkça belirtildiği akademik çalışmalar ve tanıtım faaliyetleri haricinde, kısmen veya tamamen alıntı yapılamaz; hiçbir matbu ve dijital ortamda kopya edilemez, çoğaltılamaz ve yayımlanamaz. PETER BENJAMİN GOLDEN; Amerikalı Türkiyatçı, Avrasya tarihçisi ve dilbilimci. 1941 yılında doğdu. Doktorasını Colombia Üniversitesi’nde Hazarlar üzerine yaptı (1970). 2012 yılında emekli oluncaya kadar Rutgers Üniversitesi’nde çalıştı. Yaşayan en önemli Türkiyatçı kabul edilir. Çalışmaları başta Hazarlar ve Kıpçaklar olarak, Ortaçağ Türk toplulukları üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Üniversitesindeki Ortadoğu Araş- tırmaları Merkezi’nin müdürlüğünü de yapan Golden (2008-2011), kendi başlattığı Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi dergisini 40 yıldan fazladır yayınlamaktadır. Çeşitli Türk ve Slav dilleri ve Almanca ve Fransızca ile Arapça, Farsça, Yunanca ve Latince gibi kaynak dillerinin yanında Macarca ve Gürcüce de bilen Golden, 200’ün üzerinde makale ile bu alanda zirveye oturmuştur. Golden’ın kitapları şunlardır: Khazar Stu- dies. An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars (Budapest 1980); çevirisi Hazar Çalışmaları (İstanbul 2006); An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (Wiesbaden 1992); çevirisi Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş (2002, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016); Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Medieval Eurasia (Washington 1998); The King’s Dictionary. The Rasûlid Hexaglot: Fourteenth-Century Vocabularies in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek, Armenian and Mongolian (Leiden 2000); Ethnicity and State Formation in Pre-Činggisid Turkic Eurasia (Bloomington 2001); Nomads and their Neigh- bours in the Russian Steppe. Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs (Aldershot 2003); ortak editör, The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 Inter- national Colloquium on the Khazars (Leiden 2007); ortak editör, The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia (Aldershot 2010); Central Asia in World History (Oxford 2011); çevirisi Dünya Tarihinde Orta Asya (İstanbul 2015); Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes (Bucharest– Brăila 2011). DOÇ. DR. OSMAN KARATAY; 1971 Çorum doğumlu. Çorum İnönü İlköğretim Okulu, Taşköprü Lisesi ve Çorum Atatürk Lisesi’nde okuduktan sonra 1995 yılında Boğaziçi Üniversitesi’nde Tarih bölümünden mezun oldu. 2002 yılında Gazi Üniversitesi’nde yüksek lisans ve 2006 yılında yine aynı üniversitede doktora derecelerini aldı. 2010 yılında doçentlik sanını aldı. Halen Ege Üniversitesi’nde öğretim üyesidir. Bilimsel çalışmalarının yanında örgütçülüğü ile de Türk bilim ve kültürüne büyük hizmetler- de bulundu. Türkiye’nin ilk düşünce kuruluşu olan Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi’nin (ASAM) kuruluşunda yer aldı. Dünyadaki en büyük Türk tarihi projesi olan Türkler’i yöneterek, toplam 37 ciltlik dev Türk tarihinin ortaya çıkışında büyük katkı yaptı. Ardından KaraM’ı (Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi) kurdu ve Türki- ye’nin ilk bölgesel akademik dergisi olan Karadeniz Araştırmaları’nı yayınlamaya baş- ladı. 80’e yakın makale ve bildirisinin ve Balkanlara dair kitaplarının yanında, tarihle ilgili yayınlanmış eserleri şunlardır: Hırvat Ulusunun Oluşumu. Erken Ortaçağ’da Türk-Hırvat İlişkileri (2000), The Turks, 6 cilt, editör, H. C. Güzel ve C. C. Oğuz ile, (2002), Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş, çeviri, P. B. Golden’dan, (2002; 2006), İran ile Turan Hayali Milletler Çağında Avrasya ve Orta- doğu (2003; 2012), In Search of the Lost Tribe. The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation (2003), Etnik Kimlikler Nasıl Oluşur?, çeviri, H. B. Paksoy’dan, (2005), Hazarlar ve Musevilik, Çeviri, P. B. Golden, C. Zuckerman ve A. Zajaczkowski’den, (2005), Etnik Tutumun Tarihsel Kökleri, AB ve Türk Kimliği (Strateji Raporu) (2005), Balkanlar El Kitabı, 3 cilt, editör, B. A. Gökdağ ile, (2006-2007), Bey ile Büyücü: Avrasya’da Tanrı, Hükümdar, Devlet ve İktisat Hakkında Dilin Söyledikleri (2006), Türklerin Kökeni (2011). İÇİNDEKİLER Üçüncü Baskıya Sunuş ................................................................................................................ 13 Türkçe Baskı İçin Önsöz ............................................................................................................. 15 Önsöz .......................................................................................................................................... 17 GİRİŞ BOZKIR DÜNYASI Göçebe Dünyası ........................................................................................................................... 19 Kabile .......................................................................................................................................... 22 Türk Boy İsimleri ........................................................................................................................ 24 Göçerler ve Yerleşik Dünya ......................................................................................................... 25 Türk Dünyasında Etnik Süreçler ................................................................................................. 30 1. BÖLÜM: AVRASYA HALKLARI VE DİLLERİ Altay Dilleri ................................................................................................................................. 34 Türk Dilleri ................................................................................................................................. 37 Moğol Dilleri ............................................................................................................................... 43 Mançu - Tunguzca ....................................................................................................................... 44 Avrasya’nın Diğer Dilleri ............................................................................................................ 44 Hint-Avrupa ................................................................................................................................ 46 Ural Dilleri .................................................................................................................................. 49 Kafkas Dilleri ............................................................................................................................... 51 2. BÖLÜM: İÇ ASYA’NIN MİRASI Avrasya’nın Tarih Öncesi ............................................................................................................ 55 İranî Göçebeler ............................................................................................................................ 59 Yüeh-chih’ler ve Saka Göçleri ..................................................................................................... 65 Kuşan Devleti .............................................................................................................................. 69 Hunlar (Hsiung-nu) .................................................................................................................... 71 3. BÖLÜM İMPARATORLUKLAR VE GÖÇLER: HSİEN-Pİ VE HALEFLERİ, TABĞAÇ, JOU-JAN / AVAR VE EFTALİT DEVLETLERİ Hsien-pi Birliği ............................................................................................................................ 82 Tabğaçlar ..................................................................................................................................... 86 Jou-Jan (Avar) Kağanlığı ............................................................................................................. 89 Eftalitler ...................................................................................................................................... 93 4. BÖLÜM BATI AVRASYA’NIN ERKEN TÜRK HALKLARI Avrupa Hunları ......................................................................................................................... 100 Oğur Türk Halklarının Gelişi .................................................................................................... 105 Ting-ling – T’ieh-lê Meselesi ..................................................................................................... 106 Oğur Türkçesi ........................................................................................................................... 108 Erken Oğur Boyları ................................................................................................................... 109 Batı Avrasya’da Oğur, Onoğur ve Bulgarlar .............................................................................. 112 Sabirler .....................................................................................................................................
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