Count Belisarius – Βελισαριοσ Ὁ Στρατηγοσ

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Count Belisarius – Βελισαριοσ Ὁ Στρατηγοσ FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE ACADEMIEJAAR 2007-2008 COUNT BELISARIUS – ΒΕΛΙΣΑΡΙΟΣ Ὁ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ DE BYZANTIJNSE BRONNEN VAN ROBERT GRAVES' COUNT BELISARIUS Scriptie voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van licentiaat in de Taal-en Letterkunde: Latijn en Grieks Elisabeth Blancke Promotor: Prof. Dr. G. De Boel FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE ACADEMIEJAAR 2007-2008 COUNT BELISARIUS – ΒΕΛΙΣΑΡΙΟΣ Ὁ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ DE BYZANTIJNSE BRONNEN VAN ROBERT GRAVES' COUNT BELISARIUS Scriptie voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van licentiaat in de Taal-en Letterkunde: Latijn en Grieks Elisabeth Blancke Promotor: Prof. Dr. G. De Boel HOOFDSTUK I: ROBERT GRAVES 1.1 Zijn Leven 1.2 Biografie 1.3 Bibliografie 1.4 Zijn Werk 1.4.1 Algemeen 1.4.2 Thematische Eenheid 1.4.3 Overzicht Werken 1.5 Zijn Denkwereld: De Balans Tussen Leven en Werk 1.5.1. Laura Riding en de Muze 1.5.2 De Invloed Van Zijn Afkomst 1.5.3 Christendom en Islam 1.6 Zijn Stijl 1.6.1 Poëzie 1.6.1.1 Graves Als Criticus Van Tijdgenoten 1.6.1.2 Het Dichtproces en de Fake Poet 1.6.2 Proza 1.6.2.1 De Historische Roman 1.6.2.2 Zijn Methode HOOFDSTUK 2: COUNT BELISARIUS 2.1 Context 2.2 Onderwerp 2.3 Bronnen en historiciteit 2.4 Mimesis² HOOFDSTUK 3: AGATHIAS SCHOLASTICUS 3.1 Leven en werk 3.2 Historiën 3.2.1 Motivatie 3.2.2 Structuur 3.2.2 Inhoud 3.2.3 Zijn Bronnen 3.2.3.1 Procopius 3.2.3.2 Andere 3.3 Wereldbeeld 3.3.1 Christendom 3.3.2 Politiek 3.4 Zijn Stijl 3.5 Agathias en Three Hundred Veterans 3.6.1 Algemeen 3.6.2 Bijzonder HOOFDSTUK 4: PROCOPIUS VAN CAESAREA 4.1 Zijn Leven 4.2 Zijn Werk 4.2.1 Authenticiteit van de Historia Secreta 4.2.2 Datering van de Werken 4.3 Bella 4.3.1 Inhoud 4.3.2 Bronnen en objectiviteit 4.3.3 Stijl 4.4 Historia Secreta 4.4.1 Receptie en Waarheidswaarde 4.4.2 Inhoud en structuur 4.5. Monumenta 4.5.1 Inhoud 4.5.2 Objectiviteit 4.5.3 Stijl 4.6 Zijn Methode HOOFDSTUK 5: VERGELIJKING 5. 1. Antonina 5.1.1 Haar Afkomst en Occulte Interesses 5.1.2 Haar Strijdvaardigheid en Inzet 5.1.3 Haar Relatie met Belisarius 5.1.4 Haar Vriendschap met Theodora 5.2 Theodora 5.2.1 In de Bella 5.2.2 Haar Reputatie 5.2.3 Haar Afkomst, Karakter en Losbandigheid 5.2.4 Haar Rancune Conclusie Referenties Bijlagen DANKWOORD Graag zou ik mijn promotor, Prof. Dr. G. De Boel, bedanken voor de verbeteringen, opmerkingen en hulp waarmee hij me twee jaar geleden op weg zette. Ik ben hem zeer erkentelijk voor zijn eindeloos geduld. Mijn dank gaat ook uit naar de leescommissie voor het lezen en beoordelen van deze thesis en naar familie en vrienden voor hun hun morele steun en nooit-aflatend optimisme. NOOT Persoons- en plaatsnamen uit Graves' roman worden weergegeven zoals in de Engelse tekst. INLEIDING Deze scriptie onderzoekt de graad van verwantheid tussen Robert Graves' historische roman Count Belisarius en het werk van de historici Procopius en Agathias. Robert Graves beweert, behoudens een fictief element, zeer getrouw de bronnen te hebben gevolgd. Hoeveel Dichtung und Wahrheit zijn roman bepaalden, zal blijken uit een vergelijking van de teksten. In het eerste hoofdstuk situeer ik Robert Graves in de Engelstalige literatuur met aandacht voor het wereldbeeld van de auteur en de veelzijdigheid van zijn werk (poëzie, proza en wetenschappelijke literatuur). Het tweede hoofdstuk situeert Count Belisarius in Robert Graves' werk. Het onderwerp van de roman en de gebruikte verteltechnieken worden toegelicht. Het derde hoofdstuk is een overzicht van Agathias' leven en werk (inhoud, structuur van de historiën en hun relevantie voor Count Belisarius) en de algemene geplogenheden van de zesde-eeuwse Byzantijnse historiografie. Het vierde hoofdstuk werpt licht op Procopius' opinie over Justinianus' regime door middel van een analyse van de inhoud en de structuur van de Bella, Historia Secreta en Monumenta. In het vijfde hoofdstuk volgt de eigenlijke vergelijking Graves -Procopius (karaktervoorstelling van de protagonisten, sleutelpassages, terugkerende thema's en omissies). Met het antwoord op de vraag: 'Blijft Robert Graves' bewering overeind?' sluiten we deze scriptie af. Een synopsis van Count Belisarius per hoofdstuk en een overzicht van de inhoud van de Historia Secreta zijn in bijlage voorzien. HOOFDSTUK I: ROBERT GRAVES 1.1 Zijn Leven1 Op 24 juli 1895 wordt Robert von Ranke Graves geboren in Wimbledon, voorstad van Londen. Zijn vader Alfred Perceval Graves, een minder bekend Iers dichter, bestudeerde het Gaelic en de Ierse volkspoëzie. Zijn grootvader, de protestantse bisschop van Limerick, ontcijferde het Ogham alfabet. Roberts moeder, Amalia von Ranke, stamde uit een verarmde adellijke familie. Haar oom was de Duitse historicus Leopold von Ranke. Ze was conservatief, perfectionistisch en drong haar kinderen een overdreven eerbied voor God, King, and Country op2.Graves zal later vertellen dat hij liever minder streng was opgevoed. Tegelijkertijd erkent hij dat hij als schrijver veel aan haar te danken had. Keane 1980: 6 beschrijft Graves' familie als gemütlich en streng. In Graves zelf schuilde een Victoriaan. De oorlog vernietigde al snel zijn Victoriaanse idealen. Daarna was hij enige tijd het socialisme toegedaan. Graves was conservative in the sense that he hoped to conserve or recover the faint and frail fragments of what he considered to be a more honest though very ancient tradition which remained, barely alive in his own time. He was a Victorian who rejected Victorian conventions but longed for the moral certainties of that era which were wrecked by war; an Englishman who fled England but remained extraordinarly English to the last of his days; a passionate admirer of matriarchy but in some ways an old-fashioned male chauvinist. (Firla 2001: 30) De periode van 1907-1914 brengt hij door op internaat in Charterhouse3. Zijn hobbies zijn klimmen en boksen, maar het is vooral poëzie die hem hielp deze moeilijke en verwarrende jeugd door te komen. Zijn eerste probationes pennae verschijnen in het schoolmagazine The Carthusian. In 1914 vervoegt hij de Royal Welsh Fusiliers in plaats van aan het St. John’s College in Oxford te gaan studeren. Daar zet Siegfried Sassoon4 hem er toe aan zich ernstiger met poëzie bezig te gaan houden. Ongeveer een jaar later vertrekt Graves voor de eerste maal naar het front, hij vecht in de slag bij Loos. In juli 1916 verschijnt zijn doodsbericht in de Times. Hij is zogenaamd overleden aan verwondingen opgedaan in de slag bij de Somme. Zijn moeder ontvangt zelfs een doodsbrief. “I did die on my way down to the field hospital,” schrijft hij naar Edward Marsh. (Stade 1967: 10-11) 1Biographical-Bibliographical schema uit Ian Firla (2001: 125-129) met aanvullingen uit Seymour-Smith (1995) en Graves (1995). 2(Graves 2000: 21) my father’s generation of the family were subjected to such intense moral pressure. So often, Amy [Graves’s mother] seems to be equating personal worth with the almost impossibly saintly behavior and self-sacrifice which she was accustomed to demand of herself. Any falling short of the highest ideals is greeted with a terrible sorrow. 3Graves had er de voorkeur aangegeven in Winchester dat hoger aangeschreven stond, te studeren, maar omdat hij in zijn Common Entrance examen en niet kon vervoegen, werd Charterhouse zijn lot. 4Zat in hetzelfde regiment als Graves, op de eerste plaats bekend als ‘War Poet’. 1 In een rustperiode om te recupereren van de traumatische oorlogservaringen, publiceert hij zijn eerste gedichtenbundel, Over the Brazier. In hetzelfde jaar volgen nog twee andere bundels, David and Goliath en Fairies and Fusiliers. In 1917 leidt hij in Oxford officieren op. In 1918 wordt hij opnieuw opgeroepen. Aan het front loopt hij opnieuw ernstige verwondingen op, zoals shell-shock. Hij zal er de rest van zijn leven last van hebben. De oorlog verandert zijn wereldbeeld indringend. Hij interpreteert de ontberingen als een soort rite de passage voor zichzelf en zijn generatie. Hij voelt zich nog steeds “mentally and nervously organized for war”; “strangers in daytime would assume the faces of friends who had been killed.” (Goodbye to All That: 289, 287) In 1918 trouwt hij met de achttienjarige Nancy Nicholson. Ze krijgen samen vier kinderen. Hij doceert in Oxford. Hij overal bekend als War Poet. In 1925 verschijnt het boek My Head! My Head! In 1926 maakt hij kennis met de Amerikaanse dichteres Laura Riding5. Ze reizen samen naar Egypte om aan de universiteit van Cairo te doceren6. Dertien jaar lang werken ze nauw samen. Zij oefent een blijvende en niet te onderschatten invloed op zijn werk uit en transformeert zowel zijn persoonlijkheid als zijn poëzie en proza. In 1925 I first became aquainted with the poems and critical work of Laura Riding, and in 1926 with herself, and slowly began to revise my whole attitude toward poetry. (Stade 1927: 23) influence of Laura Riding is quite possibly the most important single element in [Graves's] poetic career: she persuaded him to curb his digressiveness and his rambling philosophizing and to concentrate instead on terse, ironic poems written on personal themes. (Day 1963) The poems Graves wrote during this crucial period were more satirical, more vigorously cerebral, and, gradually, richer than anything he had written earlier. (Keane 1980: 34) In 1927 scheiden Robert en Nancy; hij publiceert Lawrence and the Arabs zijn eerste commerciële succes. Na er vijf jaar aan te hebben gewerkt, verschijnt in 1929 The Shout. Daarnaast verschijnt Good-Bye to All That, een autobiografisch en therapeutisch werk. De levensomstandigheden van de soldaat worden hartverscheurend weergegeven: Night after night he crawled out into the reeking carnage of no-man’s land under the star-shells and the acrid scent of gas.
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