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Art. XII.—The Sabiri and the Saroguri Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA Additional services for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Art. XII.—The Sabiri and the Saroguri Henry H. Howorth Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society / Volume 24 / Issue 04 / October 1892, pp 613 - 636 DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00021973, Published online: 15 March 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0035869X00021973 How to cite this article: Henry H. Howorth (1892). Art. XII.—The Sabiri and the Saroguri. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24, pp 613-636 doi:10.1017/S0035869X00021973 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA, IP address: 138.251.14.35 on 19 Mar 2015 JOURNAL THE EOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. ART. XII.—The Sabiri and the Saroguri. By SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, ESQ., K.C.I.E., M.P., M.R.A.S. SOME time ago I ventured to print a monograph on the Avars in the Journal of the Asiatic Society. I should now like to continue the story by analyzing the difficult ethno- logical and historical problems involved in discriminating the races which occupied the Steppes of South-eastern Europe before the arrival of the Avars. The question has exercised many inquirers, nor does it seem to me that a final and definite answer can be reached, but we can at all events secure a tentative solution of the problem. Priscus, in a famous passage, has preserved for us an account of the immediate effect of the Avar domination, which I think deserves our close attention. He tells us how about the time when the Vandal Genseric was de- vastating Italy, i.e. about 456, the Avars fell upon the Sabiri, who expelled the Saroguri, the Urogi, and the Onoguri from their country, who thereupon sent envoys to the Roman Emperor (Priscus, Excerpta, Bonn edition, p. 158). Inasmuch as the Sabiri are next found in the Steppes east of the Don and about the Kuban, the meaning of this seems to be that the Sabiri were then driven across the Volga and pushed the other tribes before them, so that J.R.A.S. 1892. 40 614 THE SABIRI AND THE SAROGUBI. they came in contact with the frontiers of the Empire on the lower Danube. I first propose to limit myself to the Sabiri, and to collect what is known about them. From the statement of Priscus it would seem to follow that the Sabiri were the neighbours of the Avars in Asia. They are called 2a(3ipoi or Safieipot by Priscus and Saviri by Jornandes. The name has a singular resemblance to Sibir, which gave its name to Siberia, and it is at all events curious to find that the early Arab geographers speak of Siberia as Ibir-Sibir or Abir-Sibir, and of the town of Sibir which gave its name to a small Khanate first conquered by the Cossack Jermak and afterwards to the Russian province of Siberia, which was situated not far from Tobolsk. When they were driven forward, the Sabiri apparently, as I have said, settled* in the Kuban Steppes north of the Caspian, where we afterwards find them, and, as Vivien St.-Martin says, they probably then became the dominant tribe in the country afterwards occupied by the Nogais, giving their name to a league of the various Hunnic r\ races of Sarmatia (V. St.-Martin, Geog/An. vol. ii. 23). r Procopius describes these wide plains as specially suited for the breeding of horses. There, he tells us, dwell nearly all the tribes called Huns. Their settlements extending to the Maeotis, whence they were wont to break through the Caspian gates and to invade the Persian and Roman borders. About the year 508 we are told that the fortress commanding the pass, i.e. probably the pass of Dariel, was in the hands of a Hun named Ambazuk, who was doubtless a Sabirian Hun. He was on friendly terms with the Emperor Anastasius, and having grown very old, offered to surrender it to him for a consideration. The offer was not accepted by the Emperor, who was a prudent person, and realized the difliculty of maintaining a Roman garrison there, and he accordingly thanked him and promised to consider the matter. Ambazuk shortly after- wards died, whereupon his sons were driven away and the place was occupied by the Persian ruler Kavad THE SABIBI AND THE SAROGUKI. 615 (Procopius De Bell Pers. lib. i. ch. 10). Anastasius was praised for his prudence on this occasion; but, as Lebeau says, a different opinion prevailed when, a few years later, the Huns broke through the pass and carried ravage into the empire. This famous raid was made in the year 516. Unfortunately I can only refer at second-hand to the Armenian authors who refer to it, namely, as quoted by St.-Martin and by Avdall. Vahan, the Mamikonian, who had ruled over Armenia as deputy of the Persian sovereign and as in- dependent prince for thirty years, died in the year 510. His brother Vard, who had been constable, was appointed in. his place with the approval of Kavad, the Persian King, but he only ruled for three years when he was removed in consequence of the complaints made against him, and a Persian named Burzan or Burghan was appointed marzban of Armenia. It was at this time that the Sabiri forcing the Caspian gates invaded Armenia. Burzan fled, abandon- ing the country to their fury, and the Prince of the Grusinians named Mijej alone opposed them. He attacked a body of them who had invaded the mountains of the district of Sasun (Sasun is situated in the Kurdish moun- tains east of the Tigris, and formed part of the Armenian province of Aghdsnik). He completely routed and drove them away, and marching his forces with those of some other Armenian chiefs, pursued the invaders and drove them out of Armenia. When this was reported to Kavad, he deposed Burzan and nominated Mijej in his place, and we are told how inter alia he restored the towns and villages which the invaders had destroyed (Lebeau, vol. vii. pp. 435- 436 ; Avdall, pp. 329-330). The invaders are called simply Huns by the Armenian historians, but we know from the Byzantine writers that they were Sabiri. On leaving Armenia, we gather from the latter that they invaded Cappadocia, Galatia, and Pontus, which they laid waste. They penetrated as far as Euchaites and the frontiers of Lycaonia (Anastasius passim). It was on this occasion that Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, who had been deposed and exiled to Euchaites, fled from this place 616 THE SABIRI AND THE SAROGURI.' and took refuge at Ancyra.." His successor, who had also been exiled to the same town, retired for similar reasons to Gangra, where he soon after died (Lebeau, vol. vii. p. 433). Anastasius, in the MS. followed by Stritter, calls these Huns Satnen, but in the corresponding passage of Cedrenus they are called Sabiri. The next time we read of the Sabiri is in the year 522. They are not called Sabiri in the notice, but only Huns; but inasmuch as they were apparently living in the Kuban, it can hardly have been any other tribe. We read that war having broken out again between the Persians and Romans, the Emperor Justin sent envoys and gifts to Ziligdes (otherwise called Zilgbior or Ziagbiris and Zilgibio), who engaged by an oath to help the Romans; but Justin speedily discovered that he had made the same offer to the Persian ruler Kavad, whom he had furnished with a con- tingent of 20,000 men. Justin now informed Kavad of the double treachery of the Hunnic chief, adding, " Brothers as we are, had we not better remain at peace than become the toys of these dogs?" Having summoned the Hunnic leader, and discovered that Justin's account was true, Kavad put him to death, and afterwards slaughtered his men, who, unaware of their leader's death, were sleeping comfortably in their tents (Theophanes, etc.; Stritter, vol. i. pp. 602-3 ; Lebeau, vol. viii. pp. 28 and 29). Seven years later, namely, in 528, we read that Justinian, being at war with the Persians, won over by presents and royal ornaments Boarex, called Boa by Malala, and Boazer in the Historia Miscella of Paul the Deacon. She was the widow of Balakh, or Malakh, chief of the Hunnic Sabiri. She marched with 100,000 of her men against two Hunnic chiefs who "lived in the interior parts," i.e. doubtless further north, and who were probably the leaders of the Utigurs and the Kotrigurs. Their names are given as Styrax and Grlouea by some authors, while by Malala they are named Turagx and Glom. They had it seems been invited to his assistance by the Persian king Kavad, and were marching 20,000 strong. She fought with them, captured one of their kings, THE SABIRf AND THE SAROGURi; 617 namely, Styrax, who was sent in chains to Constantinople; the other king was killed (Stritter, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 677 and 578; Lebeau, vol. viii. pp. 104-5). The struggle between the Romans and Persians still con- tinued, and in 530 there was fought a memorable battle near the town of Dara. The Romans were commanded by Belisarius and the Persians by Peroses, or Firoz : on the Roman side was a body of 600 Huns commanded by Sunika and Augan. Procopius calls these Huns, Massagetae.
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