Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament • 2. Reihe

Herausgeber/Editor Jörg Frey Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck

169

Andrew Gregory

The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period before Irenaeus

Looking for Luke in the Second Century

Mohr Siebeck ANDREW GREGORY, born 1971; 2001 Doctor of Philosophy; currently Chaplain and Oakeshott Junior Research Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, and a member of the Theology Faculty of the University of Oxford.

ISBN3-16-148086-4 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe)

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

© 2003 J. C. B. Möhr (Paul Siebeck) Tubingen.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems.

The book was printed by Druckpartner Rübelmann GmbH in Hemsbach on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann in Darmstadt.

Printed in Germany. for Katherine àvcv F|S OÙK

Acknowledgements

This monograph is the revised and expanded version of a thesis which was accepted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Oxford in November 2001. A number of institutions provided the financial support which enabled me to undertake this research, and I am glad to record my gratitude to them: the Arts and Humanities Research Board of the British Academy, which awarded me a Postgraduate Studentship in the Humanities; the Warden and Fellows of Keble College, Oxford, who elected me as Gosden Student and appointed me as Assistant Chaplain; and the Rector and Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford who elected me to the Oakeshott Junior Research Fellowship and appointed me as Chaplain. The Lincoln College Zilkha Fund also paid for the indexing of this monograph. Both colleges have provided enriching experiences of collegiate life, and I am grateful that my research and pastoral and liturgical ministries have been able to be combined in these contexts. Particular thanks are due to the John Davies, the Chaplain at Keble, and to Heads of House at both Colleges: Averil Cameron at Keble, and Eric Anderson and Paul Langford at Lincoln. I am also grateful to the people of the parish of St Dunstan with St Thomas, East Acton, who welcomed with open arms both Katherine, my wife, and me, when I joined them as their Assistant Curate during my time at Keble. Particular thanks go the Rt Revd Graham Dow, then Bishop of Willesden, whose willingness to ordain me allowed me to combine academic research with ordained ministry, and to James Blandford-Baker, Vicar of East Acton. Not only did James tolerate a far from conventional curate, he also later transformed a rather messy Microsoft Word file into the camera copy ready from which this book was produced. Many others have also contributed, directly or indirectly, to this research. Christopher Rowland was an exemplary supervisor, always generous with his time and ideas. He has been a source of constant support and encouragement, ready to let me explore new avenues yet always knowing when to pull me back from the brink. I am grateful for his wise and generous example both in scholarship and in life. I am grateful also to others who have listened to my ideas or shared theirs with me. Those at Oxford who have read some or all of successive stages of this text include Jeremy Duff, Mark Edwards, Paul Foster, Alan Garrow, Robert Morgan and Christopher Tuckett. John VIII Acknowledgements

Muddiman and Graham Stanton, the examiners of my thesis, helped remove errors and made many suggestions for its improvement, as did Jorg Frey and Martin Hengel when they accepted the thesis for publication in the 2nd series of WUNT. Joseph Veheyden of Leuven also generously read and commented on my thesis. Many others have also contributed to my education. Particular thanks go to David Wenham and others at Oxford who tutored me in the world of the early Christians, and to members of the Department of Classics in Durham who helped me develop critical skills for engaging with ancient evidence at an advanced level. But it was Robert England who introduced me first to the serious study of the writings both of Luke and also those of Ante-Nicene Christianity more generally. I am grateful to my parents-in-law, Richard and Jean Brake, both for proof- reading and for other assistance. My parents, Clarke and Dorothy Gregory, continue to provide me with constant loving support, and have made sacrifices to allow me many of the opportunities which I enjoyed in the course of my education. Katherine, my wife, has lived with this research for as long as I have, and she has contributed to its completion in more ways than I can count. I dedicate this book to her, with gratitude and love.

Andrew Gregory Oxford Pentecost 2003 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements VII

Part One: Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction and Methodology l 1.1 The Scope of This Monograph 1 1.2 The Assumptions of the Monograph 2 1.3 Methodological Issues for the Current Study 5 1.3.1 Introduction 5 13 2 Earlier Approaches to the Reception of Synoptic Tradition 7 1.3 .3 The Significance of Continuing Oral Tradition 15 1.3 .4 The Significance of Our Knowledge That Many Written Texts Have Been Lost 16 1.4 The Structure of the Monograph 21

Part Two: The Reception of Luke

Chapter 2 Previous Research 22 2.1 Conclusion and Prospectus 26

Chapter 3 The Evidence of the Earliest Manuscripts and Notices 27 3.1 How Can We Use the Papyri? 27 3.2 The Early Papyri of Luke 28 3.3 External Testimony 32 3.3.1 Papias 33 3.3.2 Irenaeus 38 3.3.3 Muratorian Fragment 40 3.3.4 Anti-Marcionite Prologue 43 3 .4 When and How Could the Author of the Third Gospel be Identified as Luke? 45 3.5 Conclusion and Prospectus 53

Chapter 4 Do Narrative Outlines of Episodes in the Life of Jesus Presuppose Lukel 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 The Gospel According to John 56 X Contents

4.2.1 The Relationship of John and Luke in Recent Scholarship 56 4.2.2 A Test-case to Consider the Relationship of Luke and John '. Luke 24:12 // John 20:3-10 60 4.2.3 The Authenticity of Luke 24:12 61 4.2.4 John's use of Luke 62 4.2.5 Luke's use of John 64 4.2.6 Conclusion: A Continuing Debate 68 4.3 Ignatius of Antioch 69 4.3.1 Smyrneans 3:2 70 4.4 Ascension of Isaiah 75 4.5 The Gospel of Basilides 77 4.5.1 Hegemonius, Acts of Archelaus 67.1 78 4.5.2 Hippolytus, Refutation 7.26.9 79 4.5.3 Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.146.1-3 79 4.6 The Valentinians 80 4.7 Theophilus of Antioch, To Autolycus 83 4.7.1 To Autolycus 3.2 84 4.7.2 To Autolycus 2.13 84 4.7.3 To Autolycus 2.10 85 4.7.4 Conclusion 85 4.8 Gospel Harmonies 85 4.9 The Longer Ending of Mark 86 4.9.1 Date 86 4.9.2 The Relationship of the Longer Ending to Luke (and Acts) 87 4.9.2.1 (a) General methodological considerations 87 4.9.2.2 (b) Specific alleged echoes of Luke and of Acts in the Longer Ending 89 4.9.3 Conclusion 91 4.10 The Gospel of the Ebionites 92 4.10.1 Panarion 30.13.6 & 30.14.3; Luke 3:1-3 II Mark 1:4-5 II Matthew 3:1-5 93 4.10.2 Panarion 30.13.7-8; Luke 3:21-2 // Mark 1:9-l 1 II Matthew 3:13-17 96 4.10.3 Panarion 30.13.2-3; Luke 3:23; Luke 5:27 // Mark 2:14 II Matthew 9:9; l.uke 9:12 Mark ?:\4 99 4.10.4 Panarion 30.14.5; Luke 8:20-21 II Mark 3:32-35 II Matthew 12:47-50 101 4.10.5 Panarion 30.22.4; Luke 22:15; cfMark 14:12 II Matthew 26:17 102 4.10.6 Conclusion 103 4.11 The Protevangelium of James 103 4.12 Papyrus Egerton 2 105 4.13 The Diatessaron 107 4.13.1 Tatian and the Diatessaron 107 4.13.2 The Preface to Luke 109 4.13.3 The Genealogy of Luke Ill 4.13.4 Conclusion 112 4.14 Conclusion: Do Narratives Concerning Jesus Show Dependence on Luke? 112

Chapter 5 Collections of the Sayings of Jesus 116

5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 The Didache 117 5.2.1 Introduction 117 5.2.2 Didache \6A;Luke 12:35, 40 // Mark 13:35 // Matthew 22:42, 44 118 Contents XI

5.2.3 Didache 1.3-2.1; Luke 6:27-28, 32-35 II Matthew 5:44 47 120 5.2.4 Conclusion 124 5.3 Apocalypse of Peter 125 5.4 1Clement 125 5.4.1 1 Clement 13:2; Luke 6:31, 36-38 and Parallels 125 5.5 Polycarp, Philippians 129 5.5.1 Philippians 2.3a; 1 Clement 13.2; Luke 6:31, 36-38 II Matthew 5:7; 6:14; 7:1-2, 12 132 5.5.2 Philippians 2.3b; Luke 6:20 // Matthew 5:3, 10 134 5.5.3 Philippians 12.3b; Luke 6:27 II Matthew 5:44, 48 135 5.5.4 Conclusion 136 5.6 2 Clement 136 5.6.1 Introduction 136 5.6.2 Sayings from Single Tradition 137 5.6.2.1 2 Clement 8.5; Luke 16:10 137 5.6.3 Sayings from Double Tradition 138 5.6.3.1 2 Clement 13.4; Luke 6:32,27 // Matthew 5:46,44 138 5.6.3.2 2 Clement 4.2,5; Luke 6:46; 13:26-27 II Matthew 7:21-23 140 5.6.3.3 2 Clement 5.2-4; Luke 10:3; 12:4 5 II Matthew 10:16,28 142 5.6.3.4 2 Clement 3.2; Luke 12:8 II Matthew 10:32 II Revelation 3:5 144 5.6.3.5 2 Clement 6A; Luke 16:13 II Matthew 6:24 II Thomas 47 145 5.6.4 Sayings from Triple Tradition 145 5.6.4.1 2 Clement 2.4; Luke 5:32 II Mark 2:17 // Matthew 9:13; (2 Clement 2.7; Luke 19:10) 145 5.6.4.2 2 Clement 9.11; Luke 8:21 II Mark 3:34-35 II Matthew 12:49-50// Gospel of the Ebionites 147 5.6.4.3 2 Clement 6.2; Luke 9:25 // Mark 8:36 II Matthew 16:26 148 5.6.5 Conclusion 148 5.7 The Naassenes 149 5.7.1 Luke 17:21, cf Thomas 3, 51, 113 149 5.8 The Carpocratians 151 5.8.1 Carpocratians, apud Ireneaus //Luke 12:58-59 // Matthew 5:25-26 151 5.9 The Gospel of Thomas 153 5.9.1 Introduction 153 5.9.2 Thomas 31; Luke 4:24 II Mark 6:4 II Matthew 13:57 155 5.9.3 Thomas 5; Luke 8:17// Mark 4:22 II Matthew 10:26 155 5.9.4 Conclusion 156 5.10 Excursus: Other texts from Nag Hammadi 158 5.10.1 Single tradition Only 164 5.10.1.1 Letter of Peter to Philip 164 5.10.1.2 Acts of Peter and the 12 Apostles 165 5.10.1.3 First Apocalypse of James 165 5.10.1.4 Interpretation of Knowledge 165 5.10.1.5 Valentinian Exposition 166 5.10.2 Double tradition Only 166 5.10.2.1 Thomas the Contender 166 5.10.3 Single and Double Tradition 167 5.10.3.1 Exegesis on the Soul 167 5.10.3.2 Testimony of Truth 168 5.10.4 Single and Double and Triple Tradition 168 XII Contents

5.10.4.1 Sophia of Jesus Christ 168 5.10.4.2 Gospel of Mary 169 5.10.4.3 Dialogue of the Saviour 170 5.11 Conclusion: Do Collections of the Sayings of Jesus presuppose Luke? 171

Chapter 6 Marcion 173

6.1 Introduction: Marcion as a Witness to Luke 173 6.2 Reconstructing Marcion's Gospel 175 6.2.1 Harnack's assumptions 175 6.2.2 Light on Marcion's Gospel from his Apostle 176 6.2.3 The Reconstruction of Marcion's Gospel: Harnack and beyond 178 6.3 Did Marcion Abridge Luke?: Some Ancient Perspectives 183 6.4 Did Marcion Abridge Luke?: Some Modern Perspectives 192 6.5 Why Did Marcion Use Luke? 196 6.5.1 A. von Harnack 197 6.5.2 R.S.Wilson 201 6.5.3 J.Knox 203 6.5.4 E.C. Blackman 203 6.5.5 H. von Campenhausen 204 6.5.6 Irenaeus 206 6.5.7 Tertullian 208 6.6 Conclusion 210

Chapter 7 Justin Martyr 211

7.1 Previous Scholarship 211 7.1.1 H. Koester 212 7.1.2 A.J. Bellinzoni 213 7.1.3 J.C. O'Neill 218 7.1.4 O. Skarsaune 218 7.2 Justin and the Memoirs of the Apostles 222 7.3 Luke-like Tradition in Justin 225 7.3.1 Sayings Material 226 7.3.2 Sayings from Single Tradition 226 7.3.2.1 Dialogue 76.6; Luke 10:19 226 7.3.2.2 Apology 17.4; Luke 12: 48 228 7.3.2.3 Dialogue 105.5: l.ukc 23:46 229 7.3.2.4 Dialogue 76.7, 100.3, 51.2; Luke 24:7 230 7.3.3 Conclusion 231 7.3.4 Sayings from Double tradition 231 7.3.5 Sayings from Double tradition contained in the Sermon on the Plain or in Lukan tradition parallel to the Sermon on the Mount 231 7.3.5.1 Apology 15.9; Luke 6:27-36 II Matthew 5:44^17 233 7.3.5.2 Apology 16.1; Luke 6:29 // Matthew 5:39^10 233 7.3.5.3 Apology 15.14-16; Lwfe 12:22-24,30,31,34// Matthew 6:25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 21 236 7.3.5.4 Apology 16.9-10; Luke 6:46^7 // Matthew 7:21-23; Luke 10:16 238 7.3.6 Other Double tradition Sayings 241 7.3.6.1 Apology 16.13; Luke 3:9b II Matthew 3:10b 241 Contents XIII

7.3.6.2 Dialogue 103.6, 125:4; Luke 4:8 // Matthew 4:10 241 7.3.6.3 Apology 16.11). 63.5: l.ukc 10:16 II Matthew 10:40 242 7.3.6.4 Apology 63.3, 63.13 // Dialogue 100.1; ¿u/te 10:22 II Matthew 11:27 243 7.3.6.5 Dialogue 107.1; Lute 11:29 11 Matthew 12:39 II Matthew 16:4 // Mark 8:12 246 7.3.6.6 Dialogue 17.4 II Dialogue \\2A\ Luke 11:42 II Matthew 23:23, Luke 11:52// Matthew 23:13 246 7.3.6.7 Apology 19.7; Lute 12:4-5 11 Matthew 10:28 249 7.3.6.8 Apology 16.12 II Dialogue 76.4, 120.6,140.4; ¿wie 13:28-29 // Matthew 8:11-12 250 7.3.6.9 Dialogue 51.3; Luke 16:16 // Matthew 11:12-15 252 7.3.7 Conclusion 253 7.3.8 Sayings from Triple tradition 253 7.3.8.1 Apology 15.8a; Luke 5:32 // Matthew 9:13 II Mark 2\\1 254 7.3.8.2 Dialogue \25.\; Luke 8:5-8 II Matthew 13:3b-8 // Mark 4:3-8 255 7.3.8.3 Dialogue 51.2, 76.7, 100.3; Luke 9:22 // Matthew 16:21 II Mark 8:31, /.i/Ac 24:7 257 7.3.8.4 /Ipo/ogy 15.12; ¿u/te 9:25 // Matthew 16:26 // Mark 8:36-7; Matthew 6:20 .259 7.3.8.5 Apology \9.6\ Luke 18:27 11 Matthew 19:26 II Mark 10:27 261 7.3.8.6 Dialogue 81.4; ¿nie 20:35-36 // Matthew 22:30 // Mark 12:25 261 7.3.9 Conclusion 263 7.3.10 Narrative material that might be thought to reflect Justin's knowledge and use of Luke 264 7.3.11 Narrative material from the beginning of Luke 264 7.3.11.1 The Infancy Narratives 264 7.3.11.2 John the Baptist 266 7.3.11.3 The baptism of Jesus 269 7.3.11.4 The temptation of Jesus 270 7.3.12 Conclusion 271 7.3.13 The passion, resurrection and ascension 274 7.3.13.1 The institution of the Lord's Supper 277 7.3.13.2 The agony in Gethsemane 280 7.3.13.3 The trial before Herod 282 7.3.13.4 The resurrection and ascension narratives 284 7.3.13.5 The resurrection appearances 284 7.3.13.6 The ascension in Justin 287 7.3.14 Conclusion 290 7.4 Conclusion: Is Justin Martyr a Witness to the Reception of Luke'! 291

Chapter 8 Conclusion: The Reception of Luke in the Second Century 293

Part Three: The Reception of Acts

Chapter 9 Introduction: The Reception of Acts in the Second Century 299

9.1 Introduction 299 9.2 Previous Research 300 9.2.1 H.J. Cadbury and the external testimony to Acts 300 XIV Contents

9.2.2 C.K. Barrett and potential allusions to Acts 304 9.2.3 W.A. Strange and the problem of the texts of Acts 307

Chapter 10 Early and Ambiguous Evidence 310

10.1 2 Timothy 310 10.2 The Longer Ending of Mark 312 10.3 ¡Clement 312 10.4 Polycarp, Philippians 313 10.5 Other Texts Showing Knowledge of Characters and Events Included in Acts 315

Chapter 11 Justin Martyr 317

11.1 Apology 50.12 317 11.2 Justin on the Risen Jesus and the Ascension 318

Chapter 12 Narrative Accounts Explicitly Concerning the Post-resurrection Teaching of Jesus and the Activity of Apostles and other Prominent Figures 322

12.1 Accounts of the Post-resurrection Teaching of Jesus as a Prelude to the Mission of the Church 322 12.2 The Epistle of the Apostles 322 12.2.1 Conclusion 326 12.3 Accounts of the Post-resurrection Activity of the Apostles and other Prominent Figures in the Early Church 326 12.4 The Letter from Lyons and Vienne 326 12.5 The Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 328 12.5.1 Introduction 328 12.5.2 Recognitions 1.27-71 and the question of its relation to Acts 330 12.5.3 Three alleged examples of a literary relationship between Acts and the source of Recognitions 1.27-71 333 12.5.3.1 Recognitions 1.65.2-3 // Acts 5:34-39: Gamaliel's address 333 12.5.3.2 Recognitions 1.71.3-4 // Acts 9:1-2: Plans to persecute the believers 336 12.5.3.3 Recognitions 1.36.2 // Acts 3:22-23: A distinctive citation 337 12.5.4 Other possible instances of direct dependence on Acts 338 12.5.5 Conclusion 340 12.6 Eusebius' Anonymous and the Controversy Surrounding the New Prophesy 341 12.7 The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 343 12.7.1 The Acts of Paul 344 12.7.2 The Acts of Peter 346 12.7.3 The Acts of John 347 12.7.4 Conclusion: the value of the witness of some early apocryphal Acts to the reception of the canonical Acts of the Apostles 349

Chapter 13 Conclusion to Part Three: The Reception of Acts in the Period before Irenaeus 350 Contents XV

Part Four: Conclusion

Chapter 14 Conclusion: The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period before Irenaeus 352

Bibliography: Primary Sources: Texts, Translations and Commentaries 355

Bibliography: Secondary Sources 364

Index of Sources 393

Index of Names 411

Index of Subjects 415

Chapter One Introduction and Methodology

1.1 The Scope of This Monograph

The research project which was the basis of this monograph was originally conceived as a comparison of the pneumatology of Luke-Acts with the pneumatologies presented in Christian literature of the second century. Recent scholarship on Lukan pneumatology is agreed that Luke has a particular interest in the Spirit, but it is divided as to whether his pneumatology is part of a homogeneous early Christian understanding or a distinctive presentation that is to be sharply differentiated from that of Matthew and Mark, of John, and of Paul. Noting a lacuna identified by Turner,1 I set out initially to ask two questions. First, whether it might be possible to identify in second century pneumatologies any characteristics that New Testament scholars might label as distinctively Lukan. Second, whether such characteristics might be sufficient to indicate not only the influence of Lukan pneumatology but also a conscious appropriation of distinctively Lukan theology by other early Christians. Any attempt to identify Lukan influence on later writers, or any attempt to demonstrate their appropriation of Lukan thought depends on an ability to demonstrate the knowledge and use of Luke and/or Acts in those texts. Therefore I approached the question of the reception of Luke and Acts as no more than a preliminary investigation that was methodologically necessary as a foundation on which my discussion of pneumatology might stand. Yet ongoing research demonstrated that the fluidity of Christian traditions in the second century and the tendency to harmonise gospel tradition render anachronistic any attempt to speak of the distinctive theological influence of Luke. Not only did it prove very difficult to find evidence for a particularly Lukan stream of pneumatology, but so too it proved very difficult to find evidence for the particular influence of Luke. This realisation pointed to the importance of the prior issue of the reception of Luke-Acts in itself. I discovered that relatively little attention had been paid to the question of whether or how Luke and Acts were known and used in the period before

1 "Most attempts at describing Luke's pneumatology have made little if any attempt to locate his views within a more general history of the development of understanding(s) of the Spirit from Jewish views through to the second century " Turner 1996: 13 2 Chapter 1

Ireneaus, so a question which I had assumed would be no more than a preliminary one became the focus of my research. As it now stands, this monograph sets out primarily to ask an open question rather than to demonstrate or to overturn a previously held assumption, although in doing so it will challenge a number of commonly held assumptions in the study of the emerging New Testament. The open question, any answer to which will help to fill a lacuna in contemporary scholarship and its knowledge of Christian origins, is this: what use was made of Luke-Acts in the second century, and what conclusions - if any - may be drawn from the level and kind of use that is discovered? Various assumptions and prior decisions lie behind this question, so it seems helpful to justify or at least to clarify each of them as an introduction to the discussion which follows.

1.2 The Assumptions of the Monograph

First, there is the question of why it is the investigation of the reception of Luke-Acts and not any other early Christian text that is taken as the basis for this study. The short and straightforward answer is that no such detailed investigation of this question has yet been attempted, nor indeed has there been a satisfactory comprehensive treatment of the early reception of either Luke or Acts} Behind this question lies the modern assumption that Luke and Acts are two volumes of one longer work,3 each of which was written by the same author. Therefore it is important to realise that Luke-Acts as an object of study, two separate texts linked by a hyphen, is in fact a modern construct.4 Of course this is not to deny that Luke wrote two successive volumes - and perhaps even set out to write two successive volumes - each of which largely coheres with and informs the other. Rather, it is simply to note that for much of their subsequent history Luke's two volumes have not been read in this way and, consequently, that it is not possible to assume that the knowledge and use of one of these texts by a subsequent reader or text need in itself require or indeed make probable the knowledge and use of the other. Nor do we know if ever they circulated together in this period, for once Luke released each volume he would have had no control over its circulation and copying. Thus although Irenaeus made use of Luke and Acts together it would appear that this was not typical, either in those who preceded or succeeded him. This means that in order to try to do justice to the historical circumstances of Christian life in this period, it is necessary to investigate the

2 For a survey of previous scholarship, see below, Chapter Two. 3 On the unity of Luke-Acts, see Verheyden 1999. 4 The term was coined by Cadbury. For discussion and references, see Maddox 1982: 3-6 Introduction and Methodology 3 reception of Luke and of Acts as two separate entities. Parallels and links may emerge in the course of our investigation, but it is important to reach separate conclusions before these conclusions may be brought together. Further, not only is it important to do this in order to avoid importing anachronistic assumptions unnecessarily into second-century texts, but it may also provide us with a number of methodological checks and balances when we come to compare the results of the two parts of this investigation. Second, there is the question of why it is the period before Irenaeus that has been chosen as the period to be investigated. Primarily, it is because of the probable importance of this early and still largely unknown period5 for the development of the Christian Church, its practice and its Scriptures, as we know them today. As Gerd Lüdemann has put it: "/« the period from the first Christian generations to the end of the second century, more important decisions were made for the whole of Christianity than were made from the end of the second century to the present day"6 Also, the fact that the work of Ireneaus provides a natural upper limit for a study such as this may be seen from its adoption in comparable treatments of the reception of Matthew7 and of John* It is also important that this period is identified as the "period before Irenaeus" rather than strictly as the "second century". Too much should not be made of the second century as a tightly defined historical period with clear opening and closing dates. Much of our chronological information for this period is limited, and it is difficult to reach firm conclusions in dating many of the texts and authors whom I shall discuss. The Against Heresies of Irenaeus, probably dated cl 85, provides a more practical terminus ad quem than does the year 199 or 200, not least because it appears that it is Irenaeus who provides the first explicit external witness to both Luke and Acts. Yet there are a number of texts which although possibly later than Irenaeus may nevertheless shed light on the period prior to Irenaeus.9 Similarly, a "fuzzy" boundary seems to be required also at our starting period. It is possible that some canonical texts might be a witness to the reception of Luke or of Acts, and I shall include a discussion of John and 2 Timothy as potential witnesses to Luke and to Acts respectively, but otherwise I shall use "second century texts" as a form of short-hand equivalent for non-canonical writings.

5 On the difficulties in approaching "the creativity of the second century", see Lieu 1996: 3-5. 6 1996: 12 (his italics). Cf Osborn 2001: xiv, who refers to the second century as "that fertile period which formed Christian thought". 7 Massaux 1990, Kohler 1986. 8 J Sanders 1943, Nagel 2000. 9 For example, early witnesses pertaining to the New Prophecy, the early Apocryphal Acts and the source underlying Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27-71. See below Chapter Twelve. 4 Chapter 1

Similarly, some of the texts that I shall discuss might contain material that is earlier than the second century, for example the Didache. The third prior decision to be justified is that it is either appropriate or helpful to study Luke-Acts in the context of second-century Christian writings. Some may object to this approach on theological grounds, for it might be thought to undermine the authority of the canon and to lead towards an evaluation of early Christian literature that does not make a sufficient distinction between those texts that came to be recognised as canonical and those that did not. Yet even if it is accepted that there is theological force to this objection, such a theological consideration should be treated with caution in a historical study. On the contrary, it seems likely that for the historian there can only be positive consequences of any attempt to break down the artificial and relatively unexplored boundaries that modern scholarship tends to maintain between the study of canonical ("New Testament") and non- canonical ("Patristic") texts. Further, with specific reference to the particular texts which constitute the twin foci of this study, there are in fact a number of links which can be made between issues and concerns that appear to be reflected in Luke-Acts and those that are found also in second-century texts and authors. Such links justify the discussion of Luke-Acts in particular against the background of second-century Christianity .10 Indeed, even if it is not possible to demonstrate that Luke and Acts were known and used in the second century, other important similarities or contrasts between Luke, Acts and second-century texts might emerge, and these in themselves may be useful in learning more about some aspects of second-century Christianity as well as in shedding further light on Luke-Acts. This leads me therefore to justify my fourth prior decision, which is why the approach of this thesis is to investigate the reception of Luke and Acts in second-century Christianity rather than to ask the more open question of what relationship, if any, might be detected between Luke-Acts and Christian texts of the second century. To speak of the second-century reception of Luke-Acts is to assume that those texts were written and available in time to be "received" in the second century, rather than that they were written in the second century. I have assumed throughout this investigation that the composition of Luke and of Acts should be dated no later than the early 90s.11

10 For a list of the concerns which Luke shares with the second century church, see Shellard 1994: 80-81. Cf also Knox 1942; Talbert 1966; Dairy 1976: 22-25; Wilshire 1974; Zehnle 1971: 44-60; Townsend 1984 On the particular affinities between Luke and Justin see O'Neill 1970; Skarsaune 1987; and Chapters Seven and Eleven below. " This is the latest date at which it seems reasonable to believe that a companion of Paul, whose presence seems to be indicated in the we-passages, might have written Acts. This date assumes of course that in these passages the author of Acts did not draw on a source written Introduction and Methodology 5

This means that it is reasonable to suppose that Christians living after this date may have been in a position to have known and used Luke and Acts in the form in which Luke released them.

1.3 Methodological Issues for the Current Study

1.3.1 Introduction The question of whether other Christians knew the writings of Luke is not one that can be addressed directly however, for it is impossible to demonstrate knowledge unless it is used. Further, an inability to demonstrate use does not mean that non-use (let alone ignorance) has been proven. Therefore this investigation is limited to the question of whether it is possible to show that other Christian texts have used Luke and/or Acts, and this in turn can be answered only on the basis of whether it is possible to prove either direct literary dependence or the indirect appropriation and use of either Luke or Acts in another writing. Establishing that one text has drawn indirectly on or that it presupposes another is very difficult indeed, and the problem of identifying quotations and allusions is often scarcely less so. A writer may employ expressions in the precise form in which they were first written or spoken by others and yet be unaware that he is "quoting." She may also consciously reproduce an earlier written authority and yet do so in such a loose or tendentious manner that it is difficult for a reader or hearer to ascertain whether or not the "quotation" is intentional. This raises the question of whether a "quotation" is to be defined by a writer-centred or reader-centred approach. By "writer-centred", I mean one in which consideration is given as to whether an author is referring to an earlier text. By "reader-centred" I mean an approach which addresses the question of whether the reader or the hearer of a text is aware that the author of that text is drawing on an earlier text. I shall adopt the former alternative, for the interest of this study lies in the question of whether writers in the period before Ireneaus drew on Luke and/or Acts rather than on whether their readers were likely to be aware of such

by someone else in the first person, and that he consciously claims to have been a companion of Paul. Other internal arguments used for the dating of Luke-Acts seem less secure than the use of the we-passages. If those arguments that are advanced to date Luke post 70 are accepted, it is not altogether clear why they must keep Luke-Acts to pre-100 unless an argument from the we-passages is introduced As I shall argue, there is no firm evidence from external sources for the reception of Luke until mid second century at the earliest, and none for Acts until slightly later. This does not require a second-century date for Luke-Acts, but it does make it difficult to rule it out For discussion of the date of Luke-Acts, see Wilshire 1974, Maddox 1982: 6-9. 6 Chapter I dependence. The possibility of an author seeking not to quote but to allude to or to paraphrase an earlier text further complicates the question of what constitutes a quotation or allusion, as does the possibility that many quotations were made from memory. Studies of quotations from and allusions to earlier authorities abound in the study of the New Testament, whether discussions of the use of the Jewish Scriptures in the New Testament, or of Jesus tradition in the letters of Paul and elsewhere. Yet there has been perhaps surprisingly little rigorous attention paid to the methodological issues that are raised in the attempt to determine what constitutes either a quotation or an allusion.12 Similar issues must be addressed in setting out the methodological considerations that will guide this discussion of the reception of Luke and Acts, although the precise distinction between a quotation and an allusion is of secondary importance for our purposes. This is because either quotations or allusions, if established, may each be sufficient to indicate the use of Luke or Acts, directly or indirectly. A direct quotation, containing verbatim parallels to material in Luke or Acts and referring explicitly to either of those texts as its source would of course constitute the strongest possible evidence. Almost as strong would be an explicit reference to either Luke or Acts as the source of particular information known to be found in either text, even if the material were not quoted verbatim. Yet such evidence is not generally available in surviving texts from the period before Irenaeus, so it would be foolish to draw any conclusions from its absence. Rather, other criteria must be determined for assessing such evidence as is available. Such criteria must assess not only whether a writer is referring to an unidentified earlier text, but also whether and how that text may be identified. A writer may refer to something that is known today otherwise only through Luke or Acts, or through other texts thought to be dependent upon either of them, but this does not of itself constitute proof that a particular writer depended on either Luke or Acts for such information. For example, the only reference in the synoptic tradition to Jesus' age at the beginning of his ministry is found in Luke. Yet it is possible that such information was well known quite independently of Luke. Again, only Luke tells us of the Apostolic Decree. Yet if there were such a decree, then it is possible that the

12 For discussion and bibliography, see Stanley 1992: 31-61, Porter 1997. Note also Thompson 1991: 30-36 (but c/Porter 1992: 85-87) for a set of criteria intended to provide sound method in identifying allusions in biblical literature. Thompson also discusses the citation of Jesus-tradition in other early Christian writers whose works are preserved in the New Testament (1991: 37-44) and in the Apostolic Fathers (1991: 44-60). He finds a general lack of appeal to Jesus tradition in early Christian writers, and argues that this should make it unrealistic to expect anything significantly different in the letters of Paul (1991: 60-63). For another catalogue of criteria for literary dependence, intended to demonstrate the dependence of the Acts of Andrew on Homer, see MacDonald 1994: 302-316. Introduction and Methodology 1 text, or at least the content, of the decree was widely known through copies of the letter quite independently of any knowledge of the text of Acts. The same issue may present itself even if a later writer includes material that is verbally, formally or conceptually parallel to material now otherwise extant only in either Luke or Acts. This difficulty arises because although there is a great deal of material in Luke and (especially) in Acts that is without parallel in other extant sources, the possibility that it may draw either on an earlier written or oral source means that it may not always be possible to assume that a later writer draws on Luke or Acts rather than on one of the sources that may have been used in the composition of those texts. If it were possible to be certain that all Luke's single-tradition was his own composition then there would be no need to consider the possibility of such sources, but the question of the origin of such single tradition remains unresolved. Hence I shall discuss, first, the way in which others have approached the question of the use of the Synoptic Gospels in this period and, second, the arguments that persuade me to remain open to the possibility that there may be occasions when later writers may have drawn not only on Luke or on Acts but on sources or traditions that may be older than those texts and used independently of their use by Luke.

1.3.2 Earlier Approaches to the Reception of Synoptic Tradition That different approaches to such prior questions will lead to very different conclusions may be seen in the examinations of the use of Matthew and of synoptic tradition in the Apostolic Fathers by Massaux and Koester respectively. The results of their investigations are quite distinct, as Neirynck observes.13 Whereas Massaux argued for the widespread influence of canonical Gospels, and the preponderance of Matthew, Koester found in favour of the preponderance of oral tradition independent of and often earlier than the written Gospels. Not surprisingly, such different results were obtained from the adoption of different methodological approaches. Neirynck describes Massaux as having been guided by a 'principle of simplicity', for 'a source which is "unknown" does not attract him.'14 Massaux's own initial account of his methodology is quite brief. He notes that he shall speak often of 'literary contact', and states that he shall use the term

in a rather strict sense of the word, requiring, when speaking of contact, sufficiently striking verbal concurrence that puts the discussion in a context that already points towards the Gospel of Mt. These literary contacts do not exhaust the literary influence of

"Neirynck 1990: xiv. 14 Neirynck 1990: xix. 8 Chapter I

the gospel; one can expect, without a properly so-called literary contact, the use of typically Matthean vocabulary, themes and ideas.'15

Thus Massaux seeks passages that are similar to Matthew, and he evaluates whether they depend on Matthew by asking of they are closer to Matthew than to other New Testament writings. This, in effect, is what Neirynck has described as Massaux's principle of simplicity: material that looks like Matthew is likely to depend on Matthew, and little or no consideration is given to the possibility that it depends on the postulated sources M or Q, or on the shared vocabulary of a common community. Massaux assumes the knowledge and use of Matthew in at least some of the Apostolic Fathers, and sets out to determine its extent. Koester, by contrast, sets out to determine whether the knowledge and use of the Synoptic Gospels may be determined at all. Koester's approach is more complicated, but this is a strength rather than a weakness. He is open to the possibility that Jesus tradition may stem not from the Synoptics but from their sources, written or oral, so he formulates a criterion to assess whether or not parallels to synoptic tradition can be shown rather than assumed to depend on the Synoptic Gospels. This criterion is that literary dependence on the finished form of a text is to be identified only where the later text makes use of an element from the earlier text that can be identified as the redactional work of the earlier author/editor.16 Koester makes no mention of Massaux in his monograph,17 but his methodology differs from Massaux's in his cognisance of the difficulty that the presence of similar or even verbally identical material in two texts is not itself sufficient proof of literary dependence, for two texts might each draw independently on a common source. Yet if Massaux may be accused of finding dependence on Matthew too readily, Koester's weakness may be that his criterion makes it virtually impossible to demonstrate any dependence on a Synoptic Gospel except in passages where the redactional activity of an evangelist may be readily identified. This is a point to which I shall return. The importance of Koester's criterion must be noted, but it is important to emphasise that he has not spoken the last word on the question of how literary dependence is best established. Kohler provides a further important contribution to the debate on how the reception of a Synoptic Gospel may be assessed, and his monograph on the

15 Massaux 1990: xxi-xxii. 16 In discussion of the question whether written gospels or older traditions lie behind passages quoted under the authority of 'the Lord" rather than that of an explicit appeal to a written source, Koester states: " hängt die Frage der Benutzung davon ab, ob sich in den angeführten Stücken Redaktionsarbeit eines Evangelisten findet ", 1957: 3. For a convenient presentation of his argument, see Koester 1994 17 But see Koester 1994 for a direct critique of Massaux Introduction and Methodology 9 reception of Matthew is in many ways similar to this monograph on the reception of Luke. Köhler's account of earlier research on the reception of Matthew takes its cue from the stand-off between the approaches of Koester and of Massaux,18 and acknowledges that the methodology of the former is more satisfactory than that of the latter.19 Köhler notes the importance of Koester's concern for introductory citation formulas, although he concludes that such formulas can neither prove nor disprove the appropriation of Matthew.10 He also agrees with his emphasis on redactional elements as proof for the use of a particular Synoptic Gospel,21 but notes also the limitations of his approach. Thus Köhler observes that it is not appropriate to argue that written Gospels have not been used just because it may not be possible to demonstrate their use,22 and he sets out to address the problem of how possible literary dependence is to be addressed when neither citation formulas nor redactional material is present. Köhler offers a number of criteria to assist in this process, noting that no satisfactory catalogue of criteria is to be found in other discussions besides those of Koester and Massaux.23 Köhler offers three main criteria, each sub-divided further, to be used in determining the extent to which Matthew may have been used in Christian texts written in the period before Irenaeus. Köhler's first criterion concerns the appropriation of Matthew, whether or not it is characterised as such. Such appropriation may consist of either quotations or allusions.24 The second criterion applies more specifically to the possibility of the appropriation of precise wording or phraseology ("Formulierungen") from Matthew, or appropriations of his contents and thought. It is sub-divided into two parts. The first part deals with appropriations of Matthean phraseology, and suggests that such appropriation may indicate either clear reference to a particular pericope or verse or, more generally, the reception and appropriation of Matthean language.25 Examples of such language include expressions that are more frequent in Matthew than elsewhere in the New Testament, eg dvo|iia,26 or in the synoptic tradition in particular, eg IJTTOKPLTT|S\27 or words that occur only in Matthew and nowhere 28 else in the New Testament, eg ßacaXeia TU>V oupavwv. Köhler also

18 Köhler 1987: 2-4. 19 Köhler 1987: 5. 20 Köhler 1987: 4, 520. 21 Köhler 1987: 4. 22 Köhler 1987: 5. 23 Köhler 1987: 6-7. 24 Köhler 1987: 8. 25 Köhler 1987: 8. 26 Köhler 1987: 9. 27 Köhler 1987: 9 28 Köhler 1987: 9. 10 Chapter 1 includes Matthean special vocabulary, words that Matthew uses in a singular way, eg evayyeXiov and ^a0r|Tris.29 The second part deals with either narrative details or content-related statements which arise in relation to particular themes from Matthew,30 Köhler recognises that second-century writers may not have been as alert to the distinctive thematic theological interests of particular evangelists as are modern critics, but argues that it is necessary nevertheless to address the possible appropriation of distinctively Matthean theological themes. These include Matthew's christology, the status of Peter, the role of the law and ecclesiology . 31 Both these sets of criteria, we might note, start from the text of Matthew. Certainly Köhler is open to the possibility that oral tradition rather than direct literary dependence on Matthew may explain some Jesus-tradition that is similar to Jesus-tradition in Matthew. Yet his initial statement of these criteria suggests a tendency to assume the use of Matthew rather than special tradition which may have been available independently to Matthew and to later Christian writers. Köhler's observation that it is not appropriate to argue that written Gospels have not been used just because it may not be possible to demonstrate their use32 is an important methodological point and a useful qualification of the potentially minimalist results that may be obtained by too strict and exclusive an application of Koester's methodology. But the opposite is also true. Therefore it is also important to balance Köhler's observation with a reminder that it is not possible simply to assume that the canonical Gospels were the only sources on which writers may have drawn for Jesus tradition. Of course this is a problem of which Köhler is not unaware, at least in theory. Thus he notes that the continuing transmission of Matthean Sondergut alongside Matthew precludes a straightforward application of his criteria to possible instances of dependence on Matthew,33 and he allows that expressions which appear to modern readers to be distinctive to Matthew may originate in Matthew's sources rather than in his own redactional activity.34 Yet Köhler might be accused of adding these concessions almost as an afterthought to the main exposition of his methodology. He also appears to limit the theoretical possibility of the use of Matthean Sondergut independently of its inclusion in Matthew when he suggests that the reception of Matthean Sondergut in a document to be dated at some distance in space and time from the place and time in which Matthew was composed makes very likely ("sehr wahrscheinlich") the reception of

29 Köhler 1987: 9-10. 30 Köhler 1987: 9. 31 Köhler 1987: 10-11. 32 Köhler 1987: 5. "Köhler 1987: 14. 34 Köhler 1987: 14-15. Index of Sources

Old Testament

Genesis 24 287 18:14 267 30:6 (LXX) 229 30:23 105 n.209 34(35): 16 327 n.28 36(37): 12 327 n.28 Exodus 47 287 13:2 82 68:19 287 89:21 313 Leviticus 101:1 287 23:29 338 n.73 110:1-2 87 111(112): 10 327 n.28 Deuteronomy 8:15 166 Isaiah 18:15-19 338 7:14 265 11:1-3 269 I Samuel 33:16 266 13:14 313 40:3 268 n.196

Job Jeremiah 16:10(9) 327 n.28 31:15 265

Psalms Lamentations 2 282-283 2:16 327 n.28 98-99, 115, 269, 271, 2:7 273 Hosea 141 10:6 282 n.248 6:9 314 18:4-6 287 Micah 19 218 n.36, 223, 229, 5:2 265 22 274, 276, 280, 283, 286 394 Index of Sources

Apocrypha

1 Maccabees 15:15-21 336

New Testament

Matthew 5:4 166, 167 1:1 42, 53 n.lll 5:6 167 1:16 95 5:7 127-128, 132-134 1:18-25 95 5:10 134-135 1:18-20 265 n.167 5:11 166 1:19-22 105 n.212 5:14b—15 157 n.153 1:20-21 223 n.57 5:14b 157 n.154 1:21 265 n.164 5:17 174 n.9 1:23 265 nn.163,165 5:20 229 2:1-19 105 n.213 5:22 240 n. 107 2:1-12 265 n.168 5:25-26 151-153 2:1 265 n.177 5:28 240 n. 107 2:6 265 n.166 5:29 240 n. 107 2:13-15 265 n.171 5:34 240 n.107 2:16 265 nn.169,177 5:37 240 n. 107 2:17-18 265 n.170 5:39-40 233-235 3:1-5 93-96 5:41 240 n. 107 3:4,6 93 n.179, 268 n. 195 5:42 123-124 3:10b 241 5:44-48 233 n.85 3:11-12 268 n. 199 5:44-47 120-122, 233 3:11 268 n.196 5:44 124 n.32, 132 n.73. 3:12 82 n. 134, 207 n.147 135, 138-140, 3:13-17 96-99, 269 n.208 233-234 4:1 271 5:45 174 n.9 4:3 271 5:46 138-140, 233-234 4:5 271 5:47 233, 235 4:8 271 5:48 135,235 4:10 241-242, 271 6:14 127-128, 132-134 4:23 46 6:19 240 n. 107 4:24 168 n.202 6:20 240n 107, 259-260 5-7 231-235 6:21 233 n.85, 236-237 5:3 134-135 6:22 171 Index of Sources 395

6:24 145, 148 n 118 13:19 46 6:25 233 n.85, 236-237 13:33 151 n.128 6:26 236-237 13:35 245 n.124 6:31-33 236-237 13:42-43 171,250 7:1-2 127-128,132-133 13:44 151 n.128 7:6-7 157 n.153 13:50 171,250 7:7 169 13:57 155 7:12 127-128, 132-134 15:30 168 n.202 7:15-16 241 16:4 246 7:19 241 16:21 230-231,257-259 7:21-24 239 16:24 167 7:21-23 140-142, 233 n.85, 16:26 148, 259-260 238-240 17:10-13 267 n. 189 8:9 82 n.135 19:1-12 201 8:11-12 250-252 19:26 84-85, 261 8:12 171 19:27 168 9:9 99-101 21:13 253 n.143 9:13 145-147, 254-255 22:13 171,250 9:35 46 22:15-21 257 n. 151 10:1 83 n.136 22:30 261-263 10:16 142-143, 144 22:37-39 253 n.143 10:17-18 253 n.143 22:42, 44 118-120 10:18 249-250 23:13 157 n. 154, 246-248 10:26 155-156 23:16 248 10:28 142-144 23:23 246-248 10:32 144-145 23:24 248 10:37-38 157 n.156 23:27 248 10:37 167 24:4-5 170 10:38 82 n.135 24:5 241,253 n.143 10:40 238, 240, 242-243 24:14 46 11:5 168 n.202 24:23 170 11:12-15 252-253,268 n.198 24:51 171,250 11:12-14 267 n. 189 25:29 82 n.135 11:13 267 n. 190 25:30 171,250 11:19 82 n.135 26:13 46 11:25-30 245 n.124 26:17 102-103 11:27 171,243-245 26:26-29 277-280 12:31-35 157 n.153 26:28 180 n.45 12:39 246 26:39 253 n.143, 280 n.233 12:47-50 101-102 26:60b 25 n.22 12:49-50 147-148 28 288 n.283 13:3b—8 255-257 28:10 322 n.2 396 Index of Sources

28:12-15 284 n.254 10:29 46 28:18-20 284 n.254, 285 n.263, 11:17 253 n.143 322 n.2 11:25 127 28:19 284 n.254 12:1-11 157 n.153 12:13-17 257 n.151 'ark 12:18 157 n.154 1:1 42, 45 12:25 261-263 1:4-5 93-96 12:30-31 253 n.143 l:5b-6 93 n.179 13:5 170 1:6 268 n.195 13:6a 253 n.143 1:9-11 96-99, 269 n.208 13:21 170 1:13 271 13:35 118-120 1:14b 46 14:9 45 1:15 46, 170-171 14:12 102-103 1:17-18 253 n.143 14:22-25 277-280 2:14 99-101 14:24 180 n.45 2:17 145-147, 254-255 14:36 253 n.143 3:13 83 n.136 14:57 25 n.22 3:14 99-101 16 66 3:17 224 16:1-8 63, 67 3:32-35 101-102 16:1 89 3:34-35 147-148 16:2-5 55 4 157 n.156 16:2 64 4:3-8 255-257 16:3 289 4:22 155-156 16:6-7 322 n.2 4:24 127 16:9 88 4:30-32 157 n. 156 16:10-14 90 5:22 83 n.137 16:10 90 6:4 155 16:11b 90 6:12-13 91 16:12 90 6:12a 90 16:15-18 312 8:12 246 16:15 90,312 8:31 230-231,257-259 16:17 89, 90, 312 8:34 167 16:18 312 8:35 46 16:19-20 90 8:36-37 259-260 16:19 86, 312 8:36 148 16:20 86-87 9.11-13 267 n. 189 16:20a 90,91 9:37 242 n.l 13 10:1-12 201 Luke 10:27 84-85, 261 1-2 272 10:28 168 1:1-4 110n.234 Index of Sources 397

1:1 42, 59, 114 4:8 241-242 1:2-3 84 4:12 271 1:3 34, 49 n.100, 280, 282 4:13 271 1:5-23 105 n.215 4:22 268 n.200 1:5 42, 95, 96, 115 4:24 155 1:7 267 n.194 5 58 1:25 105 n.209, 267 n. 194 5:27 99-101 1:28-42 105 n.210 5:32 145-147, 253 n.142, 1:31-32 223 n.57, 265 n.177 254-255, 263 1:35 79, 85 5:33-35 154 n.145, 157 n.154 1:36 265 n.174 5:33 157 n.154 1:37 267 n. 194 6:13 83 n.136 1:38 265 n.173 6:20 131-132 n.73, 1:39-44 105 n.211 134-135 1:57 265 n.174 6:20b-49 231-235 1:60 265 n.174 6:21 167 1:78 163 6:21b 166 2:1-5 265 n.175 6:22 166 2:2 265 n.177 6:25b 90 2:4 111 6:27-36 233 2:7 265 n.176 6:27-28 120-122, 124 n.32, 2:11 168 n 201 233 2:12 105 n.214 6:27 132 n.73, 135, 2:23 82 138-140 2:25-26 105 n.215 6:28 234 2:37 44 n.79, 132 n.73 6:29 233-235 2:42 82 n. 128, 207 n.147 6:30 123-124 2:46 268 n.200 6:31 125-128, 132-133 3 58 6:32-35 120-122 3:1-4:15 295 6:32-33 124 n.32, 233 3:1-3 93-96 6:32 70 n.80, 138-140, 3:1 79, 95, 96, 115, 203, 233-234 272, 275 n.220 6:34 235 3:2 95 6:35 174 n.9, 235 3:9b 241 6:35c 128 3:16ff 268 n.199 6:36-38 125-128, 132-134 3:17 82 n.134, 207 n.147 6:38 131 n.72, 131-132 3:18-24:53 28 n.73 3:21-2 96-99, 269 n.208 6:45 154 n.145, 157 n.154 3:23 82 n.129, 99-101,207 6:46-^7 233 n.85, 238-240 n.147 6:46 140-142 4:1 270 n.213 7 58 398 Index of Sources

7:8 82 n.135 11:52 246-248 7:21-22 168 11:53 246 n. 129 7:21 168 12:4-5 142-144, 249-250 7:35 82 n.135 12:8 144-145 8:2b 88-89, 90 12:21 155 n.148 8:5-8 253 n.142, 255-257, 12:22-24 233 n.85, 236-237 263 12:30 236-237 8:13 78 12:31 236-237 8.14 70 n.80 12:32 233 n.85 8:17 155-156 12:34 123, 233 n.85, 8:20-21 101-102 236-237 8:21 147-148 12:35 118-120, 123, 171 8:41 83 n.137 12:36 119 8:49 80 n.l 19 12:37b 76 9:1-2 99-101 12:40 118-120 9:6 90,91 12:48 228-229, 231 9:22 230-231,253 n.142, 12:51-53 157 n.156 257-259, 263 12:58-59 151-153 9:23 167 13:6-9 125 9:25 148, 253 n.142, 13:20-21 151 n.128 259-260, 263 13:26-27 140-142 9:35 77 13:28-29 250-252 9:49-56 25 n.22 13:28 171 9:57-58 82 n. 131 14:26-27 155 n.148, 157 n.156 9:60-61 82 n. 131 14:26 167 10:3 142-144 14:27 82 n.135 10:16 233 n.85, 238-240, 14:33 165, 168 242-243 15:4 82 n.133 10:17-19 90 15:5 165-166 10:18 35 n.41, 38, 76 15:8 82 n.133 10:19 166, 169, 226-227, 16 78 231 16:8b—13 137 10:21-24 245 n.124 16:10 137 10:21 180, 190 16:11 168 10:22 171,243-245 16:13 145, 148 n.l 18 10:27 253 nn.142,143, 263 16:16 252-253,268 n.198 11:1 171 16:19-31 78 11:9 169 17:11-19 106 11:11-12 166 17:20-21 149 11:29 246 17:21 149-151, 169, 171 11:34 171 17:23 170 11:42 246-248 18:8-10 253 n.142, 263 Index of Sources 399

18:18-20 253 n.143 n.262 18:27 84-85, 253 n.142, 261, 24:12 60-62, 63-68, 69, 70 263 n.80, 113 18:28 168 24:13-35 90 18:31-33 220, 285 24:16 67 19:5 82 n.130 24:22-24 63 19:10 145-147, 148 24:23 63, 67, 90 19:26 82 n.135 24:24-26 285 n.264 19:46 253 nn. 142, 143, 263 24:24 63, 64, 67,318 20:20-25 253 n.142, 257n.l51, 24:25-27 322 n.2 263 24:25-26 284 n.255 20:35-36 253 n.142, 261-263 24:27 319 n.14 20:36 296-297 24:30-34 70 n.80 21:8 165, 170 24:34 73 n.90, 90 21:8a 253 nn.142,143, 263 24:36-43 71-75 22-24 58, 66, 69 24:36 169, 285 n.261 22 283 24:37 73, 182 n.54 22:15 102-103 24:38-39 181-182 22:19-20 277-280 24:38 182 22:20 180 n.45 24:39 72-73, 182 n.54 22:42 253 nn. 142,143, 263 24:41-43 70 n.80 22:43-44 32 n.26, 280-282 24:43 319 n.14 23:34a 32 n.26 24:44-48 319 n.14 23:35 77 24:44-46 284 nn.255,259, 285 23:46 229, 231 n.264 23:49a 318 24:44^15 220, 318 23:56b-24:12 66 24:44 285 24 285-291,318-319 24:46 90 24:1-9 63, 64, 67-68 24:47 90, 284 n.260 24:1-3 66 24:49 40 n.60, 77, 164, 284 24:2 64 n.257, 319 24:3 63-64 24:50-53 288 24:4b-43 70 n.82 24:50-52 77 24:4 67 24:51 67, 284 n.256, 288 24:5b 90 n.279, 319 n.15 24:6-8 220 24:53 114 24:6-7 285 n.264 24:6 285 John 24:7 70 n.80, 230-231, 1:1 42, 111 n.235 257-259, 263 1:20 268 n.196 24:9-12 90 1:23 268 n. 196 24:10 66, 88 n.161,285 2:11 151 n.129 400 Index of Sources

3:3-5 217 n.32 2:22-24 339 8:19 171 2:23 312 14:7 171 2:24 131 n.72, 314 14:27 169 2:33 77, 287 n.274, 324 18:24 282 n.248 n.10 19:13 275 n.221 2:34-35 287 n.275 20:3-10 63-64, 66-67, 69 2:41 328 20:3 66 2:42 43 n.75 20:5 60-61,62, 113 2:43 43 n.75 20:11-29 322 n.2 2:46-48 347 20:12 67 2:47 328 20:14ff. 66 3-5 312 20:14 67 3 165, 338 20:17 67 3:7 312 20:19 169, 285 n.261, 287 3:15 327-328 20:30 285 n.263 3:22-23 337-338 21 285 n.263 4 282-283 21:9-13 70 n.82 4:3ff 312 4:4 339-340 Acts 4:33 43 n.75 1 169,288,290,319, 4:35, 36,37 43 n.75 326 5:15 312 1:1-12 164 5:17 200 n. 106, 312 1:1-8 220 n.48, 322 n.2 5:18ff 312 1:2 43 n.75, 310 n.l 5:29 316 1:3-8 285 n.265 5:31 324n.l0, 328 1:3 319 n.14, 322 n.l 5:33 327 n.25 1:3a 90 5:34-39 333-335 1:4-6 164 5:41-42 347 1:4 164 6:5 202 n. 121 1:6 326 6:7 339 1:8 164, 284 n.257, 312, 6:11-14 25 n.22 318-319 7:8 340 1:9-11 77,312 7:14 340 1:9-10 284 n.256 7:52 314 n.24 1:9 326 7:54 327 1:12 164 7:55 312 1:26 43 n.75 7:59 326-327 1:37 43 n.75 7:60 304 1:43 319 n.14 8:21 313, 314 n.24 2:4 312 9:1-2 336-337 2:6-11 312 9:6 325 Index of Sources

9:12 312 18:34 316 9:22 320 n.18 19:3 267 n.l84 9:33-34 312 19:11-12 312 9:36-42 25 n.22 20:25 311 9:40-41 312 20:29-30 311 10:22 325 20:29 324 n. 10 10:37 96 20:31 310 n.l 10:38-40 339 20:35 313, 314 n.24 10:41 70 nn.80,82, 74 n.94, 21:13-14 272 310 n.l, 319 n.14 21:39 325 n.15 10:42 310 n.l, 314, 324 n.10 22:3 325 n.15 11:24 328 23:6 311 11:27-28 342 n.86 23:33 337 n.68 11:28 44, 202 n.121 23:34 325 n.15 12 312,324 24:5 200 n.l 04 12:3ff 312 24:14 200 n.l 04 12:5 328 n,32 26:5 200 n.l05 12:17 312-313 26:18 313, 314 n.24 13:11 310 n.l 26:20 325 13:13 311 n.7 27:23-24 272 13:22 313 28:3-6 312 13:31 285 n.265 28:22 200 n. 104 13:48 321 n.22 28:23 320 n.18 13:50 311 28:30 311 14:5 311 14:19a 311 Romans 14:19b 311 1:3-4 79 15 315 2:3-11 177 n.23 15:5 200 n.l05 4: Iff 177 n.23 15:20 337 n.68 7:3 70 n.80 15:22 342 n.86 9:lff 177 n.23 15:29 327 10:5ff 177 n.23 15:32 342 n.86 11:1-32 177 n.23 15:38 311 n.7 15:41 325 1 Corinthians 16:1-3 311 1-4 245 n.l24 16:12-40 314 n.24 11:23-26 277-279 17:2 320 n.l8 15 90, 257 n.l52 17:23 321 n.22 15:3-8 322 n.2 18:5 320 n.l8 15:6-8 285 n.263 18:22 202 n.121 18:28 320 n.18 402 Index of Sources

2 Corinthians 2 Timothy 11:32-33 337 n.70 1:3 311 1:5 311 Galatians 1:17 311 1:12 285 n.263 3:11 311 1:18 337 n.69 3:15 311 3:6-9 177 n.23 4:11 38, 311 n 3:14-18 177 n.23 3:29 177 n.23 1 Peter 1:8 314 n .20 Ephesians 2:19 313 2:14 177 n.23 3:16 234

Colossians 2 Peter 1:15b—16 177 n.23 3:9 254 1:22 79 4 41 Revelation 4:14 38, 204 1:5 328 n.31 3:2 144-145 1 Timothy 3:14 328 n.31 1:15 146 12:7-9 76

Ancient Authors

Acts of Archelaus Adamantius 67.1 78 Dial. 67.5 78 n.114 1.8 46 n.87 2.12 199 n.100 Acts of Peter 9 347 Ambrose of Milan 31 347 Exposition of the Gospel of Luke 33 347 1.2 77 n.110 41 347 Apocryphon of James Acts of Peter and the 12 Apostles 6.3-7 162 n.177 7.24-26 165 7.22ff 162 n. 177 10.15-16 165 Apostolic Constitutions 2.48 228 n.76 8.46.1 243 n.l 15 Index of Sources

Ascension of Isaiah Stromateis 4.1-13 76 1.146.1-3 79-80 4.16 76 2.23 228 n.76 8.7 77 3.3 184 n.56 8.22 77 4.34.4 259 9.16 39 n.14 6.14.112 259 11.22-33 77 7.16.93 104 n.203

1 Clement Cyprian 2:1 313 Epistulae 5:4 312 59.4 243 n.l 15 13.2 125-128, 132-134, 66.4 243 n.l 15 235 n.95 18.1 313 Dialogue of the Saviour 24.5 129,257 n.l 52 121.7-8 171 46.8 125 122.5-7 170-171 59:2 313 125.18-21 171 128.2-5 171 2 Clement 134.14-15 171 1.1 138, 310n.l 144.6 171 1.6 310 n.l 144.14-15 171 2.4 145-147 2.7 145-147 Didache 3.2 144-145 1.3-2.1 120-124 4.2 140-142 1 4d-5a 123-124 4.3-4 140 16.1 118-120 4.5 140-142 5.2-4 142-144 Ephrem 5.2 144 Commentary on the Diatessaron 5.4 249 6.21a 86 n.l50 6.1 145, 148 n.l 17 19.15 86 n.l 50 6.2 148 8.5 136 Epiphanius 9.11 147-148 Ancoratus 13.4 70 n.80, 138-140, 234 26.8 228 n.76 17 310 n.l 19.1 136 Panarion 30.2.2 95 n.l83 Clement of Alexandria 30.13.2-3 99-101 Eel. Proph. 30.13.6 93-96 20.3 147 n.l 15 30.13.7-8 96-99 30.14.3 93-96 404 Index of Sources

30.14.5 101-102, 147 n.l 14 3.39.9 342 n.87 30.16.4-5 93 n. 178 3.39.15-16 36 30.22.4 102-103 3.39.15 33 n.32, 37 n.51 41 202 n. 120 3.39.16 33 n.31 42.10 46 n.87 4.7.7 77 n.l 11 4.11 316 n.30 Epistle of the Apostles 4.11.9 186 n.66 3 324 n.10 4.18 211 n.4 15 324 4.18.8-9 186 n.68 16 324 n. 10 4.18.9 187 n.69 18 324, 326 4.21-22 316 n.30 31 324-325 4.27.29 186 n.67 33 324, 325 4.7-8 316 n.30 34 324, 326 5.1.15 327 n.25 44 324 n. 10 5.1.49 328 51 324, 325-326 5.1.60 327 n.26 5.2.3 328 n.32 Epistle of Barnabas 5 13.1-4 186 n.65 5.9 146, 310 n.l 5.16.21 186 n.67 15.9 289-290 5.24.7 316 n.35, 334 n.57 6.14.1 125 n.35 Eusebius Against Marcellus Exegesis on the Soul 1.4 35 n.41 127.26-27 167 135.16-24 167 Ecclesiastical History 2.23 315 n.28, 316 n.31 First Apocalypse of James 3.11-12 316 n.29 25.8-9 165 3.16 316 n.30 3.19-20 316 n.30 Gospel of the Ebionites 3.24.5 36 30.13.4-5 93 n.l79 3.24.7-8 35-36 3.24.11-13 35-36 Gospel of Mary 3.24.15 35 n.41 8.14-22 169 3.27.2 95 n.l83 8.15-16 170 3.31.2-4 316 n.33 8.18-19 169 3.31.3-5 342 n.87 8.20-1 169 3.31.4-5 316 n.34 3.32 316 n.29 Gospel of Thomas 3.36.1-2 33 n.30 3 149-151, 171 3.36.11 74 n.93 5 155-156 3.39.1 33 n.29 9 157 n.156 Index of Sources 405

16 155 n.148, 157 n.156 5.1 313 n.ll 20 157 n.156 13.1 72 n.85 31 155 32 157 n.153, 157 n.154 Polycarp 33.2-3 157 n.153 2.1 70 n.80 39.1 157 n.154 43.3 157 n.153 Smyrneans 44 157 n.153 1.2 70 n.80 45.1-4 157 n.153 3.2-3 71-75 45.3 157 n.154 3.2 70-75 47 145 3.3 70 n.80, 74n.94, 310 47.2 148 n.l 18 n.l 51 149-150 12.2 72 n.84 54.3 154 n.l45 55 157 n.156 Interpretation of Knowledge 65-66 157 n.153 6.19ff 165 92.1 157 n.153 10.30-34 165 93-94 157 n.153 96 147 Irenaeus 104 154 n.145 Against Heresies 104.1 157 n.154 l .Pref.2 80 n.120, 81 n.122 104.3 157 n.154 1.2.3 82 n.l29 113 149-150 1.3.1 82 n.129, 207 n.147 1.3.2 82 n 128, 83 n.136, Gospel of Truth 207 n.147, 319 n.14 18.14-15 163 1.3.4 82 n. 126 31.35ff 162 n. 177 1.3.5 82 nn.134,135, 207 n.147 Hippolytus 1.3.6 81 n.122, 207 n.147 Refutation 16.4 82 n.135 5 7.20 149-151 1.7.4 82 n.135 5.8.7-8 151 nn.128,129 1.8.1 81 n.123, 82 n.125 5.8.7 149 n.l 19 1.8.2 83 n.137 5.8.8 149-151 1.8.3 82 nn.130-131 7.26.9 79 1.8.4 80, 82 nn.127,133,135 1.25.4 151-153 Ignatius of Antioch 1.27.1 206 n. 143 Ephesians 1.27.2 180 n.46 7.2 72 n.84 1.27.3 174 n.5, 190 n.77, 206 n.141 Magnesians 1.27.4 206 n. 142 1.2 72 n.85 1 28.1 186 n.67 406 Index of Sources

1.29 161-162 n.l 76 Josephus 1.30.14 319 n.14 Against Apion 3.1 38, 174 n.7 1.53 84 n.146 3.1.1 38 n.53, 39 n.58, 40 n.60 Jewish Antiquities 3.4.3 202 n.l 18 3.189 335 n.60 3.10.1 38 n.54 3.10.5 86 n.149 Justin Martyr 3.11.7 42 n.72 1 Apology 3.11.8 51 n.l 04 15-17 228, 240 3.12 43 n.73 15-16 232 3.12.5 207 n. 145 15.2 263 3.12.12 173 n.4 15.8 146 3.13 207 15.8a 254-255, 263 3.13.3 302 n.l7 15.8b 254 3.14 38 15.9 233 3.14.1 39 15.10 242-243 3.14.2 42 15.10b 235 3.14.3^4 80 n.121, 309 n.55 15.12 259-260 3.14.3 39 n.57 15.14-16 236-237 3.14.4 207 n. 147 15.14 237 3.15.1-2 80 15.15 237 3.15.1 39 n.59 15.16 237 4.6.1 245 n.125 16.1 233-235 4.6.2 186-187 n.68, 187 16.7 253 n.143 n.69 16.9-10 238-240 4.6.7 245 n.l25 16.10 243 n.l 16 5.30.3 40 n.66 16.11 240 16.12 250 Jerome 16.13 241,253 n.143 Commentary on Isaiah 18 17.4 228-229 Preface 74 n.92 19.6 261,263 19.7 143-144, 249-250, Letter 253 121 6.15 83 n.l40 21 287 n.271 21.1 213 n.l5 On Illustrious Men 26 186-187 16 74 n.92 31 275,287 n.271 25 83 n.139 31.7 87, 213n.l5 33.1 265 n.l63 33.5 223 n.57, 265 nn. 164,172 Index of Sources 407

33.7-8 265 n.164 39.4 287 n.274 34 265 n.177 41.1 278 34.1 265 n.166 43.5 265 n.165 34.2 213 n.14 47.5 217 n.32, 225 n.68 35 275 48-107 221 n.50, 267 n. 186 35.9 213 n.14, 223 n.57 49 267 n.185 40.6 283 49.3-5 267 n. 188 42 287 n.271 49.3 267 n.190, 268 42.4 87 nn. 199,200-201 45.5 86-87 49.4 267 n. 193 46 287 n.271 50.2-3 267 nn. 185,187 47.5 321 n.22 51.1-3 267 nn. 185,187 48 275 51.1 267 n.190 48.3 213 n.14, 223 n.57 51.2 230-231,257-259, 50.12 87, 284 nn.254- 263,268 nn. 198,200- 257,259-260, 201, 270 n.209 285-286, 288, 51.3 252-253 317-321 52.3 267 nn. 185,187, 283 58 187 53.5 284 nn.255,259-260, 61.3 284 n.254 286 61.4 217 n.32 56.14 287 n.275 63.13 243-245 63 287 n.271 63.3 243-245 66.2 265 n.165 63.5 238, 242-243 69.3 287 n.276 66.3 189n.74, 212, 223 70.1-5 266 n.181 n.56, 277-280 70.4 278 67.3 223 n.56 76.4-5a 227 n.72 172 257 n.151 76.4 250-252 76.6-7 285 n.267 2 Apology 76.6 226-227 10.6 321 n.22 76.7 230-231,257-259, 263 Dialogue 77.4 265 nn.168,177 11-47 221 n.49 78.1-2 265 n.168 17.3 253 n.143 78.1 265 n.177 17.4 246-248 78.2 265 n.177 32.2-7 287 n.278 78.3 265 n.167 32.6 287 n.275 78.4 265 n.175 33.1 265 n.165 78.5 218 n.36, 225 n.68, 35.3a 253 n.143 265 nn. 168,176,177 35.3b 217 n.32 78.6 266 n.181 36.5 287 n.275 78.7-8 265 n.169 408 Index of Sources

78.7 265 nn. 168,177 108-141 221 n.49 78.8 265 n.170 108.2 284 n.254 78.9 265 nn. 168,177 112.4 246-248 81.4 261-263 117.3 278 83.1 287 n.275 120.6 211 n.3, 250-252 84.4 265 n.174, 267 122.5 269 nn. 185,194 125.1 255-257 85 287 n.271 125.4 241-242, 271 n.214 85.1 287 n.277 126 287 n.271 85.2 213 n.15 127.5 287 n.275 87.6 287 n.274 132 287 n.271 88.2 269 n.206 140.4 211 n.3, 250-254 88.3 224 n.63, 225 n.68, 267 n. 191, 269-270 Origen 88.7 268 nn. 195,196 Against Celsus 88.8 269-270 1.51 104 n.206, 266 n,17i 93.2 253 n.143 6.74 184 n.58 96.3a 235 99.2 253 n.143 Commentary on Matthew 100-106 223 10.17 104 n.204 100.1 243-245 16.12 95 n. 183 100.2 285 n.267 16.23 253 n.143 100.3 230-231,257-259, 30.3.1-2 95 n.183 263 30.14.4 95 n.183 100.4 218 n.36 100.5 85, 265 nn. 172-173 Homilies on Luke 101.2 253 n.143 1.2 77 n. 109 102.2 265 n.168, 265 n.171 20.2 80 n.l 19 103 269 103 2 218 n.36, 265 n.169 On First Principles 103.3 265 nn.168,171,177 preface. 8 73 n.88 103.6 224 n.65, 241-242, 271 n.214 Polycarp 103.8 224,253 n.143, Philippians 280-282 1.2 131, 131 n.72, 314 105.5 229 2.1 314 106.1-2 225 n.67, 285-287 2.3 130, 131 n.72, 235 106.1 284 nn.255,259, 285 n.95, 314 n.24 nn.261-262,267, 286 2.3a 132-134 106.3 48 n.95, 224 n.66, 273 2.3b 134-135 106.4 224 n.65, 265 n.177 3.1 129 107.1 246 3.2 314 n.24 Index of Sources 409

4.3 132 n.73 1.41.2 330 6.2 135 n.84 1.43.1 330, 339, 340 6.3 314 n.24 1.43.2 330 7.1 188 n.70 1.43.3 339 7.2 135 n.84 1.53.2 339, 340 9.1-2 129 1.53.4-71.6 329 9.1 129 1.57.3 340 9.2 313 n.ll 1.65.2-3 333-335 12.2 314 n.24 1.65.3-5 330 12.3 131 n.72 1.70.2 335 n.62 12.3b 135 1.71.2 339, 340 13.2 129 1.71.3-4 336-337 1.71.3 340 Protevangelium of James 5.2 105 n.209 Shepherd of Hennas 11.1--3 105 n.210 Similitudes 11.3 223 n.57 9.27.3 313 n.ll 12.1--3 105 n.211 14 1 -2 105 n.212 Sophia of Jesus Christ 21.1--22.4 105 n.213 119.4-8 169 22.2 105 n.214 122.14-16 169 23-24 105 n.215 125.17-18 169

Ps. Ignatius Tertullian Ephesians Against Marcion 5 243 n.l 15 73 n.87 4.2 46 n.87, 174 n.7, 209 Pseudo-Clementine Homilies n.l 52 3.53.3 338 nn.73,75 4.2.2-4 174 n.8 17.5.2 249 4.2 4 174 nn.6,9, 197 n.96, 210 n.154 Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 4.3 208 n.148 1.27-71 3 n.9, 328 n.33, 329, 4.4.1-2 209 n.l50 330-341, 350 4.9.15 174 n.9 1.27.1-32.4 329 4.12.14 174 n.9 1.34.1-44.1 329 4.43.7 182 n.53 1.34 2 340 1.36.2 337-338 Apology 1.39.1 330 21 319 n.14 1.39.2 330 1.40.4 340 Testimony of Truth 1.41.1-2 339 14.14-17 168 410 Index of Sources

29.12-15 168 31.18-22 168 33.5-8 168 39.24-28 168 41.7-9 168 45.7-8 168 45.13-14 168 68.4 168

Theophilus of Antioch ToAutolycus 1.14 83 n.142 2.10 85 2.13 84-85 2.24 83 n.141 3.2 84 3.13-14 85 3.28 83 n.143

Thomas the Contender 145.3-8 166

Valentinian Exposition 40.15 166 Index of Names

Abramowski, L. 223 Brown, S.K. 331 Aland, B. 308 n.49 Bruce, F.F. 202 n.121, 338 n.75 Aland, K. and Aland, B. 27-28, 29 n.9, Bundy, D. 184-185 30, 308 n.50 Burkitt, F.C. 130 Albl, M.C. 313, 338 Cadbury, H.J. 2 n.4, 53-54 n.l 12, Bacon, B.W 202 300-304, 305 Barnard, L.W. 129-130 Cameron, R. 163 n.182 Barrett, C.K. 192 n.79, 302 n.14, Campenhausen, H. von 15 n.53, 43, 304-307, 310, 312, 313-314, 317, 204-205, 299 318-319, 321, 323, 324 nn.10-11, Clabeaux, J.J. 176-177, 178 325-326, 327-328 Conzelmann, H. 304 n.25, 323 n.5 Bauckham, RJ. 34-35, 75-76, 125, Couchoud, 192, 193 344-346 Credner, 235 Bauer, W. 208 Creed, 53-54 n.l 12, 253 Bellinzoni, A.J. 22, 23-24, 130-131 n.61, Cribbs, F.L. 57-58, 65 211-217, 226-227, 228, 230, 232, 234-235, 237, 240, 242-245, 247, Daniels, 106 n.222 252-255, 259, 261-262 Dauer, A. 56-57, 59, 68 Benecke, 131 Davies, J.G. 288 n.280 Bentivegna, 83 n.144 Davies, W.D. and Allison, D C. 33 Berding, K. 314 Dehandschutter, B. 131, 134 Bertrand, D A. 92, 101-102 Donfried, K.P. 136, 139, 140-141, 144, Betz, H.D. 22 n.l, 231-232 n.82 147 Birdsall, J.N. 107 n.227, 202 n.121, 329 Donovan, M.A. 80 n.120 Blackman, E C. 203-204, 205 Draper, J. A. 119, 122 Blass, 307 Drijvers, H.J.W 184-185 Bousset, 235, 244 Duplacy, J. 29 Bovon, F. 22-23, 24, 26, 27, 52-53, 300 Bremmer, 343 n.97 Ehrhardt, A. 41 n.70 Brock, S.P. 201 n.l 12 Ehrman, 27 n.l, 29 n.12, 64 n.48 Brown, C.T. 47 Ehrman, and Plunkett, M. A. 281 Brown, R E. 104 n.199, 265 n.162, 281, Elliott, 343 n.97 282-283 Epp, 27 n. 1 412 Index of Names

Evans, Sir A. 19-20 Kelber, W.H. 15 n.52 Kelhoffer, J. A. 86-87, 88-91, 312 n.9 Farkasfalvy, D. 37 n.51 Klijn, A.F.J. 96, 102, 181 Fitzmeyer, J. A. 43^4 n.77, 53-54 n.l 12, Knibb, M. 319n.l4 67, 119, 166, 202 n. 121, 278 n.222, 281, Knight, J. 75-77 317, 321, 335 n.61 Knox, J. 192-194, 203, 306, 309 Koester, H 24-25, 45-^6, 48, 57, 70, 87, Gamble, H.Y. 29 n.ll 123-124, 126, 129 n.51, 130-131, Gartner, B. 80-81 n.121, 153 133-135, 136, 139, 141-142, 147, Gasque, W.W 192n.79 170-171, 175 n.14, 212-213, 245 n.124, Glover, R. 120n.l7, 124 283; see also General Index, under Grant, R.M. 35 n.41, 73 n 89, 109 n.232 methodology Green, J.B. 229 n.79, 274 n.218 Köhler, W.-D. 8-13, 47 Kraft, R. A. 117 Haenchen, E. 44 n.78, 202 n.121, 304 n.25, 314 nn.22-3, 317-319, 321, 336 Lalleman, P.J. 347-348 Hagner, D A. 126, 128-129 Lawlor, H.J. 35-36 Haines-Eitzen, K. 29 n.l2 Lay ton, B. 78 n.l 13 Hanson, R.P.C. 15 n.52 Leloir, L. 108-109 n.230, 111 Harnack, A. von 17 n.58, 46 n.87, 109, Lightfoot, J.B. 34, 35 n.41, 71-72, 108 173, 175-183, 188 n.70, 193-194, n.228, 131, 188 n.70 197-201, 202, 203-206, 208, 295 Lindemann, A. 194 Harrington, D J. 87 n.l56, 274 n.218 Lohfink, G. 289-290 Harrison, P.N. 129-130, 136 Lohr, W.A. 78, 80 Hartog, P. 130, 131, 134,314 Loisy, A 183 n.55 Harvey, W W. 207 Lüdemann, G. 3, 335, 336 Head, P.M. 108 n.228 Henderson, I.H. 119n.l2 Maddox, R. 56 n.6 Hengel, M. 17 n.58, 37, 45^6, 48, 50-52, Manson, 33 53 n.lll, 311 Marcovich, M. 149, 224 n.65, 244 n.l20, Herding, 131 254, 263 n.160 Hill, C.E. 35-38, 323-324 Markschies, C. 17 n.58, 51-52 n.105 Hill, J.H 108 n.228, 109 Marshall, I.H. 280-281 Hills, J.V. 323, 344 n.102 Martin, V. and Kasser, R 29 n.l 1 Hug, J. 88-89 Martyn, J.L. 331-332 Hyldahl, N. 219n.44 Massaux, E 7-9, 11, 70 n.80, 74 n.94, 126, 131, 133 Jefford, C.N. 120n.l7, 123 n.25 Matson, M.A. 58,61,65-69 Jeremias, J. 106, 278-279 Metzger, B.M. 29 n.9, 40, 41 n.69, 43-44 Jervell, J. 199 n 103 n.77, 314 n.18 Jones, F.S 329-340 Morgan, R. 17n.57, 58 Junod, E. and Kaestli, J.-D. 343 n.92 Moulton, J H. and Milligan, G. 123, 234 Index of Names 413

Muddiman, J. 61-62, 67 Schniewind, 56 n.6, 57 Schoedel, W.R. 12, 33, 47, 70, 74, Nagel, T. 158-159 n. 160 129-131, 134, 283, 315 n.27 Nautin, P. 149 Schoeps, H.J. 332 Neirynck, F. 7-8, 57, 60 n.22, 61, 62-64, Schulz, 167 65-69, 106 Schürmann, 67, 167 Noll and, J. 229n.79, 281 Segelberg, 164 Seilew, P. 344 n.99 O'Neill, J.C. 218, 219 n.44, 234, 245 Semler, 192 n.l 22, 266, 280 n.232, 284 n.260, 306, Shellard, B. 58, 61, 64-65, 67, 68-69 318, 321,322,353 Shelton, J.C. 160 n.169 Orbe, A. 78 Skarsaune, O. 218-222, 257, 267, 285, Osborn, E.F. 3 n.6, 92 n.175, 223-224 318, 320-321 Osiek, C 40 n.64 Skeat, T.C. 28, 30, 31 Otto, 224 n.65 Smid, H R. 104 n.207, 266 n. 180 Overbeck, 219 n.44 Smith, D.M. 56-58 Smith, M. 312-313 Pagels, E.H. 170, 207 n. 147 Sparks, H.F.D. 234 Parker, P. 57, 308 n.46 Stanton, G.N. 15 n.52, 31, 45-48, 53, 223- Parsons, M.C. 289-290 224, 232 n.83, 280 n.237 Patterson, S.J. 154-155, 157 Steempvoort, P.A. van 104 n.202, 266 Pervo, R.I 343 n.97 n.l 80 Petersen, W.L. 27-28, 72-73, 92 n.l 76, Stoops, R.F. 347 n.l 14 107 n.225, 110, 158 n.157 Strange, W. A. 301 n.13, 307-309 Puesch, H.-C. 78 Strecker, G. 329, 334 Streeter, B.H. 40, 130, 193 Quispel, G. 177 n.25 Stroud, W.J. 326 Strycker, E. de 104 n.207, 266 n.180 Regul, J. 43-44 n.77 Rehm, 329 Taylor, V. 278 Rensberger, D.K. 194 Thompson, M. 6 n.l2 Resch, 227 Townsend, J.T. 353 Ritschl, A. 192, 193,218, 266 Trobisch, D. 31 Roberts, C.H. 29 n.l 1,30 Tsutsui, K. 178 Robinson, J.M. 150 n.l24 Tuckett, C M. 13, 117-124, 154n.l43, Rordorf, W. 122, 344-345 155-157, 159-167, 169-171, 266 n.183, 281-282 Salmon, 199 n.l 03 Turner, M. 1, 28 Sanday, W. 214 Schmid, U. 176-177, 178, 180n.42 Vööbus, A. 108 n.228, 201 n.l 12 Schmidt, 344 Vorster, W S. 104 n.199 Schneemelcher, 344-345, 347 n.l 15 414 Index of Names

Westcott, B F. and Hort, F.J.A. 11 Whittaker, J. 11-12 n.39 Williams, D.S. 174 n.9, 178-180, 181 n.49, 195, 257 n. 154 Wilshire, L.E. 192 n.79, 194-195, 353 Wilson, R S 201-202, 205 Wisse, F. 161-162 n.176 Wright, L.E. 244

Zahn, 112,194-195,314 n.20 Zervos, G.T. 104, 266 n. 180 Zwaan, 323 Zwiep, A.W. 290 Index of Subjects

Acts Acts of Paul 343, 344-346, 347, 348, - connective role 301 350-351 -date4, 305-309,353-354 Acts of Peter 343, 346-347, 348 n. 123, - in earlier research 300-309 350-351 - early evidence 310-316 Acts of Peter and the 12 Apostles 165 - and Irenaeus 38-39, 43, 80, 299, 301, Acts of Philip 52 303, 306, 308-309 Acts of Pilate 223 n.57, 275, 289 - and John 56, 59, 69 Acts of Thomas 343 n.97 - and Justin Martyr 220, 288-289, Adamantius, and Marcion 46 n.87, 178, 304-305,317-321,350,352 198 - and Letter of Peter to Philip 164-165 Agrippa Castor 77 - and Longer Ending of Mark 86, 87-88, Alexandria, and knowledge otLuke 80 89,91,312,352 Alexandrian tradition 32 n.26, 72-73, 99 - Lukan authorship 38-40, 41, 43-44, 350 - and Justin Martyr 273, 280-281 - and Marcion 200, 203, 305-306, - and P4 30 308-309, 352 - and P45 308 - in Muratorian Fragment 42-43, - and P75 27-29, 72 301-303, 304, 306 allusions, identification 5-6, 9 -inPolycarp 131,313-314 Ambrose of Milan, and Basilides 77 - reception 22, 299-309, 350-351 Anonymous, and the New Prophecy 3 n.9, - separate transmission 2-3, 53, 203, 341-342, 350 300-302 Anti-Marcionite Prologue 23, 32, 43-44, - synthesising role 331-332 202 - and textual variants 307-309 Antioch, and Luke 44, 202, 205 - title 43-44, 302, 303 Apelles (disciple of Marcion) 184 - and we-passages 4-5 n.ll, 38-39, 41, Aphraat 111 43, 348-349, 351 Apocalypse of Peter 41 n.70, 125, 163, Acts, apocryphal 3 n.9, 43, 52, 303, 316, 172, 294 343-349 Apocryphon of James 162 n.177, 163 - dating 343, 348 Apocryphon of John 158-159 n.160, 161, Acts of Andrew 6 n. 12, 343 n.97 169 n.208, 348 Acts of Archelaus 78, 80 Apostolic Decree 6-7, 315, 327 Acts of John 343, 344-346, 347-349, ascension 350-351 - and Epistle of the Apostles 325-326 416 Index of Subjects

- and Justin Martyr 287-290, 291, 296, - single-tradition sayings 137, 148-149, 318-319 172 - and Letter of Peter to Philip 264 -triple-tradition sayings 145-148, 172 Ascension of Isaiah 75-77, 113, 294, 319 - as witness to Acts 310 n. 1 n.14 Clement of Alexandria 261, 308 n.49 - date 75, 76 - and Apocalypse of Peter 125 - and oral tradition 75-76 - Hypotyposes 37 Ascents of James 221 n.49 - Stromatateis 79-80, 104, 184 asceticism, in Luke 200-201, 205 Codex Bezae (D) Authoritative Teaching 163 - and Acts 307-308 - and Luke 61, 72, 142, 182n.54 B see Codex Vaticanus -andP75 27 n.l, 28-29, 30 baptism of Jesus Codex Bobiensis 289 - and Basilides 79-80, 113 Codex Fuldensis 107n.227, 110, 112 - in Gospel of the Ebionites 96-98 Codex Nanianus (U) 243 n. 118 - in Ignatius 269 Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus (N) 243 - in Justin Martyr 269-270, 272-273, 296 n.l 18 - in Testimony of Truth 168 Codex Vaticanus (B) Bar-Cochba 125 - and P4 30 Bardaisan, On Fate 328 -and P75 27 n.l, 29 Basilides, Gospel 77-80, 113-114, 202, Curetonian Syriac 111 294 D see Codex Bezae canon see Gospel, fourfold dependence, literary 5-6, 55-56, Carpocratians 151-153, 172 112-115, 293 Celsus - and apocryphal Acts 343-349 - and Marcion 184 - and Ascension of Isaiah 75-77, 294 - and Protevangelium of James 104 n.202 -and 1 Clement 125-129, 172, 294, Cerdo 202, 206 312-313 christology - and 2 Clement 136-149, 172, 293, 298 - docetic 183-184 - and common tradition 18-19 - Johannine 59 - criteria 6-7 - Lukan 59, 77, 85, 271, 327-328 - and Diatessaron 85, 92, 107-112, 294, -Matthean 10 297 - Pauline 59, 79 - and Didache 117-124, 171, 294 citations, introductory formulae 9 - and Epistle of the Apostles 322-326, 1 Clement 125-129, 130, 132, 172, 294 350 - date 125, 128 - and Gospel of Basilides 77-80, - as witness to Acts 312-313 113-114,294 2 Clement 46, 136-149, 293, 294, 298 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 85, 92-103, - double-tradition sayings 138-145, 149, 115, 293, 298 172 -and Gospel of Thomas 153-158, 172, Index of Subjects 417

293, 298 Dionysius of Corinth 316 - and Ignatius of Antioch 69-75, 90, 113, docetism 294 - anti-docetic polemic 59-60, 64 n.48, 70, - and John 3, 56-69, 113, 294 73 - and Letter of Peter to Philip 164-165 -and Justin 280-281 - and Longer Ending of Mark 85, 86-91, -andMarcion 182, 183-184 114-115, 284, 294,312,352 double tradition 14, 116 - in Nag Hammadi texts 158-171, 172 - and Carpocratians 152-153 - and oral tradition 7-8, 10 -in 2 Clement 138-145, 149, 172 - and Papyrus Egerton 2 105-106, 115 - in Didache 120-124 - and Polycarp 129-136, 172, 294, - in Irenaeus 82 313-314 - in Justin Martyr 221-253, 291-297 - and Protevangelium of James 103-105, - in Nag Hammadi texts 163, 164, 114, 293,294-295,298 166-171 - and Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions - and other sources 16 328-341, 350 -in Polycarp 131, 132-135 - and redactional work 8-9, 13, 56-57, - in Refutation 151 72, 78, 85, 90-91 - and Sermons on the Mount and the - on Synoptic tradition 7-15, 37 Plain 133-135, 139, 152, 231-241, 253, - and Theophilus of Antioch 83-85, 114 259 - and the Valentinians 80-83, 113, 294, doublets, Lukan 63-64, 67-68 297-298 Dura-Europos fragment 19 - see also Justin Martyr, and Luke Dialogue of Jason and Papsicus 221 n.50 Ephrem Dialogue of the Saviour 170-171 - Commentary on the Diatessaron 86 Diatessaron 85, 107-112, 185, 294, n.l50, 108, 109, 110, 111 297-298 -andMarcion 181, 185 -and/lcis310n 1,315, 352 Epiphanius -Arabic 86, 108, 109 - and Acts of Archelaus 78 -content 109-112 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 92-103, - date 103 115, 147 - and Dura-Europos fragment 19 - and Irenaeus 207 n. 147 - and John 92 - and Marcion 178-180, 182, 202 - and Lukan preface 109-111,114, 190, Epistle of the Apostles 289, 304 n.25, 294 305-306,316,350 - order 108-109 - date and provenance 304 n.25, 323 Didache 4, 18-19, 171, 294 - and post-resurrection teaching of Jesus - and Acts 310 n.l 322-326 -date 47, 117 Epistle of Barnabas 18-19, 146, 289-290, - and evayyeXiov as title 46, 47-48, 50 310 n.l - and Matthew 117, 118, 123-124 evayyekiov - and sayings of Jesus 117-124 - as proclamation 45, 46, 47-48 418 Index of Subjects

-astitle45-51, 53, 137, 175,212, - and Refutation 151 223-224 - and separate transmission of Acts 301 Eucharist, in Justin Martyr 277-280 - and Tertullian 174, 185-186, 197-198, Eusebius of Caesarea 74 208-210 - and Anonymous and the New Prophecy Gospel Harmonies 1, 85-112, 114 3 n.9, 341-342, 350 -andDiatessaron 19, 85, 107-112, 114 - and Apocalypse of Peter 125 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 85, 92-103 - and Basilides 77 - and Gospel of Thomas 153 - and Hegesippus 315-316, 329 - and Longer Ending of Mark 85, 86-91, - and Irenaeus 186 n.67 114-115 - and Marcion 186-187 - and Marcion 194-195, 201 - and Papias 34-38 - and Theophilus of Antioch 83 Exegesis on the Soul 158-159 n.160, 167 Gospel of the Hebrews 92 nn. 172-174 Gospel of Mary 158-159 n.160, 161, First Apocalypse of James 165 169-170 Form Criticism 55, 90, 214, 215 Gospel of the Nazarenes 92 nn. 172,174, 281 GE see Gospel of the Ebionites Gospel of Peter 205, 214 n.25, 275-276, genealogy of Luke 282 n.248, 283, 286 n.268, 319 n.14 - and Diatessaron 111-112, 114, 294 - and Justin Martyr 225 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 95 Gospel of Philip 163, 164 - and Justin Martyr 269, 270, 271, 273 Gospel of Thomas 16, 153-158, 159 -and Marcion 190 n.162, 161, 172, 214 n.25, 293-294, 298 Gethsemane, agony in the garden - and 2 Clement 147-148 280-282 - Coptic recension 154, 155, 157-158 Gnosticism -date 153, 158 - and Irenaeus 39, 188, 207, 308-309 - and Dialogue of the Saviour 171 - and Origen 207 n. 147 - and evayyeXiov as title 46 Gospel according to the Hebrews 74 - and Justin Martyr 245 Gospel of Basilides 77-80, 113-114 - and Refutation 149-151 Gospel of the Ebionites 85, 92-103, 115, Gospel of Truth 46, 158-159 n.160, 163 147, 293-294, 298 Gospels -date 92, 103 - as evayyeXia 45-51, 53 Gospel, fourfold 17, 52-53, 204 - Jewish-Christian 92, 142, 205 - development 23-25, 31, 176 - as Memoirs 48, 104, 189, 212-213, - and early papyri 30-32, 45 222-225, 229, 279, 280, 286-287 - external testimony 31-45, 51 - non-canonical 75 - and Irenaeus 24, 31, 38-39,49, 51-52, - titles 30-31, 44, 45, 190, 198, 209 80, 112, 185-187, 191 - see also Synoptic Gospels - and Justin Martyr 187, 224-225 Hegemonius, Acts of Archelaus 78 -and Marcion 174, 176, 191 Hegesippus 315-316, 329 - and other Gospel sources 18 Herod, and trial of Jesus 282-284 Index of Subjects 419

Hippolytus, Refutation 79, 80, 149-151 -andMarcion 173-174, 180-181, 183, 185-188, 190-192, 193,202, 206-208, Ignatius of Antioch 210, 295, 308 - andActs 310 n.l - and Muratorian Fragment 41 - and baptism of Jesus 269 - and oral tradition 15 n.52 - date 69-70, 74 - and use of Luke-Acts 2, 3, 23-24, 39, - and evayyeXiov as title 46,47 297, 352 - and passion narrative 283-284 - and Polycarp 129-130 - and Valentinians 80-83, 113, 207, 294 - and resurrection of Jesus 70-75, 113, 181,287 Jerome 72, 74, 83 - Smyrneans 47, 705 - and Theophilus of Antioch 83, 85, 114 - and use of Luke 69-75, 90, 113, 114, n.241 181, 294 Jesus-tradition - and use of Matthew 12, 47, 70, 74, 269 - in Paul 6 - infancy narrative, Lukan 82, 83, 96, - in second century 17, 22-24, 75, 293, 113, 129, 163, 168 295-296 - and Justin 189, 225, 264-266, 267, - and Synoptic tradition 8, 10, 245 271-273, 292, 296 - see also oral tradition; sayings of Jesus -andMarcion 105, 189-190, 195, 203, John 225, 272, 295, 296 - date 31 - and Protevangelium of James 103-105, -and Diatessaron 108-109 266, 294-295, 296 - early reception 22 infancy narrative, Matthean 103-105, - and Irenaeus 80-81 n.121 264-265, 292, 296 - and Justin Martyr 92, 112, 224, 287 Interpretation of Knowledge 158-159 - and Marcion 198-199, 204-205 n.160, 165-166 - and Papias 34, 35-38, 48 Irenaeus - and passion narrative 275-276 - and Acts 2, 38-39, 43, 80, 299, 301, - as used by Luke 57-59, 64-68 303, 306, 308-309 - as using Luke 57-61, 62-64, 113, 294 - Against Heresies 3,351 - as witness to Luke 3, 56-69 - and Apocryphon of John 161, 348 John the Baptist - and authorship of Luke 32-33, 38-40, - in Gospel of the Ebionites 95-96, 115 42, 53, 190, 294 - in Justin Martyr 266-268, 271-272, 296 - and Carpocratians 151-153 Justin Martyr - and evayyeXiov as title 49, 51 - and Acts 220, 288-289, 304-305, - and fourfold Gospel 24, 31, 38-39, 49, 317-321,350,352 51-52, 80, 112, 174, 185-187, 191, 301 - / Apology 211, 221-222, 275 - Dialogue with Trypho 211, 276 - and Gnosticism 39, 188, 207, 308-309 - and evayyeXiov as title 48-49, 212, - and Justin Martyr 245 223-224 - and letter from Lyons and Vienne 326 - and Gospel harmonies 85, 189, 195, and Longer Ending of Mark 86, 87 213, 216-217, 223, 232, 236, 240, 420 Index of Subjects

249-262, 267, 271, 276, 284 Kerymga petrou, and Justin Martyr 221 - and John 92, 112, 225 - kerygma source 221, 269, 273, 275 L 13, 16-18, 39, 82-83, 162, 166, 214, - and Longer Ending of Mark 86-87, 284, 292 288 n.283, 289-290 LE see Longer Ending of Mark - and Luke 23-24, 80, 146, 190, 225-291, Letter to Diognetus 310 n. 1 293, 295-296, 353 Letter of James 158-159 n.160 - in previous scholarship 211-222 Letter of Peter to Philip 158-159 n. 160, -and Marcion 186-189 164-165 - and Mark 224, 255, 261, 263 LkR (redactional material) 13-14, 18, 55, - and Matthew 22 n.l, 213, 218, 224, 56-57, 59, 63, 65-68, 72, 293, 298 232-253, 261-263, 264-273, 284, 291, - and Acts 303-304, 350-351 296-297 - and apocryphal Acts 347 - and Memoirs of the Apostles 48, 104 - and Apocryphon of John 161 n.207, 222-225, 229, 269, 273, 279, - and Basilides 78 280, 286-287 - and Carpocratians 152-153 - and narrative material 264-291, 296 - and 2 Clement 139, 141-142, 143, - ascension 287-290, 291, 296, 147-148, 172, 294 318-319 -and Didache 119-124, 171 - and baptism of Jesus 269-270, 296 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 92, 96, 98, - John the Baptist 266-268, 99, 103, 115,294 271-272, 296 - and Gospel of Thomas 150, 155-158, - passion narrative 220, 223, 229, 172, 294 257-259, 263, 274-291, 296 - and Interpretation of Knowledge - resurrection 284-287, 291, 296, 165-166 318-320 - and Justin Martyr 226, 229, 243, 253, - temptation of Jesus 270-271, 259-260, 263, 269, 273, 274, 280, 282, 272-273, 296 288-292, 296-297 -and Paul 188-189 - and letter from Lyons and Vienne - and Protevangelium of James 104, 225, 327-328 266, 272 - and Letter of Peter to Philip 164-165 - recapitulation source 221-222, 257, 267 - and Longer Ending of Mark 88-89, - and sayings material 296 90-91, 115, 296 - double-tradition material 221-253, - and Nag Hammadi texts 163, 165-166, 291-297 167, 168, 170-171 - single-tradition material 220, - and Papyrus Egerton 2 106 226-231, 240, 291-292, 297-298 - and Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions - triple-tradition material 253-263, 334-335, 336-341 292, 296-298 - in Theophilus of Antioch 65 - and Synoptic Gospels 25, 27 n.3, 31, 92, - and Valentinians 113 188-189 Longer Ending of Mark 85, 86-91, - testimony source 266, 318 114-115 Index of Subjects 421

- date 86-87 - redactional material see LkR - and Justin Martyr 86-87, 284, 286 - and Revelation 76 n.268, 288 n.283, 289-290 - sources 7, 12-14, 16-17, 25 - and relation to Luke and Acts 87-91, -L 16-18, 39 294, 296,312, 352 - John 57-58, 64-68 Lord's Supper -Mark 13-14, 16, 55, 58, 64, 66-68, - in Gospel of the Ebionites 102-103, 115 112, 231,296,350,353 - in Justin Martyr 223, 277-280 - Q 13-14, 16, 18, 33, 82-83, 116, Luke 119, 231-232,350 - as from Antioch 44, 202, 205 - textual transmission 23, 26, 27 - as author of Pastorals 310-311 - and two-source hypothesis 13-14, 18, - as companion of Paul 38-39, 41, 44, 53, 231 196-197, 204, 205, 208, 210, 294, 295, - see also double tradition; infancy 353 narrative; narrative material; passion - as physician 41 narrative; preface, single tradition, triple Luke tradition - and Ascension of Isaiah 75-77, 113 Luke-Acts - attribution to Luke 45-53 - reception 352-354 - in Anti-Marcionite Prologue - as one entity 1-2, 39-40, 208, 299, 43-44, 202 301,352 - in Irenaeus 32-33, 38^tO, - as separate entities 2-3, 203, 190-191, 294, 297 293-298, 300-302 - in Marcion 191, 297-298 - as response to Marcion 192-193, 194, - in Muratorian Fragment 41, 43, 309 294 - separation of volumes 53 - in P75 44, 53, 190 Lyons and Vienne, letter from 303-305, - commentaries on 80-83 316, 326-328 - composition 25 -date4, 353-354 MS, 13 - in earlier research 22-26 Marcion 22, 35 n.41, 80, 103, 173-210, - earliest manuscripts 18, 23, 27-32 297-298 - external testimony 32-45 - and abridgment of Luke 23-24, -genealogy 111-112, 114, 190, 269, 271, 178-183,225, 272, 293,353 273 - ancient perspectives 183-192 - Gentile character 199-200, 205 - modern perspectives 192-196 - and John - and Acts 192-193, 194, 200, 203, - John's use of Luke 57-61, 62-64, 305-306, 308-309, 352 113,294 - and Adamantius 46 n.87, 178,198 - Luke's use of John 57-59, 64-68 -Antitheses 197-198, 208-209 - in recent scholarship 56-60 - and choice of Luke 196-210, 295 - and Marcion see Marcion - and Epiphanius 178-180, 182 - and Matthew 24, 299 - and evayye\toi> as title 45-46, 50, 53, 422 Index of Subjects

175, 295 - and Exegesis on the Soul 167 - Gospel reconstruction, and Apostle - genealogy 93-95, 112 176-178, 194, 295 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 92, 93, - and harmonisation 194-195, 201 95-96, 99, 102 -andHarnack 175-183, 193-194, - and Gospel of Truth 163 197-201, 202, 203-206, 295 - and Ignatius 12, 47, 70, 74, 269 - and infancy narrative 105, 189-190, - and Justin Martyr 22 n.l, 213, 218, 224, 195, 203, 225, 272, 295, 296 232-253, 261-263, 264-273, 284, 291, -and Justin 186-189 296-297 - and Origen 80-81 n. 121, 184 - and Longer Ending of Mark 91 - and Paul 43, 175, 196-197, 199, 204, - and Luke 24, 299 205, 207-208, 210 - and Marcion 195, 198-199, 204-205 - and Pauline corpus 176-177, 194, 295 - and Nag Hammadi texts 161, 162 n. 177, - see also Irenaeus; Tertullian 172 Mark - and Papias 33, 35-38, 48^19 - and evayyeXiou as title 45 - and passion narrative 279 - and Gospel of the Ebionites 92, 93, - and Polycarp 131 95-96 - and Protevangelium of James 103-105 - and Irenaeus 38 - redactional work see MtR - and Justin Martyr 224, 255, 261, 263 - sources 10-11, 25 - and Marcion 195, 199, 203, 205 -MS - in Muratorian Fragment 40, 42 -Mark 13-14, 16, 112 - and Nag Hammadi texts 161 -0 8, 13-14, 16, 33, 116, 123, - and Papias 33-34, 38, 42, 48^49 231-232 n.82 - and passion narrative 279 - and Theophilus of Antioch 114 - as source for Luke 13-14, 55, 58, 64, - and two-source hypothesis 13, 231-232 66-68, 112, 231,296,350,353 n.82 - as source tor Matthew 13-14, 16, 112 - see also infancy narrative - survival 16 Memoirs/Memoirs of the Apostles 48, 104, - see also Longer Ending of Mark 189, 212-213, 222-225, 229, 279, 280, Martyr Acts 303 286-287 Matthew Memoirs of Peter 48, 224 - and Apocalypse of Peter 125 methodology - and Ascension of Isaiah 76 - assumptions 2-5, 300 - and Carpocratians 152 - issues for study 5-20, 315, 352 - and / Clement 126 - Koester's criterion 7-10, 12-14, 90, - and 2 Clement 142 117, 119, 159, 162, 171, 291, 293-294, - and Diatessaron 108-109 303, 332 - and Didache 117, 118, 123-124 - and lost texts 16-20, 51-52 n.l05, 74 - early preference for 109, 114, 153, 297 - and oral tradition 15 - early reception 7-12, 22 - and reception of Synoptic tradition 7-15 - and evayyeXiou as title 45, 46-47 MkR (redactional material) 157 n.l56 Index of Subjects 423

MtR (redactional material) 8-9, 13, 120, - shared 56-57, 60-63, 66, 68-69, 73-74, 141, 143, 147-148, 157n.l56, 161 91, 113, 115, 293 n.177 Origen - in Ignatius 74, 269 - and Basilides 77 Muratorian Fragment 23, 32, 40-43, 352 - and Gnosticism 207 n.l47 - and Acts 42^t3, 301-303, 304, 306 - Homilies on Luke 16-17, 77 n. 109 - date 32, 40-41 - and Ignatius 72, 73-74 - and Luke 41-42, 294 - and infancy narrative 266 - and Mark 40, 42 - and Marcion 80-81 n.121, 184 - and Protevangelium of James 104, 266 Naassenes 149-151, 172 Oxford Society of Historical Theology Nag Hammadi texts 158-171, 172 126 n.43, 131 -dating 160, 161 -and double tradition 163, 164, 166-171 P4 - and single tradition 163, 164-166, - and Alexandrian tradition 30 167-171 - date 28, 30, 32 - and triple tradition 163, 168-171 - as part of four-Gospel codex 27, 28, 30 - see also Gospel of Thomas P29 308 n.50 narrative material 55-115 P38 3 08 n.50 - and Ascension of Isaiah 75-77 P45 181, 308 - and Gospel of Basilides 77-80 P48 308 n.50 - and Gospel harmonies 85-112 p75 - and Ignatius of Antioch 69-75 - and Alexandrian text 27-29, 72 - and Justin Martyr 264-291, 296 - date 27, 28, 30, 32 - in Luke and John 56-69 - and Luke 44, 53, 72, 142, 190, 207 - and post-resurrection teaching of Jesus n.147, 281,288 n.279 222-249 - as part of four-Gospel codex 28 - and Theophilus of Antioch 83-85 Papias 33-38 - and triple-tradition 55 -anáActs310n.l, 315 - and Valentinians 80-83 - and John 34, 35-38, 48 - see also infancy narrative; passion - and Luke 34-35, 37-38, 74, 282 narrative - and Mark 33-34, 38, 42, 48^9, 224 New Prophecy 3 n.9, 341-342, 350 n.66 - and Matthew 33, 35-38, 48-49 On the Origin of the World 163 - and oral tradition 15 oral tradition Papyrus Berolinensis 8502 169 n 208 - and Ascension of Isaiah 75-76, 113 Papyrus Egerton 2 105-106, 115, 295 - and Form Criticism 55, 90, 215 Papyrus Kóln 255 106 - and Justin Martyr 223 Papyrus Oxyrhyncus 1 155-156 - and reception of Synoptic tradition 7-8, Papyrus Oxyrhyncus 654 150 10-12, 17, 23, 55 parables -in second century 14-15, 22 n.l, 25 - Dives and Lazarus 78 424 Index of Subjects

- of fig tree 125 Pseudo-Clementine Homilies 249, 261, -ofGood Samaritan 164, 167, 168-169 328 - of lost coins 82 Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 3 n.9, - of lost sheep 82, 165-166 316, 328-341,350 - of the mustard seed 171 Pseudo-Ephrem A 185 - in single-tradition 78, 82, 125, 164-166 - of the sower 129, 255-257 Q - in triple-tradition 129, 255-257 - and 1 Clement 127-128 passion naiTative - and 2 Clement 138-139, 141, 142, 144 - and Ignatius 283-284 -and Didache 119-120, 122, 123 - and John 57, 275-276 - and Irenaeus 207 - and Justin Martyr 220, 223, 229, - and Justin Martyr 214, 225, 226, 257-259, 263, 274-291, 296 231-232, 235, 237, 241-253, 268, 292 - pre-Lukan source 16, 115, 274, - and Luke 13-14, 16, 18, 33, 82-83, 116, 278-279, 282-283, 290-292, 296, 304 119, 231-232,350 Pastoral Epistles, Lukan authorship - and Matthew 13-14, 16, 33, 116, 123, 310-311 231-232 n.82 Paul - and Nag Hammadi texts 159, 162, 166, - and Justin Martyr 188-189 167 - and Luke 38-39, 41, 44, 53, 196-197, - and O" 116, 120, 128, 139, 166, 204, 205, 208, 210, 294, 295, 353 231-232 n.82 - and Marcion 43, 175-176, 196-197, - and 123, 139, 141, 166, 231-232 199, 204, 205, 207-208, 210, 295 n.82 phraseology, appropriation 9 - and Refutation 150-151 pneumatology, of Luke 1 - survival 16, 18 Polycarp Qumran documents, and early Christian -Philippians 129-136, 172, 313-314 texts 18-19 - as witness to Acts 131, 313-314 quotations Polycrates of Ephesus 316, 327 n.24, 334 - identification 5-6, 9 n.57 - loose 11-12, 27 n.3 preface to Luke 12, 3 8, 42-43, 49 n. 100 - and Diatessaron 109-111,114, 190, redaction 294 - in Luke-Acts 13-14, 18, 55, 56-57, 59, - and Justin Martyr 280 63, 65-68, 72, 85 - and Marcion 190 - in Matthew see MtR - and Muratorian Fragment 41-42 redaction criticism 56-57, 63, 65-68, 294, Protevangelium of James 114, 293, 298 352-353 -date 104, 266 n.180 resurrection accounts - and infancy narrative 103-105, 266, - in Ignatius 70-75, 113, 181, 287 294-295, 296 - in John 57, 59-68, 287 - and Justin Martyr 104, 225, 266, 272 - in Justin Martyr 284-287, 291, 296, Proto-Luke 193 318-320 Index of Subjects 425

-in Letter to Philip 164 341-342, 350 - in Longer Ending of Mark 90, 114, 284, - in Irenaeus 82 286 n.268 - in Justin Martyr 220, 226-231, 240, -in Marcion 181-182 291-292, 297-298, 317-321 - in Matthew 169, 284 - in letter from Vienne and Lyons - post-resurrection teaching of Jesus 201, 303-304, 326-328 222-249, 285-287, 288, 290, 319-320, -and Marcion 194 322-326 - and the Naassenes 150-151 Revelation - in Nag Hammadi texts 163, 164-166, - and Luke 76 167-171 - and Muratorian Fragment 40 - in parables 78, 82, 125, 164 Rhodo 186, 187 - in Polycarp 313-314 Rome, and knowledge of Luke 22, 80 - in Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 328-341 sayings of Jesus 91, 116-172 - sources 7, 16 - in Apocalypse of Peter 125, 172 -in 2 Timothy 310-312,315 -in 7 Clement 125-129, 172 - and Valentinians 82 -in 2 Clement 136-149, 172 Sophia of Jesus Christ 158-159 n 160, - in Didache 117-124, 171 161, 168-169 - in Gospel of Thomas 153-158, 172 sources, Luke 13-14, 16, 18, 33, 82-83, - in Justin Martyr 213-217, 226-263, 116, 119, 231-232,350 296-297 Synoptic Gospels - in Nag Hammadi texts 158-171, 172 - and Apostolic Fathers 24 - in Polycarp 129-136, 172 - as canonical 24-25 -in g 13-14, 16, 18, 82-83, 116, 128 - and Justin Martyr 25, 92 scribes, Christian 29, 30 - and oral tradition 7-8, 10-12, 14-15, Second Apocalypse of James 158-159 17, 22 n.l, 23, 25, 55 n.160, 162 n.177 - and redactional work 8-9, 13-14, 56-57 Septuagint 199, 287, 314 - second-century reception 7-15 Sermon on the Mount (SM) - and two-source theory 13-14, 18, 231 - double-tradition material 133-135, 139, 152, 231-241,253,259 Tatian 23-24 - single-tradition material 229 -Diatessaron 19, 85, 92, 107-112, 114, Sermon on the Plain (SP), and double- 185, 294, 297-298, 352 tradition material 139, 231-241, 253 - and Longer Ending of Mark 86, 87 Shepherd of Hermas 40, 310 n. 1, 313 n. 11 -Oratio 107 single tradition 14, 352 Teaching of Peter 73 - in apocryphal Acts 343-349, 350-351 Teachings of Silvanus 163 -in J Clement 312-313, 315 temptation of Jesus, in Justin Martyr - in 2 elemental 148-149, 172 270-271, 272-273, 296 - in Epistle to the Apostles 322-326 Tertullian - in Hegesippus Eusebius 316, 329, - and Acts 308 n.49 426 Index of Subjects

- De Baptismo 343 triple tradition 55, 78, 96 - and fourfold Gospel 174, 185-186, -in 2 Clement 145-148, 172 197-198, 208-210 -in Didache 118-120, 124 - and Irenaeus 188, 192 - in Gospel of the Ebionites 93-103 - and Marcion 73 n.87, 178-183, - in Irenaeus 83 185-186, 192, 193, 195, 204, 208-210, - in Justin Martyr 253-263, 292, 296-298 295 - in Nag Hammadi texts 163, 168-171 -and Matthew 174 Tubingen School 331 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 221 n.49 Valentinian Exposition 166 Testimony of Truth 168 Valentinians 80-83, 113, 207, 294, texts, reconstruction 19-20 297-298 themes, appropriation 10 Victor of Capua 110-111 Theodoret of Cyrrhus 111-112 Vienne, letter from 303-305, 316, Theophilus, in Muratorian Fragment 41, 326-328 42, 43 vocabulary Theophilus of Antioch 24, 114 - Johannine 61-62 - Against Marcion 83, 186 - Lukan 66 - Commentaries on the Gospels 83 -Matthean 8, 10 - ToAutolycus 83-85 Thomas the Contender 166 Western textual tradition 27-30, 32 n.26, 2 Timothy 61 - and Acts of Paul 345 - and Acts 44, 307-308, 310 n. 1 - as witness topetó 3, 310-312 - and Justin Martyr 273, 280-281 Treatise on the Resurrection 46, 158-159 -andMarcion 174, 177, 180-181, 210 n.160 Trimorphic Protennoia 158-159 n.160

Index compiled by Meg Davies (Registered Indexer, Society of Indexers) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Alphabetical Index of the First and Second Series

Adna, Jostein: Jesu Stellung zum Tempel. Baum, Armin Daniel: Pseudepigraphie und 2000. Volume 11/119. literarische Fälschung im frühen Christen- Ädna, Jostein and Kvalbein, Hans (Ed.): The tum. 2001. Volume U/138. Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Bayer, Hans Friedrich: Jesus' Predictions of Gentiles. 2000. Volume 127. Vindication and Resurrection. 1986. Alkier, Stefan: Wunder und Wirklichkeit in den Volume U/20. Briefen des Apostels Paulus. 2001. Becker, Michael: Wunder und Wundertäter Volume 134. im früh-rabbinischen Judentum. 2002. Anderson, PaulN.: The Christology of the Volume U/144. Fourth Gospel. 1996. Volume 11/78. Bell, Richard H.: Provoked to Jealousy. 1994. Appold, Mark L.: The Oneness Motif in the Volume U/63. Fourth Gospel. 1976. Volume 11/1. - No One Seeks for God. 1998. Volume 106. Arnold, Clinton E.: The Colossian Syncretism. Bennema, Cornells: The Power of Saving 1995. Volume 11/77. Wisdom. 2002. Volume 11/148. Ascough, Richard S.: Paul's Macedonian Bergman, Jan: see Kieffer, René Associations. 2003. Volume 11/161. Bergmeier, Roland: Das Gesetz im Römerbrief Asiedu-Peprah, Martin: Johannine Sabbath und andere Studien zum Neuen Testament. Conflicts As Juridical Controversy. 2001. 2000. Volume 121. Volume 11/132. Betz, Otto: Jesus, der Messias Israels. 1987. Avemarie, Friedrich: Die Tauferzählungen der Volume 42. Apostelgeschichte. 2002. Volume 139. - Jesus, der Herr der Kirche. 1990. Volume 52. Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann Lichtenberger Beyschlag, Karlmann: Simon Magus und die (Ed.): Auferstehung-Ressurection. 2001. christliche Gnosis. 1974. Volume 16. Volume 135. Bittner, Wolf gang J.: Jesu Zeichen im Johannes- Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann evangelium. 1987. Volume U/26. Lichtenberger (Ed.): Bund und Tora. 1996. Bjerkelund, CarlJ.: Tauta Egeneto. 1987. Volume 92. Volume 40. Bachmann, Michael: Sünder oder Übertreter. Blackburn, Barry Lee: Theios Anër and the 1992. Volume 59. Markan Miracle Traditions. 1991. Back, Frances: Verwandlung durch Offenbarung Volume II/40. bei Paulus. 2002. Volume U/153. Bock, Darreil L.: Blasphemy and Exaltation in Baker, William R.: Personal Speech-Ethics in the Judaism and the Final Examination of Jesus. Epistle of James. 1995. Volume 11/68. 1998. Volume U/106. Bakke, OddMagne: 'Concord and Peace'. Bockmuehl, Markus N.A. : Revelation and 2001. Volume U/143. Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Balla, Peter: Challenges to New Testament Christianity. 1990. Volume 11/36. Theology. 1997. Volume U/95. B0e, Sverre: Gog and Magog. 2001. - The Child-Parent Relationship in the New Volume Ii/135. Testament and its Environment. 2003. Böhlig, Alexander: Gnosis und Synkretismus. Volume 155. Teil 1 1989. Volume 47- Teil 2 1989. Bammel, Ernst: Judaica. Volume 11986. Volume 48. Volume 37. Böhm, Martina: Samarien und die Samaritai bei - Volume II 1997. Volume 91. Lukas. 1999. Volume 11/111. Bash, Anthony: Ambassadors for Christ. 1997. Böttrich, Christfried: Weltweisheit - Mensch- Volume II/92. heitsethik - Urkult. 1992. Volume 11/50. Bauernfeind, Otto: Kommentar und Studien zur Bolyki, Jänos: Jesu Tischgemeinschaften. 1997. Apostelgeschichte. 1980. Volume 22. Volume 11/96. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Bosman, Philip: Conscience in Philo and Paul. Dickson, John P.: Mission-Commitment in 2003. Volume 11/166. Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline Brocke, Christoph vom: Thessaloniki - Stadt Communities. 2003. Volume 11/159. des Kassander und Gemeinde des Paulus. Dietzfelbinger, Christian: Der Abschied des 2001. Volume 11/125. Kommenden. 1997. Volume 95. Brunson, Andrew: Psalm 118 in the Gospel of Dobbeler, Axel von: Glaube als Teilhabe. 1987. John. 2003. Volume 11/158. Volume U/22. BUchli, Jörg: Der Poimandres - ein paganisier- Du Toit, DavidS.: Theios Anthropos. 1997. tes Evangelium. 1987. Volume 11/27. Volume 11/91 Bühner, Jan A.: Der Gesandte und sein Weg im Dunn, James D.G. (Ed.): Jews and Christians. 4. Evangelium. 1977. Volume 11/2. 1992. Volume 66. Burchard, Christoph: Untersuchungen zu - Paul and the Mosaic Law. 1996. Volume 89. Joseph und Aseneth. 1965. Volume 8. Dunn, James D.G., Hans Klein, Ulrich Luz and - Studien zur Theologie, Sprache und Umwelt Vasile Mihoc (Ed.); Auslegung der Bibel in des Neuen Testaments. Ed. von D. Sänger. orthodoxer und westlicher Perspektive. 2000. 1998. Volume 107. Volume 130. Burnett, Richard: Karl Barth's Theological Ebertz, Michael N.: Das Charisma des Gekreu- Exegesis. 2001. Volume U/145. zigten. 1987. Volume 45. Byron, John: Slavery Metaphors in Early Eckstein, Hans-Joachim: Der Begriff Syneidesis Judaism and Pauline Christianity. 2003. bei Paulus. 1983. Volume 11/10. Volume 11/162. - Verheißung und Gesetz. 1996. Volume 86. Byrskog, Samuel: Story as History - History as Ego, Beate: Im Himmel wie auf Erden. 1989. Story. 2000. Volume 123. Volume H/34 Cancik, Hubert (Ed.): Markus-Philologie. 1984. Ego, Beate and Lange, Armin with Pilhofer, Peter Volume 33. (Ed): Gemeinde ohne Tempel - Community Capes, David B.: Old Testament Yaweh Texts in without Temple. 1999. Volume 118. Paul's Christology. 1992. Volume 11/47. Eisen, Ute E.: see Paulsen, Henning. Caragounis, Chrys C.: The Son of Man. 1986. Ellis, E. Earle: Prophecy and Hermeneutic in Volume 38. Early Christianity. 1978. Volume 18. - see Fridrichsen, Anton. - The Old Testament in Early Christianity. Carleton Paget, James: The Epistle of Barnabas. 1991. Volume 54. 1994. Volume 11/64. Endo, Masanobu: Creation and Christology. Carson, D.A., O'Brien, Peter T. and Mark 2002. Volume 149. Seifrid (Ed.): Justification and Variegated Ennulat, Andreas: Die 'Minor Agreements'. Nomism: A Fresh Appraisal of Paul and 1994. Volume II/62. Second Temple Judaism. Volume 1: The Ensor, Peter W.: Jesus and His 'Works'. 1996. Complexities of Second Temple Judaism. Volume 11/85. Volume 11/140. Eskola, Timo: Messiah and the Throne. 2001. Ciampa, Roy E.: The Presence and Function of Volume U/142. Scripture in Galatians 1 and 2. 1998. - Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Volume 11/102. Soteriology. 1998. Volume 11/100. Classen, Carl Joachim: Rhetorical Criticsm of Fatehi, Mehrdad: The Spirit's Relation to the the New Testament. 2000. Volume 128. Risen Lord in Paul. 2000. Volume 11/128. Colpe, Carsten: Iranier - Aramäer - Hebräer - Feldmeier, Reinhard: Die Krisis des Gottessoh- Hellenen. 2003. Volume 154. nes. 1987. Volume 11/21. Crump, David: Jesus the Intercessor. 1992. - Die Christen als Fremde. 1992. Volume 64. Volume 11/49. Feldmeier, Reinhard and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Dahl, Nils Alstrup: Studies inEphesians. 2000. Die Heiden. 1994. Volume 70. Volume 131. Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H.T.: Luke-Acts: Deines, Roland: Jüdische Steingefäße und phari- Angels, Christology and Soteriology. 1997. säische Frömmigkeit. 1993. Volume 11/52. Volume 11/94. - Die Pharisäer. 1997. Volume 101. Förster, Niclas: Marcus Magus. 1999. Dettwiler, Andreas and Jean Zumstein (Ed.): Volume 114. Kreuzestheologie im Neuen Testament. Forbes, Christopher Brian: Prophecy and 2002. Volume 151. Inspired Speech in Early Christianity and its Hellenistic Environment. 1995. Volume U/75. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Fornberg, Tord: see Fridrichsen, Anton. Hartog, Paul: Polycarp and the New Testament. Fossum, Jarl E.: The Name of God and the 2001. Volume 11/134. Angel of the Lord. 1985. Volume 36. Heckel, Theo K.: Der Innere Mensch. 1993. Fotopoulos, John: Food Offered to Idols in Volume U/53. Roman Corinth. 2003. Volume 11/151. - Vom Evangelium des Markus zum viergestal- Frenschkowski, Marco: Offenbarung und tigen Evangelium. 1999. Volume 120. Epiphanie. Volume 1 1995. Volume 11/79- Heckel, Ulrich: Kraft in Schwachheit. 1993. Volume 2 1997. Volume 11/80. Volume U/56. Frey, Jörg: Eugen Drewermann und die - Der Segen im Neuen Testament. 2002. biblische Exegese. 1995. Volume 11/71. Volume 150. - Diejohanneische Eschatologie. Volume I. - see Feldmeier, Reinhard. 1997. Volume 96. - Volume II. 1998. - see Hengel, Martin. Volume HO. Heiligenthal, Roman: Werke als Zeichen. 1983. - Volume m. 2000. Volume 117. Volume U/9. Freyne, Sean: Galilee and Gospel. 2000. Hellholm, D. : see Hartman, Lars. Volume 125. Hemer, Colin J.: The Book of Acts in the Setting Fridrichsen, Anton: Exegetical Writings. Edited of Hellenistic History. 1989. Volume 49. by C.C. Caragounis and T. Fornberg. 1994. Hengel, Martin: Judentum und Hellenismus. Volume 76. 1969,31988. Volume 10. Garlington, DonB.: 'The Obedience of Faith'. - Die johanneische Frage. 1993. Volume 67. 1991. Volume 11/38. - Judaica et Hellenistica. - Faith, Obedience, and Perseverance. 1994. Kleine Schriften 1.1996. Volume 90. Volume 79. - Judaica, Hellenistica et Christiana. Garnet, Paul: Salvation and Atonement in the Kleine Schriften II. 1999. Volume 109. Qumran Scrolls. 1977. Volume 11/3. - Paulus und Jakobus. Gese, Michael: Das Vermächtnis des Apostels. Kleine Schriften III. 2002. Volume 141. 1997. Volume 11/99. Hengel, Martin and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Paulus Gheorghita, Radu: The Role of the Septuagint und das antike Judentum. 1991. Volume 58. in Hebrews. 2003. Volume 11/160. Hengel, Martin and Hermut Lohr (Ed.): Grabe, Petrus J.: The Power of God in Paul's Schriftauslegung im antiken Judentum und Letters. 2000. Volume 11/123. im Urchristentum. 1994. Volume 73. Größer, Erich: Der Alte Bund im Neuen. 1985. Hengel, Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer: Volume 35. Paulus zwischen Damaskus und Antiochien. - Forschungen zur Apostelgeschichte. 2001. 1998. Volume 108. Volume 137. - Der messianische Anspruch Jesu und die Green, Joel B.: The Death of Jesus. 1988. Anfänge der Christologie. 2001. Volume 138. Volume U/33. Hengel, Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer Gregory, Anthony: The Reception of Luke and (Ed.): Königsherrschaft Gottes und himm- Acts in the Period before Irenaeus. 2003. lischer Kult. 1991. Volume 55. Volume U/169. - Die Septuaginta. 1994. Volume 72. Gundry Volf, Judith M.: Paul and Perseverance. Hengel, Martin: Siegfried Mittmann and Anna 1990. Volume U/37. Maria Schwemer (Ed.): La Cité de Dieu / Hafemann, Scott J.: Suffering and the Spirit. Die Stadt Gottes. 2000. Volume 129. 1986. Volume II/19. Herrenbrück, Fritz: Jesus und die Zöllner. 1990. - Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel. 1995. Volume II/41. Volume 81. Herzer, Jens: Paulus oder Petrus? 1998. Hahn, Johannes (Ed.): Zerstörungen des Volume 103. Jerusalemer Tempels. 2002. Volume 147. Hoegen-Rohls, Christina: Der nachösterliche Hannah, Darrel D.: Michael and Christ. 1999. Johannes. 1996. Volume U/84. Volume U/109. Hofius, Otfried: Katapausis. 1970. Volume 11. Hamid-Khani, Saeed: Relevation and Con- - Der Vorhang vor dem Thron Gottes. 1972. cealment of Christ. 2000. Volume U/120. Volume 14. Hartman, Lars: Text-Centered New Testament - Der Christushymnus Philipper 2,6-11. 1976, Studies. Ed. von D. Hellholm. 1997. 21991. Volume 17. Volume 102. - Paulusstudien. 1989,21994. Volume 51. - Neutestamentliche Studien. 2000. Volume 132. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

- Paulusstudien II. 2002. Volume 143. Kuhn, Karl G.: Achtzehngebet und Vaterunser Hofius, Otfried and Hans-Christian Kammler: und der Reim. 1950. Volume 1. Johannesstudien. 1996. Volume 88. Kvalbein, Hans: see Adna, Jostein. Holtz, Traugott: Geschichte und Theologie des Laansma, Jon: I Will Give You Rest. 1997. Urchristentums. 1991. Volume 57. Volume 11/98. Hommel, Hildebrecht: Sebasmata. Volume 1 1983. Labahn, Michael: Offenbarung in Zeichen und Volume 31 - Volume 2 1984. Volume 32. Wort. 2000. Volume U/117. Hvalvik, Reidar: The Struggle for Scripture and Lambers-Petry, Doris: see Tomson, Peter J. Covenant. 1996. Volume 11/82. Lange, Armin: see Ego, Beate. Joubert, Stephan: Paul as Benefactor. 2000. Lampe, Peter: Die stadtrömischen Christen in Volume 11/124. den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten. 1987, Jungbauer, Harry: „Ehre Vater und Mutter". 21989. Volume II/18. 2002. Volume U/146. Landmesser, Christof: Wahrheit als Grundbe- Kühler, Christoph: Jesu Gleichnisse als Poesie griff neutestamentlicher Wissenschaft. 1999. und Therapie. 1995. Volume 78. Volume 113. Kamiah, Ehrhard: Die Form der katalogischen - Jüngerberufung und Zuwendung zu Gott. Paränese im Neuen Testament. 1964. Volume 7. 2000. Volume 133. Kammler, Hans-Christian: Christologie und Lau, Andrew: Manifest in Flesh. 1996. Eschatologie. 2000. Volume 126. Volume II/86. - Kreuz und Weisheit. 2003. Volume 159. Lawrence, Louise: An Ethnography of the - see Hofius, Otfried. Gospel of Matthew. 2003. Volume U/165. Kelhoffer, James A. : Miracle and Mission. 1999. Lee, Pilchan: The New Jerusalem in the Book of Volume 11/112. Relevation. 2000. Volume U/129. Kieffer, René and Jan Bergman (Ed.): La Main de Lichtenberger, Hermann: see Avemarie, Dieu / Die Hand Gottes. 1997. Volume 94. Friedrich. Kim, Seyoon: The Origin of Paul's Gospel. Lieu, Samuel N. C.: Manichaeism in the Later 1981,21984. Volume 11/4. Roman Empire and Medieval China. 21992. - 'The 'Son of Man'" as the Son of God. Volume 63. 1983. Volume 30. Loader, William R.G.: Jesus' Attitude Towards Klauck, Hans-Josef: Religion und Gesellschaft the Law. 1997. Volume 11/97. im frühen Christentum. 2003. Volume 152. Lohr, Gebhard: Verherrlichung Gottes durch Klein, Hans: see Dunn, James D.G.. Philosophie. 1997. Volume 97. Kleinknecht, Karl Th. : Der leidende Gerechtfer- Lohr, Hermut: Studien zum frühchristlichen und tigte. 1984,21988. Volume 11/13. frühjüdischen Gebet. 2003. Volumel60. Klinghardt, Matthias: Gesetz und Volk Gottes. -: see Hengel, Martin. 1988. Volume 11/32. Lohr, Winrich Alfried: Basilides und seine Köhler, Wolf-Dietrich: Rezeption des Matthäus- Schule. 1995. Volume 83. evangeliums in derZeit vor Irenaus. 1987. Luomanen, Petri: Entering the Kingdom of Volume 11/24. Heaven. 1998. Volume U/101. Kooten, George H. van: Cosmic Christology in Luz, Ulrich: see Dunn, James D.G. Paul and the Pauline School. 2003. Maier, Gerhard: Mensch und freier Wille. 1971. Volume U/171. Volume 12. Korn, Manfred: Die Geschichte Jesu in - Die Johannesoffenbarung und die Kirche. veränderter Zeit. 1993. Volume 11/51. 1981. Volume 25. Koskenniemi, Erkki: Apollonios von Tyana in Markschies, Christoph: Valentinus Gnosticus? der neutestamentlichen Exegese. 1994. 1992. Volume 65. Volume U/61. Marshall, Peter: Enmity in Corinth: Social Kraus, Thomas J.: Sprache, Stil und historischer Conventions in Paul's Relations with the Ort des zweiten Petrusbriefes. 2001. Corinthians. 1987. Volume U/23. Volume 11/136. Mayer, Annemarie: Sprache der Einheit im Kraus, Wolfgang: Das Volk Gottes. 1996. Epheserbrief und in der Ökumene. 2002. Volume 85. Volume U/150. - see Walter, Nikolaus. McDonough, Sean M.: YHWH at Patmos: Kreplin, Matthias: Das Selbstverständnis Jesu. Rev. 1:4 in its Hellenistic and Early Jewish 2001. Volume U/141. Setting. 1999. Volume 11/107. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

McGlynn, Moyna: Divine Judgement and Oropeza, B. J.: Paul and Apostasy. 2000. Divine Benevolence in the Book of Wisdom. Volume U/115. 2001. Volume 11/139. Ostmeyer, Karl-Heinrich: Taufe und Typos. Meade, David G.: Pseudonymity and Canon. 2000. Volume U/118. 1986. Volume 39. Paulsen, Henning: Studien zur Literatur und Meadors, Edward P: Jesus the Messianic Geschichte des frühen Christentums. Ed. von Herald ofSalvation. 1995. Volume 11/72. Ute E. Eisen. 1997. Volume 99. Meißner, Stefan: Die Heimholung des Ketzers. Pao, David W.: Acts and the Isaianic New 1996. Volume 11/87. Exodus. 2000. Volume U/130. Meli, Ulrich: Die „anderen" Winzer. 1994. Park, Eung Chun: The Mission Discourse in Volume 77. Matthew's Interpretation. 1995. Mengel, Berthold: Studien zum Philipperbrief. Volume U/81. 1982. Volume 11/8. Park, Joseph S.: Conceptions of Afterlife in Merkel, Helmut: Die Widersprüche zwischen Jewish Insriptions. 2000. Volume 11/121. den Evangelien. 1971. Volume 13. Pate, C. Marvin: The Reverse of the Curse. Merklein, Helmut: Studien zu Jesus und Paulus. 2000. Volume U/114. Volume 1 1987. Volume 43. - Volume 2 Peres, Imre: Griechische Grabinschriften und 1998. Volume 105. neutestamentliche Eschatologie. 2003. Metzdorf, Christina: Die Tempelaktion Jesu. Volume 157. 2003. Volume U/168. Philonenko, Marc (Ed.): Le Trône de Dieu. Metzler, Karin: Der griechische Begriff des 1993. Volume 69. Verzeihens. 1991. Volume U/44. Pilhofer, Peter: Presbyteron Kreitton. 1990. Metzner, Rainer: Die Rezeption des Matthäus- Volume II/39. evangeliums im 1. Petrusbrief. 1995. - Philippi. Volume 1 1995. Volume 87. - Volume 11/74. Volume 2 2000. Volume 119. - Das Verständnis der Sünde im Johannesevan- - Die frühen Christen und ihre Welt. 2002. gelium. 2000. Volume 122. Volume 145. Mihoc, Vasile: see Dunn, James D.G.. - see Ego, Beate. Mineshige, Kiyoshi: Besitzverzicht und Pöhlmann, Wolfgang: Der Verlorene Sohn und Almosen bei Lukas. 2003. Volume 11/163. das Haus. 1993. Volume 68. Mittmann, Siegfried: see Hengel, Martin. Pokomy, Petr and Josef B. Soucek: Bibelausle- Mittmann-Richert, Ulrike: Magnifikat und gung als Theologie. 1997. Volume 100. Benediktus. 1996. Volume U/90. Pokorny, Petr and Jan Roskovec (Ed.): Mußner, Franz: Jesus von Nazareth im Umfeld Philosophical Hermeneutics and Biblical Israels und der Urkirche. Ed. von M. Exegesis. 2002. Volume 153. Theobald. 1998. Volume III. Porter, Stanley E.: The Paul of Acts. 1999. Niebuhr, Karl-Wilhelm: Gesetz und Paränese. Volume 115. 1987. Volume U/28. Prieur, Alexander: Die Verkündigung der - Heidenapostel aus Israel. 1992. Volume 62. Gottesherrschaft. 1996. Volume II/89. Nielsen, Anders E.: "Until it is Fullfilled". 2000. Probst, Hermann: Paulus und der Brief. 1991. Volume U/126. Volume U/45. Nissen, Andreas: Gott und der Nächste im Räisänen, Heikki: Paul and the Law. 1983, antiken Judentum. 1974. Volume 15. H987. Volume 29. Noack, Christian: Gottesbewußtsein. 2000. Rehkopf, Friedrich: Die lukanische Sonderquel- Volume 11/116. le. 1959. Volume 5. Noormann, Rolf: Irenaus als Paulusinterpret. Rein, Matthias: Die Heilung des Blindgeborenen 1994. Volume U/66. (Joh 9). 1995. Volume 11/73. Novakovic, Lidija: Messiah, the Healer of the Reinmuth, Eckart: Pseudo-Philo und Lukas. Sick. 2003. Volume 11/170. 1994. Volume 74. Obermann, Andreas: Die christologische Reiser, Marius: Syntax und Stil des Markus- Erfüllung der Schrift im Johannesevangeli- evangeliums. 1984. Volume 11/11. um. 1996. Volume 11/83. Richards, E. Randolph: The Secretary in the Ohler, Markus: Barnabas. 2003. Volume 156. Letters of Paul. 1991. Volume 11/42. Okure, Teresa: The Johannine Approach to Riesner, Rainer: Jesus als Lehrer. 1981,31988. Mission. 1988. Volume U/31. Volume 11/7. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

- Die Frühzeit des Apostels Paulus. 1994. Söding, Thomas: Das Wort vom Kreuz. 1997. Volume 71. Volume 93. Rissi, Mathias: Die Theologie des Hebräerbriefs. - see Thüsing, Wilhelm. 1987. Volume 41. Sommer, Urs: Die Passionsgeschichte des Roskovec, Jan: see Pokorny, Petr. Markusevangeliums. 1993. Volume H/58. Röhser, Günter: Metaphorik und Personifikation Soucek, Josef B.: see Pokorny, Petr. der Sünde. 1987. Volume 11/25. Spangenberg, Volker: Herrlichkeit des Neuen Rose, Christian: Die Wolke der Zeugen. 1994. Bundes. 1993. Volume 11/55. Volume 11/60. Spanje, T.E. van: Inconsistency in Paul? 1999. Rüegger, Hans-Ulrich: Verstehen, was Markus Volume II/UO. erzählt. 2002. Volume U/155. Speyer, Wolfgang: Frühes Christentum im Rüger, Hans Peter: Die Weisheitsschrift aus der antiken Strahlungsfeld. Volume I: 1989. KairoerGeniza. 1991. Volume53. Volume 50. Sänger, Dieter: Antikes Judentum und die - Volume II: 1999. Volume 116. Mysterien. 1980. Volume II/5. Stadelmann, Helge: Ben Sira als Schriftgelehr- - Die Verkündigung des Gekreuzigten und ter. 1980. Volume 11/6. Israel. 1994. Volume 75. Stenschke, Christoph W.: Luke's Portrait of - see Burchard, Christoph Gentiles Prior to Their Coming to Faith. Salzmann, Jorg Christian: Lehren und Volume 11/108. Ermahnen. 1994. Volume U/59. Stettier, Christian: Der Kolosserhymnus. 2000. Sandnes, Karl Olav: Paul - One of the Volume 11/131. Prophets? 1991. Volume II/43. Stettier, Hanna: Die Christologie der Pastoral- Sato, Migaku: Q und Prophetie. 1988. briefe. 1998. Volume U/105. Volume U/29. Strobel, August: Die Stunde der Wahrheit. 1980. Schaper, Joachim: Eschatology in the Greek Volume 21. Psalter. 1995. Volume II/76. Stroumsa, Guy G.: Barbarían Philosophy. 1999. Schimanowski, Gottfried: Die himmlische Volume 112. Liturgie in der Apokalypse des Johannes. Stuckenbruck, Loren T.: Angel Veneration and 2002. Volume U/154. Christology. 1995. Volume 11/70. - Weisheit und Messias. 1985. Volume U/17. Stuhlmacher, Peter (Ed.): Das Evangelium und Schlichting, Günter: Ein jüdisches Leben Jesu. die Evangelien. 1983. Volume 28. 1982. Volume 24. - Biblische Theologie und Evangelium. 2002. Schnabel, Eckhard J.: Law and Wisdom from Volume 146. Ben Sira to Paul. 1985. Volume 11/16. Sung, Chong-Hyon: Vergebung der Sünden. Schutter, William L: Hermeneutic and 1993. Volume II/57. Composition in I Peter. 1989. Volume 11/30. Tajra, Harry W.: The Trial of St. Paul. 1989. Schwartz, Daniel R.: Studies in the Jewish Volume U/35. BackgroundofChristianity. 1992. - The Martyrdom of St.Paul. 1994. Volume 60. Volume 11/67. Schwemer, Anna Maria: see Hengel, Martin Theißen, Gerd: Studien zur Soziologie des Scott, James M.: Adoption as Sons of God. Urchristentums. 1979,31989. Volume 19. 1992. Volume 11/48. Theobald, Michael: Studien zum Römerbrief. - Paul and the Nations. 1995. Volume 84. 2001. Volume 136. Shum, Shiu-Lun: Paul's Use of Isaiah in Theobald, Michael: see Mußner, Franz. Romans. 2002. Volume U/156. Thornton, Claus-Jürgen: Der Zeuge des Siegert, Folker: Drei hellenistisch-jüdische Zeugen. 1991. Volume 56. Predigten. Teil 1 1980. Volume 20 - Teil II Thüsing, Wilhelm: Studien zur neutestamentli- 1992. Volume 61. chen Theologie. Ed. von Thomas Söding. - Nag-Hammadi-Register. 1982. Volume 26. 1995. Volume 82. - Argumentation bei Paulus. 1985. Volume 34. Thurén, Lauri: Derhethorizing Paul. 2000. - Philon von Alexandrien. 1988. Volume 46. Volume 124. Simon, Marcel: Le christianisme antique et son Tomson, Peter J. and Doris Lambers-Petry contexte religieux I/II. 1981. Volume 23. (Ed.): The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Snodgrass, Klyne: The Parable of the Wicked Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. Tenants. 1983. Volume 27. 2003. Volume 158. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Treloar, Geoffrey R.: Lightfoot the Historian. Wegner, Uwe: Der Hauptmann von Kafarnaum. 1998. Volume 11/103. 1985. Volume U/14. Tsuji, Manabu: Glaube zwischen Vollkommen- Weissenrieder, Annette: Images of Illness in the heit und Verweltlichung. 1997. Volume 11/93 Gospel of Luke. 2003. Volume 11/164. Twelftree, Graham H.: Jesus the Exorcist. 1993. We Ick, Christian: Erzählte .Zeichen'. 1994. Volume II/54. Volume II/69. Urban, Christina: Das Menschenbild nach dem Wiarda, Timothy: Peter in the Gospels . 2000. Johannesevangelium. 2001. Volume 11/137. Volume U/127. Visotzky, Burton L.: Fathers of the World. 1995. Wilk, Florian: see Walter, Nikolaus. Volume 80. Williams, Catrin H.: I am He. 2000. Vollenweider, Samuel: Horizonte neutestamentli- Volume U/113. cher Christologie. 2002. Volume 144. Wilson, Walter T.: Love without Pretense. 1991. Vos, Johan S.: Die Kunst der Argumentation bei Volume U/46. Paulus. 2002. Volume 149. Wisdom, Jeffrey: Blessing for the Nations and Wagener, Ulrike: Die Ordnung des „Hauses the Curse of the Law. 2001. Volume 11/133. Gottes". 1994. Volume II/65. Wucherpfennig, Ansgar: Heracleon Philologus. Walker, Donald D.: Paul's Offer of Leniency 2002. Volume 142. (2 Cor 10:1). 2002. Volume U/152. Yeung, Maureen: Faith in Jesus and Paul. 2002. Walter, Nikolaus: Praeparatio Evangelica. Ed. Volume 11/147. von Wolfgang Kraus und Florian Wilk. Zimmermann, Alfred E.: Die urchristlichen 1997. Volume 98. Lehrer. 1984,21988. Volume 11/12. Wander, Bernd: Gottesfürchtige und Sympathi- Zimmermann, Johannes: Messianische Texte santen. 1998. Volume 104. ausQumran. 1998. Volume 11/104. Watts, Rikki: Isaiah's New Exodus and Mark. Zimmermann, Ruben: Geschlechtermetaphorik 1997. Volume 11/88. und Gottesverhältnis. 2001. Volume 11/122. Wedderburn, A.J.M.: Baptism and Resurrection. Zumstein, Jean: see Dettwiler, Andreas 1987. Volume 44.

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