Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament • 2. Reihe Herausgeber/Editor Jörg Frey Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck 169 Andrew Gregory The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period before Irenaeus Looking for Luke in the Second Century Mohr Siebeck ANDREW GREGORY, born 1971; 2001 Doctor of Philosophy; currently Chaplain and Oakeshott Junior Research Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, and a member of the Theology Faculty of the University of Oxford. ISBN3-16-148086-4 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe) Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2003 J. C. B. Möhr (Paul Siebeck) Tubingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Druckpartner Rübelmann GmbH in Hemsbach on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann in Darmstadt. Printed in Germany. for Katherine àvcv F|S OÙK Acknowledgements This monograph is the revised and expanded version of a thesis which was accepted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Oxford in November 2001. A number of institutions provided the financial support which enabled me to undertake this research, and I am glad to record my gratitude to them: the Arts and Humanities Research Board of the British Academy, which awarded me a Postgraduate Studentship in the Humanities; the Warden and Fellows of Keble College, Oxford, who elected me as Gosden Student and appointed me as Assistant Chaplain; and the Rector and Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford who elected me to the Oakeshott Junior Research Fellowship and appointed me as Chaplain. The Lincoln College Zilkha Fund also paid for the indexing of this monograph. Both colleges have provided enriching experiences of collegiate life, and I am grateful that my research and pastoral and liturgical ministries have been able to be combined in these contexts. Particular thanks are due to the John Davies, the Chaplain at Keble, and to Heads of House at both Colleges: Averil Cameron at Keble, and Eric Anderson and Paul Langford at Lincoln. I am also grateful to the people of the parish of St Dunstan with St Thomas, East Acton, who welcomed with open arms both Katherine, my wife, and me, when I joined them as their Assistant Curate during my time at Keble. Particular thanks go the Rt Revd Graham Dow, then Bishop of Willesden, whose willingness to ordain me allowed me to combine academic research with ordained ministry, and to James Blandford-Baker, Vicar of East Acton. Not only did James tolerate a far from conventional curate, he also later transformed a rather messy Microsoft Word file into the camera copy ready from which this book was produced. Many others have also contributed, directly or indirectly, to this research. Christopher Rowland was an exemplary supervisor, always generous with his time and ideas. He has been a source of constant support and encouragement, ready to let me explore new avenues yet always knowing when to pull me back from the brink. I am grateful for his wise and generous example both in scholarship and in life. I am grateful also to others who have listened to my ideas or shared theirs with me. Those at Oxford who have read some or all of successive stages of this text include Jeremy Duff, Mark Edwards, Paul Foster, Alan Garrow, Robert Morgan and Christopher Tuckett. John VIII Acknowledgements Muddiman and Graham Stanton, the examiners of my thesis, helped remove errors and made many suggestions for its improvement, as did Jorg Frey and Martin Hengel when they accepted the thesis for publication in the 2nd series of WUNT. Joseph Veheyden of Leuven also generously read and commented on my thesis. Many others have also contributed to my education. Particular thanks go to David Wenham and others at Oxford who tutored me in the world of the early Christians, and to members of the Department of Classics in Durham who helped me develop critical skills for engaging with ancient evidence at an advanced level. But it was Robert England who introduced me first to the serious study of the writings both of Luke and also those of Ante-Nicene Christianity more generally. I am grateful to my parents-in-law, Richard and Jean Brake, both for proof- reading and for other assistance. My parents, Clarke and Dorothy Gregory, continue to provide me with constant loving support, and have made sacrifices to allow me many of the opportunities which I enjoyed in the course of my education. Katherine, my wife, has lived with this research for as long as I have, and she has contributed to its completion in more ways than I can count. I dedicate this book to her, with gratitude and love. Andrew Gregory Oxford Pentecost 2003 Table of Contents Acknowledgements VII Part One: Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction and Methodology l 1.1 The Scope of This Monograph 1 1.2 The Assumptions of the Monograph 2 1.3 Methodological Issues for the Current Study 5 1.3.1 Introduction 5 13 2 Earlier Approaches to the Reception of Synoptic Tradition 7 1.3 .3 The Significance of Continuing Oral Tradition 15 1.3 .4 The Significance of Our Knowledge That Many Written Texts Have Been Lost 16 1.4 The Structure of the Monograph 21 Part Two: The Reception of Luke Chapter 2 Previous Research 22 2.1 Conclusion and Prospectus 26 Chapter 3 The Evidence of the Earliest Manuscripts and Notices 27 3.1 How Can We Use the Papyri? 27 3.2 The Early Papyri of Luke 28 3.3 External Testimony 32 3.3.1 Papias 33 3.3.2 Irenaeus 38 3.3.3 Muratorian Fragment 40 3.3.4 Anti-Marcionite Prologue 43 3 .4 When and How Could the Author of the Third Gospel be Identified as Luke? 45 3.5 Conclusion and Prospectus 53 Chapter 4 Do Narrative Outlines of Episodes in the Life of Jesus Presuppose Lukel 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 The Gospel According to John 56 X Contents 4.2.1 The Relationship of John and Luke in Recent Scholarship 56 4.2.2 A Test-case to Consider the Relationship of Luke and John '. Luke 24:12 // John 20:3-10 60 4.2.3 The Authenticity of Luke 24:12 61 4.2.4 John's use of Luke 62 4.2.5 Luke's use of John 64 4.2.6 Conclusion: A Continuing Debate 68 4.3 Ignatius of Antioch 69 4.3.1 Smyrneans 3:2 70 4.4 Ascension of Isaiah 75 4.5 The Gospel of Basilides 77 4.5.1 Hegemonius, Acts of Archelaus 67.1 78 4.5.2 Hippolytus, Refutation 7.26.9 79 4.5.3 Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.146.1-3 79 4.6 The Valentinians 80 4.7 Theophilus of Antioch, To Autolycus 83 4.7.1 To Autolycus 3.2 84 4.7.2 To Autolycus 2.13 84 4.7.3 To Autolycus 2.10 85 4.7.4 Conclusion 85 4.8 Gospel Harmonies 85 4.9 The Longer Ending of Mark 86 4.9.1 Date 86 4.9.2 The Relationship of the Longer Ending to Luke (and Acts) 87 4.9.2.1 (a) General methodological considerations 87 4.9.2.2 (b) Specific alleged echoes of Luke and of Acts in the Longer Ending 89 4.9.3 Conclusion 91 4.10 The Gospel of the Ebionites 92 4.10.1 Panarion 30.13.6 & 30.14.3; Luke 3:1-3 II Mark 1:4-5 II Matthew 3:1-5 93 4.10.2 Panarion 30.13.7-8; Luke 3:21-2 // Mark 1:9-l 1 II Matthew 3:13-17 96 4.10.3 Panarion 30.13.2-3; Luke 3:23; Luke 5:27 // Mark 2:14 II Matthew 9:9; l.uke 9:12 Mark ?:\4 99 4.10.4 Panarion 30.14.5; Luke 8:20-21 II Mark 3:32-35 II Matthew 12:47-50 101 4.10.5 Panarion 30.22.4; Luke 22:15; cfMark 14:12 II Matthew 26:17 102 4.10.6 Conclusion 103 4.11 The Protevangelium of James 103 4.12 Papyrus Egerton 2 105 4.13 The Diatessaron 107 4.13.1 Tatian and the Diatessaron 107 4.13.2 The Preface to Luke 109 4.13.3 The Genealogy of Luke Ill 4.13.4 Conclusion 112 4.14 Conclusion: Do Narratives Concerning Jesus Show Dependence on Luke? 112 Chapter 5 Collections of the Sayings of Jesus 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 The Didache 117 5.2.1 Introduction 117 5.2.2 Didache \6A;Luke 12:35, 40 // Mark 13:35 // Matthew 22:42, 44 118 Contents XI 5.2.3 Didache 1.3-2.1; Luke 6:27-28, 32-35 II Matthew 5:44 47 120 5.2.4 Conclusion 124 5.3 Apocalypse of Peter 125 5.4 1Clement 125 5.4.1 1 Clement 13:2; Luke 6:31, 36-38 and Parallels 125 5.5 Polycarp, Philippians 129 5.5.1 Philippians 2.3a; 1 Clement 13.2; Luke 6:31, 36-38 II Matthew 5:7; 6:14; 7:1-2, 12 132 5.5.2 Philippians 2.3b; Luke 6:20 // Matthew 5:3, 10 134 5.5.3 Philippians 12.3b; Luke 6:27 II Matthew 5:44, 48 135 5.5.4 Conclusion 136 5.6 2 Clement 136 5.6.1 Introduction 136 5.6.2 Sayings from Single Tradition 137 5.6.2.1 2 Clement 8.5; Luke 16:10 137 5.6.3 Sayings from Double Tradition 138 5.6.3.1 2 Clement 13.4; Luke 6:32,27 // Matthew 5:46,44 138 5.6.3.2 2 Clement 4.2,5; Luke 6:46; 13:26-27 II Matthew 7:21-23 140 5.6.3.3 2 Clement 5.2-4; Luke 10:3; 12:4 5 II Matthew 10:16,28 142 5.6.3.4 2 Clement 3.2; Luke 12:8 II Matthew 10:32 II Revelation 3:5 144 5.6.3.5 2 Clement 6A; Luke 16:13 II Matthew 6:24 II Thomas 47 145 5.6.4 Sayings from Triple Tradition 145 5.6.4.1 2 Clement 2.4; Luke 5:32 II Mark 2:17 // Matthew 9:13; (2 Clement 2.7; Luke 19:10) 145 5.6.4.2 2 Clement 9.11; Luke 8:21 II Mark 3:34-35 II Matthew 12:49-50// Gospel of the Ebionites 147 5.6.4.3 2 Clement 6.2; Luke 9:25 // Mark 8:36 II Matthew 16:26 148 5.6.5 Conclusion 148 5.7 The Naassenes 149 5.7.1 Luke 17:21, cf Thomas 3, 51, 113 149 5.8 The Carpocratians 151 5.8.1 Carpocratians, apud Ireneaus //Luke 12:58-59 // Matthew 5:25-26