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Die Ökonomische Dimension Des UNESCO-Welterbes – Ein Wirt- Schaftspolitischer Diskurs

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Die Ökonomische Dimension Des UNESCO-Welterbes – Ein Wirt- Schaftspolitischer Diskurs Die ökonomische Dimension des UNESCO-Welterbes – ein wirt- schaftspolitischer Diskurs INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Ruhr-Universität Bochum vorgelegt von Diplom-Ökonomin Ann-Katrin Voit aus Bochum 2017 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Helmut Karl Referent: Prof. Dr. Helmut Karl Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Jörg Schimmelpfennig Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.10.2017 “Si no escalas la montaña jamás podrás contemplar el paisaje” Pablo Neruda (Chilenischer Schriftsteller) Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................. VIII 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung ................................................................... 1 1.2 Vorgehensweise ............................................................................................. 3 2. Voraussetzungen für den Erwerb des Welterbe-Status ........................... 5 2.1 Vorbemerkungen ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 Der Nominierungs- und Ernennungsprozess .................................................. 8 2.3 Rechte und Pflichten im Zusammenhang mit einer Welterbestätte ........... 17 2.4 Der Begriff Welterbe, Welterbeliste und die Rahmenbedingungen ............ 19 2.5 Institutionen rund um das Welterbe ............................................................ 26 2.5.1 Vorbemerkungen .................................................................................. 26 2.5.2 UNESCO ................................................................................................ 26 2.5.3 ICCROM ................................................................................................ 29 2.5.4 ICOMOS ................................................................................................ 31 2.5.5 IUCN ...................................................................................................... 33 2.5.6 Zwischenfazit ........................................................................................ 34 2.6 Die Entwicklung des Welterbes im Zeitverlauf ............................................ 34 2.7 Inflationäre Vergabe oder stetige Vervollständigung? ................................ 50 2.8 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 2 ............................................................................ 52 3. Analyse der Nachfrage nach Welterbe .................................................. 53 3.1 Vorbemerkungen .......................................................................................... 53 3.2 Das Generationenmotiv ............................................................................... 54 3.3 Prestigemotive – Der Snobguteffekt ............................................................ 59 3.4 Positive Effekte des Welterbes auf den Tourismussektor............................ 63 3.4.1 Vorbemerkungen zum Tourismus ........................................................ 63 I 3.4.2 Tourismusdeterminanten ..................................................................... 64 3.4.3 (Erlebnis-)Tourismus ............................................................................. 74 3.4.4 Welterbe und (Kultur-) Tourismus ....................................................... 76 3.4.5 Welterbe und Tourismus - Studienvergleich ........................................ 86 3.4.6 Dichte von touristischer Aktivität rund um die Welterbestätten in Nordamerika und Europa ................................................................................... 103 3.4.7 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 3.4 ............................................................... 115 3.5 Weitere Positive Effekte der Welterbeliste ................................................ 116 3.6 Negative Effekte der Welterbeliste ............................................................ 118 3.7 Zur (Ungleich-)Verteilung des Welterbes ................................................... 122 3.7.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 122 3.7.2 Staaten ohne bzw. mit nur einem Welterbe ...................................... 123 3.7.3 Die Verteilung des Welterbes ............................................................. 130 3.8 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 3 .......................................................................... 159 4. Zum aktuellen (ökonomischen) Forschungsstand ............................... 160 4.1 Vorbemerkungen ........................................................................................ 160 4.2 Aktueller Stand der Forschung ................................................................... 161 4.3 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 4 .......................................................................... 163 5. Das Welterbe im kritischen Diskurs – Probleme, Ineffizienzen, Markt- und Politikversagen .................................................................................... 166 5.1 Vorbemerkungen ........................................................................................ 166 5.2 The Bad Side of Heritage –Zerstörung des Welterbes ............................... 167 5.2.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 167 5.2.2 Kein nachhaltiger Welterbetourismus durch Übernutzung ............... 169 5.2.3 Mutwillige Zerstörung des Welterbes ................................................ 172 5.2.4 Zerstörung durch Besucher ................................................................ 176 5.2.5 Ablehnung des Welterbes durch die Bevölkerung ............................. 178 II 5.2.6 Touristisches Ziel oder schützenswertes Denkmal? ........................... 180 5.2.7 Die Rote Liste des gefährdeten Welterbes ......................................... 182 5.2.8 Aberkennung durch die UNESCO ....................................................... 191 5.2.9 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................... 194 5.3 Marktversagen und Öffentliche (Kultur-) Güter ......................................... 195 5.3.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 195 5.3.1 Politikversagen ................................................................................... 195 5.3.2 Marktversagen und Welterbe ............................................................ 196 5.4 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 5 .......................................................................... 210 6. Lösungsansätze und –vorschläge zur Überwindung der negativen Effekte des Welterbes ...................................................................................... 211 6.1 Vorbemerkungen ........................................................................................ 211 6.2 Die Strategie der UNESCO gegen die Ungleichverteilung .......................... 212 6.3 Lösungsansätze anhand konkreter Beispiele ............................................. 215 6.3.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 215 6.3.2 Lösungsansatz: Nachhaltiger Tourismus ............................................ 215 6.3.3 Lösungsansatz: Kultureller Schutz durch das Militär .......................... 222 6.3.4 Lösungsansatz: Gezielte Umleitung der Zerstörung ........................... 224 6.3.5 Lösungsansatz: Bessere Zusammenarbeit .......................................... 226 6.3.6 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................... 228 6.4 Weltkulturerbe und die Prinzipal-Agenten-Theorie ................................... 229 6.4.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 229 6.4.2 Signalling beim Welterbe ................................................................... 231 6.4.3 Zwischenfazit ...................................................................................... 234 6.5 Lösungsvorschläge von Frey und Saccone ................................................. 235 6.5.1 Vorbemerkungen ................................................................................ 235 6.5.2 Wege aus der Ungleichverteilung: Steueransatz ............................... 237 III 6.5.3 Wege aus der Ungleichverteilung: Zertifikatehandel ......................... 242 6.5.4 Zwischenfazit und kritische Würdigung ............................................. 249 6.6 Eigener Lösungsvorschlag: Änderung in der Auswahl und Nominierung .. 253 6.7 Zwischenfazit zu Kapitel 6 .......................................................................... 259 7. Gesamtfazit ......................................................................................... 260 7.1 Zielerreichung ............................................................................................. 260 7.2 Forschungsausblick ..................................................................................... 263 8. Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................. I Anhang ........................................................................................................... 1 IV Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Welterbestätten - ein Überblick ............................................................... 7 Abbildung 2: Komposition des Welterbes ...................................................................
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