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Världsarvets Villkor ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Ethnology 1 Världsarvets villkor Världsarvets villkor Intressen, förhandlingar och bruk i internationell politik Jan Turtinen Stockholms universitet Omslagsbild: Unescos världsarvskarta 2006. © Unesco World Heritage Centre. © Jan Turtinen, Stockholm 2006 ISSN 1653-851X ISBN 91-85445-41-X Tryck US-AB, Stockholm 2006 Distributör: Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm. Till mor och far Innehåll Förord..............................................................................................................9 1. Inledning....................................................................................................11 Ett globalt räddningsprojekt och dess förutsättningar..................................................11 Globalisering, internationalisering och transnationella processer................................16 Byråkrati......................................................................................................................21 Förhandlingar..............................................................................................................22 Skärningspunkter – kulturarv, politik, nätverk och marknad ........................................24 Världsarv – tidigare forskning......................................................................................26 Translokal etnografi.....................................................................................................29 Etik i studiet av politik..................................................................................................38 Disposition ..................................................................................................................41 2. Världsarvets problem ................................................................................43 Buddha-statyerna och talibanernas brott.....................................................................43 Ett globalt problem blir till ............................................................................................46 Att styra världen genom att skapa den ........................................................................52 Byråkrati och geopolitik ...............................................................................................53 Världsarvets matris .....................................................................................................58 Kulturell standardisering och värdehierarki .................................................................62 Ett vakande öga ..........................................................................................................65 Att få gehör .................................................................................................................67 Makten över byråkratin................................................................................................70 3. Världsarvets agendor................................................................................77 Ett standardiserat sammanhang .................................................................................77 Representation och diplomati......................................................................................81 Att lära sig spelets regler.............................................................................................86 Nya platser på listan....................................................................................................87 Kontroverser och förhandlingar ...................................................................................91 Makten över agendan ...............................................................................................102 Världsarv i fara? – Kakadu National Park och Kommitténs extramöte.......................107 4. I världsarvets mitt....................................................................................116 Nomineringens sköna konst......................................................................................116 Vidsträckta blickar.....................................................................................................121 Utveckling – mining...................................................................................................125 Världsarvet som arena och verktyg – i Centrets regi.................................................130 Egen politik – att hantera roller och relationer ...........................................................134 Interna strider............................................................................................................136 5. Världsarvsbruk ........................................................................................140 Att odla en plats ........................................................................................................140 Södra Öland i stöpsleven – natur blir kultur...............................................................141 Mäklandets konst ......................................................................................................146 Synligt och osynligt ...................................................................................................150 I samhällsförändringens spår ....................................................................................153 Världsarv att vårda....................................................................................................154 Världsarv att sälja .....................................................................................................157 Utmaningar och problematiska gränser.....................................................................162 6. Världsarvets jordmån ..............................................................................169 Politik, marknad, nätverk...........................................................................................169 Skilda världar? ..........................................................................................................173 Tillbaka till frågeställningarna....................................................................................178 Slutord ......................................................................................................................181 Summary.....................................................................................................184 Källor och litteratur ......................................................................................192 Bilaga ..........................................................................................................204 Förord Att avhandlingen nu är klar är inte enbart min förtjänst. Jag vill först och främst tacka min handledare Åke Daun, som med intresse tagit del av mina tankar och noggrant granskat mina texter. Tack också till Christina Garsten för biträdande handledning i studiens inledningsskede och för att jag fick delta i internationella konferenser. Åren på Score har gett avtryck. Tack alla kolleger där, särskilt Renita Thedvall, mina rumskamrater Malena Britz, Magnus Boström och Erik Malm- stig samt alla i Treo-programmet. Genom att Bengt Jacobsson och Kerstin Sahlin-Andersson öppnade plånboken kunde studien inledas och huvuddelen av fältarbetet genomföras – allt finansierat med medel från HSFR. Score bekostade under en tid min anställning innan jag fick en doktorandtjänst vid Etnologiska institutionen. Jag vill även tacka övriga finansiärer som gjort fältresor och skrivande möjligt. Medel har erhållits från Margareta Biörnstads fond för internationell samverkan inom kulturmiljövården, Namowitzkys studiefond, John Söder- bergs stipendiestiftelse, Turistdelegationen, Gunvor och Josef Anérs stiftelse och Helge Ax:son Johnsons stiftelse. Kollegerna – särskilt doktoranderna – vid Etnologiska avdelningen har inte bara hjälpt mig med olika saker utan även varit trevligt umgänge. Jag uppskattar verkligen överraskningen i samband med födelsedagen! Lizette Gradén, Erik Nagel, Klas Ramberg, Fredrik Hertzberg, Charlotte Hyltén-Cavallius och Anders Perlinge har läst och kommenterat utkast. Tack också till Kjell Hansen som opponerade på manuset vid det sista seminarie- tillfället. Flera personer har haft vänligheten att läsa manuset i sin helhet. Tack Barbro Klein, Lars Kaijser, Birgitta Svensson och Barbro Blehr. Era syn- punkter hade jag inte kunnat vara utan. Lucienne Fredriksson har bistått med språkliga synpunkter. Taina Chahal har granskat den engelska sammanfattningen. Tack. Mitt allra varmaste tack vill jag rikta till alla informanter, särskilt Birgitta Hoberg, Ann Moreau, Helena Lager, Peter Stott, Mechtild Rössler och Her- man van Hoof, utan vars hjälp fältarbetet inte hade kunnat genomföras på det sätt som skett och dessutom bli så givande. Avhandlingen tillägnas mina föräldrar Kerstin och Tauno Turtinen. Stockholm i augusti 2006 Jan Turtinen 9 10 1. Inledning What is involved is a cluster of trends whose premises, promises, and prolems are truly global (Lowenthal 1996:6). Ett globalt räddningsprojekt och dess förutsättningar Unescos1 världsarvskonvention, en internationell överenskommelse från 1972 för bevarandet av natur- och kulturarvsplatser världen över, har under senare år blivit mer allmänt känd och tycks röna ett allt större intresse värl- den över. Konventionens grundtanke är att delar av världens natur- och kul- turarv utgör mänsklighetens gemensamma arv och att dessa delar är så vik- tiga att de skall bevaras genom internationellt samarbete. På samma sätt som i nationell
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