DOCSLIB.ORG

Metalloproteinases As Mediators of Inflammation and the Eyes: Molecular Genetic Underpinnings Governing Ocular Pathophysiology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metalloproteinases As Mediators of Inflammation and the Eyes: Molecular Genetic Underpinnings Governing Ocular Pathophysiology Metalloproteinase encoding genes in ocular homeostasis ·Review· Metalloproteinases as mediators of inflammation and the eyes: molecular genetic underpinnings governing ocular pathophysiology Mahavir Singh, Suresh C Tyagi Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, are often controlled by their endogenous inhibitors; known University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (Figure 1)[5-6]. 40202, USA Literature survey reveals that MMPs when dysregulated Correspondence to: Mahavir Singh. Eye and Vision Science can participate in a variety of medical conditions since they Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of serve as crucial players in cell proliferation, differentiation, Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune defense[7-8]. Thus, [email protected]; [email protected] functional dysregulation as accompanied by excessive Received: 2016-12-22 Accepted: 2017-06-01 activation of MMPs have been associated with many human diseases[1,7,9-11]. For example, MMP-10 can degrade a broad [12] [13] Abstract spectrum of matrix proteins , and activate MMP-1, 7, 8, and 9 . ● There are many vision threatening diseases of the eye MMPs are present in almost all tissues impacting many aspects affecting millions of people worldwide. In this article, of their unique physiology[14-15]. Like in other organs MMPs we are summarizing potential role of various matrix are also responsible for maintenance and remodeling of ocular metalloproteinases (MMPs); the Zn (2+)-dependent architecture by influencing a wide range of processes in eyes. endoproteases in eye health along with pathogenesis of Their substrates represent a variety of ECM components such prominent ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, as cytokines, chemokines and cell surface molecules. MMPs diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma via understanding and TIMPs have been shown to co-localize in human inter- MMPs regulation in affected patients, interactions of photoreceptor matrix (IPM)[15] playing an important role in MMPs with their substrate molecules, and key regulatory physiological reconstruction and turnover of IPM. They are functions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) also responsible during embryogenesis, angiogenesis, and towards maintaining overall homeostasis. ocular wound healing[16]. However, they can be detrimental in ● KEYWORDS: age-related macular degeneration; choroidal breaking apart basement membrane contributing to ulcerations neovascularization; diabetes; glaucoma; metalloproteinases; such as those observed in corneal tissue[17]. tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases Over the last 30y our lab has been actively studying DOI:10.18240/ijo.2017.08.20 mechanisms that govern maintenance of tissues’ structural integrity[18], post-transcriptional regulation and metabolism Citation: Singh M, Tyagi SC. Metalloproteinases as mediators of of MMPs and TIMPs in human heart failure, atherosclerosis, inflammation and the eyes: molecular genetic underpinnings governing microvascular permeability and vascular diseases[19-24], ocular pathophysiology. Int J Ophthalmol 2017;10(8):1308-1318 involvement of MMPs in diabetes, hypertension, oxidative stress, nephropathy, and autophagy[25-28]. From our experience, INTRODUCTION we know that endogenous TIMPs regulate proteolytic activity atrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a large by binding tightly to MMPs’ active sites. While TIMPs M family of secreted and membrane associated zinc- can inhibit most if not all MMPs, available data also reveal dependent proteolytic endopeptidases. They are known to tremendous heterogeneity in their affinities of different perform roles in regulation of tissue morphogenesis, motility, TIMP/MMP pairs, and that the structural features which cell growth, response to injury, and extracellular matrix differentiate stronger from weaker complexes are not well (ECM) remodeling not only by degrading matrix related understood. Like MMPs, TIMPs represent multifunctional proteins, but also through well-controlled proteolysis of proteins having activities that are mediated through protein- specific extracellular targets that includes receptors, cytokines, protein interactions (PPIs) with other partners. For example, growth factors, and adhesion molecules[1-2]. Proteolytic TIMP-2 has been reported to inhibit almost all MMPs that activities of MMPs are regulated at various levels and they have been studied[5-6] and as listed in the MEROPS; a peptide are produced mainly as zymogens requiring activation by database[29] including MMP-1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 19, MT1- dedicated proteases[3-4]. And once activated, MMPs’ activities MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, MT4-MMP, and MT6-MMP, 1308 Int J Ophthalmol, Vol. 10, No. 8, Aug.18, 2017 www.ijo.cn Tel:8629-82245172 8629-82210956 Email:[email protected] Figure 1 A simple schematic highlighting the effects of MMPs on ocular ECM metabolism During disease conditions the homeostatic balance between MMPs and TIMPs gets disturbed leading to degradation of ECM normal architecture in the eyes of the affected patients. as well as ADAM12[30]. As far as physical nature of their Information About Diseases in Detail partnerships goes the respective inhibition constants (Ki) for Matrix metalloproteinases in macular degeneration Age- their interactions vary widely from 0.6 fmol/L for full-length related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to adverse vascular MMP-2[31] to 5.8 nmol/L for MMP-10’s catalytic domain[32]. changes and is the most common cause of irreversible Also, TIMP-2 can interact with α3β1 integrin molecule and vision loss in elderly people globally. It may result from regulate cell cycle progression and angiogenesis process via degeneration of rods and cones in the macular region of MMP-independent mechanisms[5-6,33]. The general structural central retina which is responsible for high acuity vision. basis for inhibition of MMPs by TIMPs was successfully Death of photoreceptors appears to be a direct consequence revealed in crystal structures of MMP-3/TIMP-1[34] and MT1- of degeneration of neighboring retinal pigment epithelium MMP/TIMP-2 complexes[35], and subsequently expanded (RPE) cells. Drusen formation; abnormal deposits in ECM, with later structures of MMP-13/TIMP-2[36] and MMP-10/ is an important hallmark of AMD disease. Typically, drusen TIMP-1 complexes[32], along with complexes of MMP-1 lie between RPE basement membrane and inner collagenous layer of Bruch's membrane (BM) and contain ECM along and MT1-MMP with N-terminal domain of TIMP-1, which [37-38] with other molecules. It is hypothesized that drusen may result makes majority of intermolecular contacts . At a given from the failure to dispose off RPE-derived molecules such time in healthy tissue, MMPs and TIMPs levels are found in as ECM, or it may be the result of dysregulated inflammatory the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Whenever there is an excess immune mediators. Proinflammatory cytokines were recently MMP it can lead to tissue degradation and the same is true reported to decrease the expression of genes that are critical for about excess amount of TIMP which may result into ECM normal functioning of RPE[41-42]. MMP-9 has been shown to accumulation. Thus, the balance needs to be maintained for participate in the development of choroidal neovascularization the proper functioning of the tissue otherwise it may result [43-45] (CNV) as part of AMD pathogenesis . Although the into an altered regulation of ECM remodeling (such as [44,46-47] etiology of AMD is multifactorial but a significant scarring). In short, MMPs’ activities are carefully controlled role is played by MMP-1, 2, 9, 14 and TIMP-3. It became by TIMPs, and ultimately balance between MMPs and TIMPs evident that a continuous rebuilding of ECM occurs in the determines the final outcomes in a particular tissue (Figure 1). early and advanced AMD disease simultaneously with the In glaucoma patients, there seems to be an imbalance between combined malfunctioning of RPE and endothelial cells. MMPs and TIMPs in the eye’s chamber angle playing a role Pathological degradation or accumulation of ECM structural in the pathogenesis of the disease itself. Similarly, imbalance components are usually caused by impairment or hyperactivity in TIMPs’ favor can promote initiation of fibrosis leading to of specific MMPs/TIMPs interactions, and is also influenced tissue remodeling as seen in case of MMP-9 which was shown by genetic and environmental factors. Fiotti et al[48] observed [39] to be important in corneal stromal remodeling in humans a relationship between polymorphisms in MMP-9 and and at the same time its involvement in corneal injury as CNV. More recently, it was shown that MMP-9 rs3918242 reported in a study which was conducted on rats[40]. This study (C>T) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found to attempts to review an ever-expanding literature on molecular play a role in AMD development, and the effect was more genetics aspects of MMPs and their related biology along pronounced in patients who were less than 65 years of age with a select description in important ocular diseases such as (Table 1)[49-53]. macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and glaucoma Interestingly, circulating MMPs and TIMPs have been that affect millions of people around the world. suggested to participate in a variety of vascular remodeling and 1309 Metalloproteinase encoding genes in ocular homeostasis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Single-Cell Transcriptional Atlas Identifies Extensive Heterogeneity in the Cellular Composition of Tendons
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/801266; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A single-cell transcriptional atlas identifies extensive heterogeneity in the cellular composition of tendons Jacob B Swanson1, Andrea J De Micheli2, Nathaniel P Disser1, Leandro M Martinez1, Nicholas R Walker1,3, Benjamin D Cosgrove2, Christopher L Mendias1,3,* 1Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA 2Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA *Corresponding Author Christopher Mendias, PhD Hospital for Special Surgery 535 E 70th St New York, NY 10021 USA +1 212-606-1785 [email protected] Keywords: tenocyte; tendon fibroblast; pericyte; single-cell RNA sequencing bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/801266; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Tendon is a dense, hypocellular connective tissue that transmits forces between muscles and bones. Cellular heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as an important factor in the biological basis of tissue homeostasis and disease, but little is known about the diversity of cells that populate tendon. Our objective was to explore the heterogeneity of cells in mouse Achilles tendons using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified 13 unique cell types in tendons, including 4 previously undescribed populations of fibroblasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Suramin Inhibits Osteoarthritic Cartilage Degradation by Increasing Extracellular Levels
    Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on August 10, 2017 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109397 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. MOL #109397 Suramin inhibits osteoarthritic cartilage degradation by increasing extracellular levels of chondroprotective tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3). Anastasios Chanalaris, Christine Doherty, Brian D. Marsden, Gabriel Bambridge, Stephen P. Wren, Hideaki Nagase, Linda Troeberg Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Downloaded from Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.); Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK (S.P.W.); Structural Genomics Consortium, molpharm.aspetjournals.org University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ (BDM). at ASPET Journals on September 29, 2021 1 Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on August 10, 2017 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109397 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. MOL #109397 Running title: Repurposing suramin to inhibit osteoarthritic cartilage loss. Corresponding author: Linda Troeberg Address: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK Phone number: +44 (0)1865 612600 E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of COVID-19 Comorbidities Reveals Genes and Pathways Coincident with the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Disease
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.21.306720; this version posted September 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Title: Investigation of COVID-19 comorbidities reveals genes and pathways coincident with the SARS-CoV-2 viral disease. Authors: Mary E. Dolan1*,2, David P. Hill1,2, Gaurab Mukherjee2, Monica S. McAndrews2, Elissa J. Chesler2, Judith A. Blake2 1 These authors contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors * Corresponding author [email protected] 2 The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA Abstract: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic initiated intense research into the mechanisms of action for this virus. It was quickly noted that COVID-19 presents more seriously in conjunction with other human disease conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and lung diseases. We conducted a bioinformatics analysis of COVID-19 comorbidity-associated gene sets, identifying genes and pathways shared among the comorbidities, and evaluated current knowledge about these genes and pathways as related to current information about SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed our analysis using GeneWeaver (GW), Reactome, and several biomedical ontologies to represent and compare common COVID- 19 comorbidities. Phenotypic analysis of shared genes revealed significant enrichment for immune system phenotypes and for cardiovascular-related phenotypes, which might point to alleles and phenotypes in mouse models that could be evaluated for clues to COVID-19 severity.
    [Show full text]
  • Demethylation of TIMP2 and TIMP3 Inhibit Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in Pituitary Adenoma
    Demethylation of TIMP2 and TIMP3 inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion in pituitary adenoma Yongdong Yang the Second Aliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Fanjun Huang the Second aliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Xiufu Wu the Second aliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Chunqin Huang the Second aliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Shenyu Li ( [email protected] ) the second aliated hospital of guilin medical university Research article Keywords: Invasive pituitary adenoma, TIMPs, DNA methylation, 5-AzaC, GH3 Posted Date: October 29th, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15805/v2 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Background: Pituitary adenoma (PA) is one of the most common intracranial neoplasms. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are prognostic biological markers, but their biological roles remains largely unclear in invasive PA. Methods: The promoter methylation status of TIMP2 and TIMP3 genes in invasive PA tissues and cells was measured by methylation-specic polymerase chain reaction (MSP). The expression of TIMP1-3 was validated by quantitative real time PCR and western blot analysis. Overexpression and knockdown of TIMP2 and TIMP3 in GH3 cells were created by transfection of pcDNA3.0 and siRNA against TIMP2 and TIMP3, respectively. Functional experiments in GH3 cells were performed with CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay. Effects of 5- Azacytidene (5-AzaC) on the methylation of TIMP2 and TIMP3 gene, and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a and DNMT3b were determined by western blot analysis. Results: We found the expression of TIMP1, TIMP2 and TIMP3 was down-regulated in invasive PA tissues and cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrisome-Associated Gene Expression Patterns Correlating with TIMP2 in Cancer David Peeney1*, Yu Fan2, Trinh Nguyen 2, Daoud Meerzaman2 & William G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Matrisome-Associated Gene Expression Patterns Correlating with TIMP2 in Cancer David Peeney1*, Yu Fan2, Trinh Nguyen 2, Daoud Meerzaman2 & William G. Stetler-Stevenson 1 Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate invasion and metastasis is a universal hallmark of cancer progression. However, a defnitive therapeutic target remains to be identifed in this tissue compartment. As major modulators of ECM structure and function, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are highly expressed in cancer and have been shown to support tumor progression. MMP enzymatic activity is inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP1–4) family of proteins, suggesting that TIMPs may possess anti-tumor activity. TIMP2 is a promiscuous MMP inhibitor that is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. In this study, we address inconsistencies in the literature regarding the role of TIMP2 in tumor progression by analyzing co-expressed genes in tumor vs. normal tissue. Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue expression studies, focusing on breast and lung carcinomas, we analyzed the correlation between TIMP2 expression and the transcriptome to identify a list of genes whose expression is highly correlated with TIMP2 in tumor tissues. Bioinformatic analysis of the identifed gene list highlights a core of matrix and matrix- associated genes that are of interest as potential modulators of TIMP2 function, thus ECM structure, identifying potential tumor microenvironment biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for further study. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are the major mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown and turnover. Humans express 23 MMPs and these play a critical role in tissue development, homeostasis and disease progression.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of LPS, TNF, TGF-ß1 and IL-4 on the Expression of Mmps, Timps and Selected Cytokines in Rat Synovial Membranes Incubated in Vitro
    127-137.qxd 18/11/2010 09:29 Ì ™ÂÏ›‰·127 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE 27: 127-137, 2011 127 Influence of LPS, TNF, TGF-ß1 and IL-4 on the expression of MMPs, TIMPs and selected cytokines in rat synovial membranes incubated in vitro ANNA HYC, ANNA OSIECKA-IWAN, JUSTYNA NIDERLA-BIELINSKA and STANISLAW MOSKALEWSKI Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 St., PL02-004 Warsaw, Poland Received July 30, 2010; Accepted September 28, 2010 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2010.550 Abstract. Synovial membranes are formed by four main Introduction types of cells, i.e. fibroblasts, macrophages, epitheliocytes and adipocytes. To study the combined effect of various The synovial membrane defined in anatomy textbooks as the factors on these cell populations, synovial membranes vascular connective tissue which produces the synovial fluid dissected from rat knee joints were incubated in control (1) is composed of the synovial lining and the subsynovium medium or medium with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TNF, (2). The synovial lining, also called the synovial intima (3), TGF-ß1 or IL-4 for 12 h. LPS stimulated TNF secretion and consists of macrophage-like type A cells and fibroblast-like both agents stimulated secretion of IL-6. TGF-ß1 slightly B cells (4-6). It is supported by the highly vascularized increased IL-6 secretion. LPS increased the mRNA levels of subsynovium, consisting of loose alveolar tissue, dense fibrous IL-6, IL-1ß, TGF-ß1, MMP1a, MMP1b, MMP3, MMP9, tissue and fat pad (2). MMP13, MMP14, TIMP1 and TIMP3 while the mRNA Most of the studies on the cells present in the synovial levels of MMP2, TIMP2 and TIMP4 were significantly membrane deal with the cells forming the synovial lining decreased.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase9 As the Protein Target in Anti-Breast Cancer
    Adhipandito et al. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2019) 5:1 Future Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-019-0001-1 Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW Open Access Matrix metalloproteinase9 as the protein target in anti-breast cancer drug discovery: an approach by targeting hemopexin domain Christophorus Fideluno Adhipandito1, Diana Putri Kartika Sari Ludji1, Eko Aprilianto1, Riris Istighfari Jenie2, Belal Al-Najjar3 and Maywan Hariono1* Abstract Background: The discovery and development of anticancer still remain a challenge especially regarding the problem of cancer cell selectivity. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was broadly studied as one of the protein targets to stop cancer angiogenesis as well as its cell migration. Main text: The MMP degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen and gelatin which are important to control the cell migration from one to other sites. In cancer, this cell migration is regarded with metastasis, which is essential for the formation of new blood vessels called angiogenesis. The most common target in MMP, i.e. the catalytic site, is currently reported as being the non-selective target for inhibitor compounds that inhibit all MMPs but is associated with adverse side effects. Hemopexin, especially in MMP9 (PEX9) was found to be different from other domains in the MMP family which could potentially be the next target for anticancer due to the availability of its crystal structure in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Conclusion: The PEX9 crystal structure was resolved as a homodimer connected by a hydrophobic area between two blades along the β-propeller which its structure and function for computational drug modelling can be studied.
    [Show full text]
  • NEDD9 Depletion Leads to MMP14 Inactivation by TIMP2 and Prevents Invasion and Metastasis
    Published OnlineFirst November 7, 2013; DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0300 Molecular Cancer Cell Death and Survival Research NEDD9 Depletion Leads to MMP14 Inactivation by TIMP2 and Prevents Invasion and Metastasis Sarah L. McLaughlin1, Ryan J. Ice1, Anuradha Rajulapati1, Polina Y. Kozyulina2, Ryan H. Livengood5, Varvara K. Kozyreva1, Yuriy V. Loskutov1, Mark V. Culp4, Scott A. Weed1,3, Alexey V. Ivanov1,2 and Elena N. Pugacheva1,2 Abstract The scaffolding protein NEDD9 is an established prometastatic marker in several cancers. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of NEDD9-drivenmetastasisincancersremainill-defined. Here, using a compre- hensive breast cancer tissue microarray, it was shown that increased levels of NEDD9 protein significantly correlated with the transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. Similarly, it was shown that NEDD9 overexpression is a hallmark of highly invasive breast cancer cells. Moreover, NEDD9 expression is crucial for the protease-dependent mesenchymal invasion of cancer cells at the primary site but not at the metastatic site. Depletion of NEDD9 is sufficient to suppress invasion of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, leading to decreased circulating tumor cells and lung metastases in xenograft models. Mechanistically, NEDD9 localized to invasive pseudopods and was required for local matrix degradation. Depletion of NEDD9 impaired invasion of cancer cells through inactivation of membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase MMP14 by excess TIMP2 on the cell surface. Inactivation of MMP14 is accompanied by reduced collagenolytic activity of soluble metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. Reexpression of NEDD9 is sufficient to restore the activity of MMP14 and the invasive properties of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Gene and Protein Expression of Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and Their Inhibitors TIMP2 and TIMP3 in Different Parts of Fluoride-Exposed Rat Brain
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Changes in Gene and Protein Expression of Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and Their Inhibitors TIMP2 and TIMP3 in Different Parts of Fluoride-Exposed Rat Brain Agnieszka Łukomska 1 , Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka 2, Karolina Dec 3, Anna Pilutin 4, Maciej Tarnowski 5 , Karolina Jakubczyk 3 , Wojciech Zwierełło˙ 1 , Marta Skórka-Majewicz 1 , Dariusz Chlubek 2 and Izabela Gutowska 1,* 1 Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta´nców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] (A.Ł.); [email protected] (W.Z.);˙ [email protected] (M.S.-M.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta´nców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] (I.B.-B.); [email protected] (D.C.) 3 Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomic, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (K.J.) 4 Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta´nców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta´nców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Fluoride (F) exposure decreases brain receptor activity and neurotransmitter production. Citation: Łukomska, A.; A recent study has shown that chronic fluoride exposure during childhood can affect cognitive func- Baranowska-Bosiacka, I.; Dec, K.; tion and decrease intelligence quotient, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is still incomplete. Pilutin, A.; Tarnowski, M.; Jakubczyk, Extracellular matrix (ECM) and its enzymes are one of the key players of neuroplasticity which is es- K.; Zwierełło,˙ W.; Skórka-Majewicz, sential for cognitive function development.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dissertation Entitled SWI/SNF Chromatin
    A Dissertation entitled SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes: Epigenetic Modulators in Melanoma Invasiveness and Survival By Srinivas Vinod Saladi Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral of Philosophy Degree in Biomedical Sciences Dr. Ivana de la Serna & Dr. Khew-Voon Chin, Committee Co-Chairs Dr. William Maltese, Committee Member Dr. Manohar Ratnam, Committee Member Dr. James Trempe, Committee Member Dr. Kam Yeung, Committee Member Dr. Patricia R. Komouniecki, Dean, College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo August 2011 Copyright 2011, SrinivasVinod Saladi This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author ii Abstract SWI/SNF enzymes are multi subunit complexes consisting of an ATPase subunit, either BRG1 or BRM. They act as epigenetic modulators and remodel the chromatin in an ATP dependent manner. The SWI/SNF complex has 9-12 BRG1 or BRM associated factors called (BAFs). Earlier studies from our lab showed that BRG1 interacts with Microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) to promote melanocyte differentiation. MITF is a lineage addiction oncogene in melanoma that regulates melanoma proliferation and metastasis. Several of the SWI/SNF subunits have been demonstrated to behave as tumor suppressors in mice and been found to be down regulated in many forms of cancer. However, our lab has shown that although, BRG1 or BRM is down-regulated in a small subset of melanoma cell lines, one catalytic subunit is always retained and the other SWI/SNF subunits are expressed at high levels compared to normal melanocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Absence of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Absence of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4) ameliorates high fat diet-induced Received: 13 September 2016 Accepted: 7 June 2017 obesity in mice due to defective Published online: 24 July 2017 lipid absorption Siva S. V. P. Sakamuri1, Russell Watts3, Abhijit Takawale1, Xiuhua Wang1, Samuel Hernandez- Anzaldo2, Wesam Bahitham3, Carlos Fernandez-Patron2, Richard Lehner3 & Zamaneh Kassiri1 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that regulate tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. TIMP4 is highly expressed in adipose tissue, its levels are further elevated following high-fat diet, but its role in obesity is unknown. Eight-week old wild-type (WT) and Timp4-knockout (Timp4−/−) mice received chow or high fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks. Timp4−/− mice exhibited a higher food intake but lower body fat gain. Adipose tissue of Timp4−/–-HFD mice showed reduced hypertrophy and fbrosis compared to WT-HFD mice. Timp4−/–- HFD mice were also protected from HFD-induced liver and skeletal muscle triglyceride accumulation and dyslipidemia. Timp4−/−-HFD mice exhibited reduced basic metabolic rate and energy expenditure, but increased respiratory exchange ratio. Increased free fatty acid excretion was detected in Timp4−/−- HFD compared to WT-HFD mice. CD36 protein, the major fatty acid transporter in the small intestine, increased with HFD in WT but not in Timp4−/− mice, despite a similar rise in Cd36 mRNA in both genotypes. Consistently, HFD increased enterocyte lipid content only in WT but not in Timp4−/− mice. Our study reveals that absence of TIMP4 can impair lipid absorption and the high fat diet-induced obesity in mice possibly by regulating the proteolytic processing of CD36 protein in the intestinal enterocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 by Interleukin-1· in S100A4-Positive Liposarcoma Cell Line: Correlation with Cell Invasiveness
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 24: 967-972 (2004) Activation of Metalloproteinases-2 and –9 by Interleukin-1· in S100A4-positive Liposarcoma Cell Line: Correlation with Cell Invasiveness LAURA PAZZAGLIA, FRANCESCA PONTICELLI, GIOVANNA MAGAGNOLI, GIORGIA MAGAGNOLI, GABRIELLA GAMBERI, PAOLA RAGAZZINI, ALBA BALLADELLI, PIERO PICCI and MARIASERENA BENASSI Department of Muscoloskeletal Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40100, Bologna, Italy Abstract. Background: The S100A4 gene may affect the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported invasive properties of tumor cells through modulation of to be involved in the early phase of the invasive process metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs). (2,3). MMPs represent a family of at least 24 proteolytic Materials and Methods: In the human liposarcoma cell line, enzymes. Among these, MMP2 (gelatinase A) and MMP9 SW872, we analyzed the expression of S100A4 protein by (gelatinase B) are secreted as latent pro-enzymes (72KDa immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The production of pro-MMP2 and 92KDa pro-MMP9) and transformed into MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1 and TIMP2 was assessed by gelatin active forms (62 KDa act-MMP2 and 82 KDa act-MMP9) zymography and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay before after cleavage of a peptide of 10 KDa amino-terminal and after interleukin-1· (IL-1·) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) domains (4). stimulation; cell invasiveness was measured by Matrigel invasion MMPs are inhibited by endogen tissue inhibitors, TIMPs, assay. Results: S100A4-positive SW872 cells responded to IL-1· a family of four different members which form non-covalent with induction of immunoreactive MMP2 and TIMP1 and with complexes with MMPs. Imbalances between MMPs and activation of both MMPs, the latter significantly associated with TIMPs could direct tumor cells towards a metastatic an increase of cell invasiveness.
    [Show full text]