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Gigaplane-XB: Extending the Ultra Enterprise Family
Gigaplane-XB: Extending the Ultra Enterprise Family Alan Charlesworth ([email protected]), Andy Phelps, Ricki Williams, Gary Gilbert Sun Microsystems, Inc. Abstract The Gigaplane-XB interconnect of the Starfire system extends the range of Sun’s Ultra Enterprise SMP server family by 4x. It uses multi-level address and data routers to provide 167 million global snoops per second, and 10,667 MBps of uniform-memory-access band- width. The use of point-to-point routers allows the system to be dynamically reconfigured into multiple hardware-protected operating system domains, with hot-swappable boards. Comparisons are made with the bus-based technology of the smaller family members. 1. Introduction Table 1 compares the memory-port architectures of cur- rent microprocessors. A combination of a 16-byte wide When a new processor debuts, we hear mostly about its data path, a 100 MHz system clock, and separate address SPECint95 and SPECfp95 performance. It is probably and data paths has made Sun’s Ultra Port Architecture more important to know how well a processor’s power is (UPA) among the highest-bandwidth memory ports. The balanced its memory bandwidth and latency. From a sys- UPA is used across all Sun’s UltraSPARC systems: from tem designer’s perspective, the main reason to have an desktop workstations to the 64-processor Starfire instruction set architecture is to get the opportunity to (UltraEnterprise/High Performance Computing 10000) engineer into the processor chip a good interconnect server. architecture. Table 1. Memory-port characteristics. Max Data Separate Data Peak data Instruction set Interconnect Current CPU Port width address duty bandwidth architecture architecture model MHz (bytes) and data? factor (MBps) SPARC UPA [9] UltraSPARC-II 100 16 Yes 100% 1,600 Alpha See [3] 21164 88 16 Yes 100% 1,408 Mips Avalanche [18] R10000 100 8 No 84% 840 PA-RISC Runway [1] PA-8000 120 8 No 80% 768 PowerPC See [2] PPC 604 67 8 Yes 100% 533 Pentium Pro/II See [5] Pentium Pro/II 67 8 Yes 100% 533 2. -
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis L. -
Sun Ultratm 5 Workstation Just the Facts
Sun UltraTM 5 Workstation Just the Facts Copyrights 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Ultra, PGX, PGX24, Solaris, Sun Enterprise, SunClient, UltraComputing, Catalyst, SunPCi, OpenWindows, PGX32, VIS, Java, JDK, XGL, XIL, Java 3D, SunVTS, ShowMe, ShowMe TV, SunForum, Java WorkShop, Java Studio, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, Sun Enterprise SyMON, Solstice, Solstice AutoClient, ShowMe How, SunCD, SunCD 2Plus, Sun StorEdge, SunButtons, SunDials, SunMicrophone, SunFDDI, SunLink, SunHSI, SunATM, SLC, ELC, IPC, IPX, SunSpectrum, JavaStation, SunSpectrum Platinum, SunSpectrum Gold, SunSpectrum Silver, SunSpectrum Bronze, SunVIP, SunSolve, and SunSolve EarlyNotifier are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. Display PostScript and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Incorporated, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. DLT is claimed as a trademark of Quantum Corporation in the United States and other countries. Just the Facts May 1999 Positioning The Sun UltraTM 5 Workstation Figure 1. The Ultra 5 workstation The Sun UltraTM 5 workstation is an entry-level workstation based upon the 333- and 360-MHz UltraSPARCTM-IIi processors. The Ultra 5 is Sun’s lowest-priced workstation, designed to meet the needs of price-sensitive and volume-purchase customers in the personal workstation market without sacrificing performance. -
Sun Ultratm 2 Workstation Just the Facts
Sun UltraTM 2 Workstation Just the Facts Copyrights 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun Logo, Ultra, SunFastEthernet, Sun Enterprise, TurboGX, TurboGXplus, Solaris, VIS, SunATM, SunCD, XIL, XGL, Java, Java 3D, JDK, S24, OpenWindows, Sun StorEdge, SunISDN, SunSwift, SunTRI/S, SunHSI/S, SunFastEthernet, SunFDDI, SunPC, NFS, SunVideo, SunButtons SunDials, UltraServer, IPX, IPC, SLC, ELC, Sun-3, Sun386i, SunSpectrum, SunSpectrum Platinum, SunSpectrum Gold, SunSpectrum Silver, SunSpectrum Bronze, SunVIP, SunSolve, and SunSolve EarlyNotifier are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Display PostScript and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. DLT is claimed as a trademark of Quantum Corporation in the United States and other countries. Just the Facts May 1999 Sun Ultra 2 Workstation Figure 1. The Sun UltraTM 2 workstation Sun Ultra 2 Workstation Scalable Computing Power for the Desktop Sun UltraTM 2 workstations are designed for the technical users who require high performance and multiprocessing (MP) capability. The Sun UltraTM 2 desktop series combines the power of multiprocessing with high-bandwidth networking, high-performance graphics, and exceptional application performance in a compact desktop package. Users of MP-ready and multithreaded applications will benefit greatly from the performance of the Sun Ultra 2 dual-processor capability. -
Ultra 80 Workstations
Sun UltraTM 80 Workstation Just the Facts Copyrights 2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Ultra, PGX, PGX32, Sun Workstation, Sun Enterprise, Starfire, Solaris, UltraComputing, VIS, Java, Java 3D, SunCD, Sun StorEdge, Solstice, Solstice AdminTools, SunVTS, Solstice Enterprise Agents, ShowMe, ShowMe How, ShowMe TV, iPlanet, SunPCi, StarOffice, Solaris Resource Manager, TurboGX, TurboGXplus, S24, OpenWindows, SunCD 2Plus, Netra, SunButtons, SunDials, Sun Quad FastEthernet, SunFDDI, SunLink, SunATM, SunVideo, SunVideo Plus, SunCamera, SunMicrophone, SunForum, SunSpectrum, SunSpectrum Platinum, SunSpectrum Gold, SunSpectrum Silver, SunSpectrum Bronze, SunStart, SunSolve, SunSolve EarlyNotifier, and SunClient are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and in other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. OpenGL is a trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc., which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. PostScript and Display PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc., which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. Last -
UPA—Sun'shighperformance Graphicsconnection
UPA—Sun’sHighPerformance GraphicsConnection TechnicalWhitePaper 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303 U.S.A. The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Ultra, Sun Elite3D, Sun Enterprise, Java 3D, PGX, Java, SBus, and VIS are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. THIS PUBLICATION COULD INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE PERIODICALLY ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN; THESE CHANGES WILL BE INCORPORATED IN NEW EDITIONS OF THE PUBLICATION. SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. MAY MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT(S) AND/OR THE PROGRAM(S) DESCRIBED IN THIS PUBLICATION AT ANY TIME. Please Recycle Contents Introduction. 1 Analyzing System Design and Application Performance. 2 Design Trade-offs . 2 An Overview of the UPA Interconnect . 3 Scalability, High Bandwidth, and Efficiency . 5 The UPA64S Graphics Bus. 6 Characterizing Application Performance and Bus Traffic. 7 UPA64S and Other Graphics Bus Technologies . -
Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX
Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX (Informatik, Telekommunikation) W. Alex 1. Juli 2021 Karlsruhe Copyright W. Alex, Karlsruhe, 1994 – 2018. Die Liste darf unentgeltlich benutzt und weitergegeben werden. The list may be used or copied free of any charge. Original Point of Distribution: http://www.abklex.de/abklex/ An authorized Czechian version is published on: http://www.sochorek.cz/archiv/slovniky/abklex.htm Author’s Email address: [email protected] 2 Kapitel 1 Abkürzungen Gehen wir von 30 Zeichen aus, aus denen Abkürzungen gebildet werden, und nehmen wir eine größte Länge von 5 Zeichen an, so lassen sich 25.137.930 verschiedene Abkür- zungen bilden (Kombinationen mit Wiederholung und Berücksichtigung der Reihenfol- ge). Es folgt eine Auswahl von rund 16000 Abkürzungen aus den Bereichen Informatik und Telekommunikation. Die Abkürzungen werden hier durchgehend groß geschrieben, Akzente, Bindestriche und dergleichen wurden weggelassen. Einige Abkürzungen sind geschützte Namen; diese sind nicht gekennzeichnet. Die Liste beschreibt nur den Ge- brauch, sie legt nicht eine Definition fest. 100GE 100 GBit/s Ethernet 16CIF 16 times Common Intermediate Format (Picture Format) 16QAM 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1GFC 1 Gigabaud Fiber Channel (2, 4, 8, 10, 20GFC) 1GL 1st Generation Language (Maschinencode) 1TBS One True Brace Style (C) 1TR6 (ISDN-Protokoll D-Kanal, national) 247 24/7: 24 hours per day, 7 days per week 2D 2-dimensional 2FA Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung 2GL 2nd Generation Language (Assembler) 2L8 Too Late (Slang) 2MS Strukturierte -
Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture Adrian Crăciun January 9, 2018 1 Contents 1 Computer Architecture - Overview and Motivation 6 1.1 The Structured Organization of Computers . 6 1.2 Milestones in Computer Architecture . 14 1.3 The Computer Zoo . 21 1.4 Computer Families . 26 2 Computer Systems Organization 30 2.1 Processors . 31 2.2 Primary Memory / Secondary Memory / Input/Output (Old Slides) 40 3 The Digital Logic Level 73 3.1 Gates and Boolean Algebra . 73 3.2 Basic Digital Logic Circuits . 80 3.3 Memory . 88 3.4 CPU Chips and Buses . 96 3.5 Example CPUs . 102 4 The Microarchitecture Level 109 4.1 An Example Microarchitecture . 109 4.2 An Example ISA: IJVM . 116 4.3 Implementation of the Instruction Set . 122 4.4 Designing the Microarchitecture Level . 127 4.5 Improving Performance . 135 4.6 Example Microarchitectures . 141 5 The Instruction Set Architecture Level 144 5.1 Overview of the Instruction Set Architecture Level . 144 5.2 Memory models . 146 5.3 Registers . 147 5.4 Data Types . 150 5.5 Instruction Formats . 152 5.6 Addressing . 155 5.7 Instruction types . 158 5.8 Flow of control . 162 5.9 Example ISAs . 166 5.10 Comparison of the Instruction Sets . 167 6 The Operating System Machine Level 170 6.1 Virtual Memory . 170 6.2 Virtual I/O Instructions . 172 6.3 Virtual Instructions for Parallel Processes . 173 6.4 Example Operating Systems . 175 7 The Assembly Language Level 177 2 List of Figures 1 Moving between language levels. 7 2 A multilevel machine. 9 3 A multilevel machine with 6 levels. -
Sun Firetm 12K and Sun Firetm15k System
Sun FireTM 12K System and Sun FireTM 15K System JUST THE FACTS and Configuration Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 U.S.A. 650-960-1300 December 2, 2003 Sun Proprietary – Internal Use Only Copyrights © 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 901 San Antonio Road • Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. All Rights Reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Sun Fire, UltraSPARC, Solaris, Sun Fireplane, Sun GigabitEthernet, Sun HIPPI/P1.0, Sun Enterprise Systems Interface, Sun Management Center 3.0, Sun StorEdge, Sun StorEdge Volume Manager, SunATM, Java, Sun HPC ClusterTools,ONC/NFS, SunNet, Solstice Site Manager, Solstice Domain Manager, Solstice DiskSuite, Solstice Backup, Sun StorEdge, Sun Quad FastEthernet, SunSolve, SunVIP, Sun Enterprise, ServerStart, SunReady, Sun Professional Services, SunSpectrum, StorEdge S1, and SunSpectrum Platinum are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc., in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively JUST THE FACTS Sun Proprietary - Internal Use Only December 2, 2003 licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. -
Sun™ Ultra™ 30 Just the Facts Copyrights 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc
Sun™ Ultra™ 30 Just the Facts Copyrights 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Ultra, UltraComputing, Starfire, Sun Enterprise, Java, Solaris, Catalyst, VIS, XGL, XIL, Java 3D, SunCD, Sun StorEdge, ShowMe How, ShowMe TV, SunVTS, NEO, NFS, HotJava, WebNFS, AnswerBook, TurboGX, TurboGXplus, Solaris 2.5.1 Maintenance Update, OpenWindows, SunCD 2Plus, SunButtons, SunDials, SunMicrophone, Sun FDDI, SunLink, SunVideo, PGX, NeWSprinter CL+, SunSpectrum, SunSpectrum Platinum, SunSpectrum Gold, SunSpectrum Silver, SunSpectrum Bronze, SunVIP, SunSolve, SunSolve EarlyNotifier, SunClient, and JavaStation are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. OpenGL is a trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc., which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and in other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. X/Open is a registered trademark, and the “X” device is a trademark of X/Open Company, Ltd. Kodak Color Management System is a trademark of Eastman Kodak Company. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. PostScript and Display PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc., which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. Just the Facts April 1998 Sun™ Ultra™ 30 Systems Positioning Positioning Introduction Figure 1. The Ultra 30 System High-Performance Graphics and Network, I/O, UltraSPARC™-II Processing Power The introduction of the Sun Ultra 30 workstation in July 1997 raised UltraComputing to an entirely new level with UltraSPARC-II processors, UltraSCSI disks, and an innovative, high-performance Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) I/O bus. -
Coherent Data Collectors: a Hardware Perspective
COHERENT DATA COLLECTORS: A HARDWARE PERSPECTIVE Coherent Data Collectors: A Hardware Perspective Russell Rzemien For more than 15 years, the Applied Physics Laboratory has been designing and operating coherent radar data-collection instrumentation. In this article, the engineer- ing challenges and design approaches used to meet analysis requirements are described, examples of collectors are provided, and the nature of future development efforts is outlined. (Keywords: Coherent signal processing, Radar analysis, Radar instrumentation, Radar systems, Test and evaluation.) INTRODUCTION Radar1–3 is an acronym derived from the words radio processors that only use amplitude information may fail detection and ranging. The term reveals much about to detect these targets in such environments. the operation and use of early radars. Those first devices Far better performance is achieved by coherent ra- used radio waves to detect the presence of objects and dars, i.e., radars that use the phase or frequency infor- to measure the ranges of those objects. Modern radars mation of the return echoes and not just the amplitude frequently provide additional information, such as of the return signal. An echo’s phase (or frequency) angular position and inbound velocity of an approach- remains constant for stationary objects like clutter, ing target. However, the primary function of radar is whereas the phase varies for moving objects. It is this target detection; all else follows from this. The detec- changing phase, along with the amplitude of the echo, tion problem remains a challenge, particularly with the that the signal processors in coherent radars use to development of stealth design techniques that signif- discriminate targets from background clutter. -
Sun Firetm 12K/15K Just the Facts" Chapter 1 - "Sun Fire 12K & 15K Server Positioning"
Sun FireTM 12K System & Sun FireTM 15K System JUST THE FACTS Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 U.S.A. 650-960-1300 November 12th 2002 Sun Proprietary – Internal Use Only Copyrights © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 901 San Antonio Road • Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. All Rights Reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Sun Fire, UltraSPARC, Solaris, Sun Fireplane, Sun GigabitEthernet, Sun HIPPI/P1.0, Sun Enterprise Systems Interface, Sun Management Center 3.0, Sun StorEdge, Sun StorEdge Volume Manager, SunATM, Java, Sun HPC ClusterTools,ONC/NFS, SunNet, Solstice Site Manager, Solstice Domain Manager, Solstice DiskSuite, Solstice Backup, Sun StorEdge, Sun Quad FastEthernet, SunSolve, SunVIP, Sun Enterprise, ServerStart, SunReady, Sun Professional Services, SunSpectrum, StorEdge S1, and SunSpectrum Platinum are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc., in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners.