Isotopic Compositions of Fluid Inclusions in the Earth Crust : Determination of Fluid Sources and Palaeoclimatic Reconstructions Thomas Rigaudier

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Isotopic Compositions of Fluid Inclusions in the Earth Crust : Determination of Fluid Sources and Palaeoclimatic Reconstructions Thomas Rigaudier Isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in the Earth crust : determination of fluid sources and palaeoclimatic reconstructions Thomas Rigaudier To cite this version: Thomas Rigaudier. Isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in the Earth crust : determination offluid sources and palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Paleontology. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. English. NNT : 2010LYO10015. tel-00733643 HAL Id: tel-00733643 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733643 Submitted on 19 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N° d’ordre : 18 - 2010 Année 2010 THESE DE L‘UNIVERSITE DE LYON Délivrée par L’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD LYON 1 ECOLE DOCTORALE DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT (arrêté du 7 août 2006) Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 25 Janvier 2010 par RIGAUDIER Thomas TITRE : Analyse isotopique des inclusions fluides des matériaux de la croûte terrestre : caractérisation des sources des fluides et reconstitutions paléoclimatiques. Directeur de thèse : Dr Véronique Gardien Co-directeur : Prof. Christophe Lécuyer JURY : Mme DAUX Valérie Maître de Conf., LSCE, Université Paris VI Rapporteur M. DUBOIS Michel Professeur, Université Lille 1 Rapporteur Mme GARDIEN Véronique Maître de Conf., Université Lyon 1 Directeur M. LECUYER Christophe Professeur, Université Lyon 1 Co–Directeur M. GENTY Dominique Directeur de Recherche, LSCE, CEA Saclay Examinateur M. LOWENSTEIN Tim K. Professeur, State University of New York, Binghamton Examinateur M. PILI Eric Chercheur au CEA, DAM–Île de France Examinateur Rsum Un des enjeux majeurs en Science de la Terre ces dernires dcennies est de comprendre les interactions entre les diffrentes enveloppes terrestres. Le but poursuivi par ce travail est d’aborder quelques aspects de ces interactions du point de vue des cycles gochimiques des lments volatils H2O et CO2 en se basant sur l’tude des inclusions fluides piges dans des roches varies de la crote terrestre, depuis sa surface jusqu’ l’interface crote–manteau. La premire partie de mon travail prsente des travaux exprimentaux effectus sur de la halite. L’tude du fractionnement isotopique de l’oxygne et des cintiques d’quilibration entre H2O et CO2 lors de l’vaporation de saumures a montr l’importance des corrections effectuer sur les mesures isotopiques de l’oxygne pour des solutions de haute salinit. L’laboration d’un protocole exprimental de prcipitation de halite en milieu contrl a permis de mettre en vidence le potentiel des inclusions fluides pour les reconstitutions paloclimatiques. La combinaison des donnes microthermomtriques et des compositions isotopiques de l’hydrogne et de l’oxygne des inclusions aqueuses permet d’estimer les sources et la temprature de l’eau de formation de la halite ainsi que la vitesse du vent l’interface eau-air pendant la croissance du cristal. Cette mthode a t ensuite applique aux dpts de halite de Sicile dats du Messinien. La deuxime partie de mon travail est consacre l’identification des compositions chimiques et des sources des fluides circulant dans la crote et l’interface crote-manteau travers l’analyse des compositions isotopiques des inclusions fluides des granites et granulites. Abstract One of the major challenges in Earth Sciences during the last decades has been to improve our knowledge of the interaction between the different components of the Earth System. Key aspects to improve the understanding of these processes are the acquisition of new data and the development of models to explain both mass and energy transfer between the deep and superficial components of the Earth system. The goal of this thesis is to study these transfers through the geochemical cycle of volatile elements trapped in fluid inclusions of various materials of the Earth crust. The first part of my work presents experimental study of halite. The study of oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibrium kinetics between H2O and CO2 during the evaporation of brines shows that corrections have to be made on the oxygen isotope measurements for high salinity solutions. The elaboration of an experimental protocol to form halite in controlled environment reveals the potential of fluid inclusions for palaeo-climatic reconstructions. Combination of microthermometric data plus hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of aqueous inclusions allows to estimate the sources and the temperature of the parental water of halite as well as the wind speed at the water-air interface during the crystal growth. This method was then applied to the Messinian halite deposits of Sicily. The second part of my work is dedicated to the identification of both the chemical compositions and the sources of fluids circulating in the crust and at the interface crust- mantle through the analysis of isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in granites and granulites. REMERCIEMENTS Ces quatre annes (et un peu plus) de thse n’auraient pu se drouler dans d’aussi bonnes conditions sans l’aide et le soutien de nombreuses personnes que je tiens remercier. Mes remerciements vont tout d’abord aux membres du jury qui ont accept de juger ce travail, Torsten Vennemann et Michel Dubois mes rapporteurs, Mme Valrie Daux et messieurs Lowenstein, Pili et Genty mes examinateurs. Un grand merci aux « chefs » sans qui ce travail n’existerait pas. Merci Vronique et Christophe pour la qualit de votre encadrement, votre disponibilit, le soutien et la patience dont vous avez fait preuve durant toutes ces annes. C’est aussi grâce vous que j’ai pu avoir l’opportunit de m’initier la gochimie exprimentale. J’ai dcouvert travers l’exprimentation un monde fascinant dans lequel il faut savoir faire preuve de persvrance car tout ne fonctionne pas au premier essai. Le plus important pour moi demeure nanmoins la confiance que vous m’avez accorde et l’amiti que vous m’avez tmoigne. Vronique, ton immense gentillesse et ton optimisme indestructible m’ont permis de tenir le coup dans les priodes difficiles et je t’en remercie. Grâce toi j’ai pu aussi dcouvrir les stages de terrain du ct obscur de la force, j’entends par l l’encadrement et j’en garde d’agrables souvenirs. Christophe, j’ai encore en tête les longues journes des mois d’t que tu as pass mes cts pour me montrer toutes les astuces d’une manip russie. Travailler tes cts a t pour moi un enseignement prcieux. Merci galement pour ces soires passes parler science ou non autour d’un verre avec un air de Mickael Jackson dans les oreilles. Tu m’as aussi fait dcouvrir les subtils armes des havanes rappelant l’odeur des chevaux aprs un galop en plein soleil. Mille merci François Martineau pour tout le temps qu’il a consacr m’apprendre les bases de l’utilisation des lignes d’extraction sous vide et du spectromtre de masse. Merci François Fourel pour les heures passes devant les spectromtres de masse acqurir les donnes. Une thse c’est aussi un quotidien, et il est clair que travailler dans un environnement sain est une force de travail supplmentaire. Un grand merci en consquence toute la troupe des thsards et autres tudiants/fous furieux qui se sont succds au fil des annes, savoir par 1 ordre alphabtique : Baptiste, Bibi, Damien, Dompteur Amiot, « El Fuerbo », Guillaume, Lagoutte, Lorenzo, Mathieu, Maurice, Mlaaaannie, Pompon, Ronan et tous les autres. Je tiens galement remercier Jean Pierre Suc avec qui j’ai mis un pied dans le Messinien et grâce qui j’ai pu dcouvrir les fabuleuses mines de sel de Sicile, Ghislaine qui a pass des heures me confectionner des lames minces et des lames paisses, Magali et Sherazade pour leur aide au sein du laboratoire de gochimie, Nathalie qui est toujours disponible et souriante malgr un emploi du temps charg ; Philippe pour l’assistance informatique, pour ton intrêt permanent pour mes travaux et pour le rglage de ce joli cadeau avec lequel j’ai pu finir ce travail dans les meilleurs conditions. Je remercie galement Laurent pour les discussions, les relectures et ses avis toujours importants. Au moment d’imprimer ce manuscrit, j’ai une pense particulire pour Dominique. Je remercie enfin ma famille et tout particulirement mes parents pour leur aide et leur confiance. Merci de m’avoir constamment soutenu dans mes choix et surtout de m’avoir donn la libert d’exprimer ma curiosit. Enfin, merci Gab pour ta joie de vivre, ta patience et ton soutien. Merci pour ta comprhension, pour la tolrance dont tu as fais preuve lorsque samedi et dimanche taient synonymes de lundi. Merci aussi pour avoir su me recueillir et m’accepter alors que j’tais tomb du nid ;) 2 Table des matières Remerciements Chapitre 1 - Introduction : Les fluides sur Terre ............................................. 7 1.1 Distribution des volatils dans les enveloppes terrestres 1.2 La lithosphère : zone de transferts de fluides entre les enveloppes internes et externes 1.3 Les transferts de fluides entre atmosphère et hydrosphère 1.4 Les inclusions fluides et les cycles géochimiques : problématique 1.5 Plan du mémoire Chapitre 2 - Les cycles de l’eau et du carbone ................................................ 21 2.1 Le cycle de l’eau 2.1.1 Origine de l’eau sur Terre 2.1.2 Le cycle hydro-tectonique 2.1.3 Le cycle externe 2.2 Le cycle du carbone 2.2.1 Les principales formes de carbone sur Terre 2.2.2 Le cycle global du carbone Chapitre 3 - Les Inclusions Fluides : Dénitions et Champs d’Application ...
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