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Sodium Dichromate Aoa Use 2 ZFL V2 Public ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Legal name of applicants: ZF Luftfahrttechnik GmbH Submitted by: ZF Luftfahrttechnik GmbH Substance: Sodium dichromate, EC No: 234-190-3, CAS No: 7789-12-0 (dihydrate), 10588-01-9 (anhydrous) Use title: Use of Sodium dichromate for surface treatment of metals such as aluminium, steel, zinc, magnesium, titanium, alloys, composites, sealings of anodic films. Use number: 2 USE NUMBER: 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Disclaimer This document shall not be construed as expressly or implicitly granting a license or any rights to use related to any content or information contained therein. In no event shall applicant be liable in this respect for any damage arising out or in connection with access, use of any content or information contained therein despite the lack of approval to do so. II Use number: 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Substance .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Uses of Cr(VI) containing substances .............................................................................................. 7 2.3. Purpose and benefits of Cr(VI) compounds ..................................................................................... 7 3. ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE FUNCTION.......................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Usage ................................................................................................................................................ 9 3.2. Surface treatment process descriptions ............................................................................................. 14 3.2.1. Pre-treatment processes ........................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2. Main surface treatment processes ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2.3. Post-treatment processes .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.3. Substance specific characteristics of chromates ............................................................................... 22 3.3.1. Characteristics and properties of sodium dichromate .............................................................................. 22 3.4. Key functionalities of chromate based surface treatments................................................................ 24 3.4.1. Key functionalities of sodium dichromate-based surface pre-treatments ................................................ 24 3.4.2. Key sodium dichromate functionalities for the main- and post-treatment process .................................. 26 3.4.3. Summary of selected quantified key functionalities ................................................................................ 28 4. ANNUAL TONNAGE............................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1. Annual tonnage band of sodium dichromate .................................................................................... 32 5. OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS FOR ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL IN THE AEROSPAC SECTOR ............................................................................................................................. 33 5.1. Development and qualification ......................................................................................................... 36 5.1.1. Requirements development ..................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.2. Technology development ........................................................................................................................ 37 5.1.3. Qualification ............................................................................................................................................ 39 5.1.4. Certification ............................................................................................................................................. 40 5.1.5. Implementation / industrialisation ........................................................................................................... 42 5.2. Examples ................................................................................................................................................ 43 6. IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 45 6.1 Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives ........................................................... 45 6.1.1. Research and development in the aerospace sector ................................................................................. 45 6.1.2. Data searches ........................................................................................................................................... 46 6.1.3. Consultations ........................................................................................................................................... 46 6.2 List of possible alternatives .............................................................................................................. 47 7. SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................... 49 7.1. Main processes & post treatments .................................................................................................... 49 CATEGORY 1 ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................... 49 7.1.1. ALTERNATIVE 1: Acidic surface treatments ........................................................................................ 49 7.1.2. ALTERNATIVE 2: Silane/siloxane and sol-gel coatings ....................................................................... 52 7.1.3. ALTERNATIVE 3: Cr(III)-based surface treatments ............................................................................. 58 7.1.4. ALTERNATIVE 4: Water-based post-treatments ................................................................................... 64 CATEGORY 2 ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................... 69 7.1.5. ALTERNATIVE 5: Molybdates and molybdenum-based processes ...................................................... 69 7.1.6. ALTERNATIVE 6: Organometallics (zirconium and titanium-based products, such as fluorotitanic and fluorozirconic acids) ................................................................................................... 72 7.1.7. ALTERNATIVE 7: Benzotriazole-based processes, e.g. 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazol.............................. 75 7.1.8. ALTERNATIVE 8: Chromate-free etch primers .................................................................................... 76 7.1.9. ALTERNATIVE 9: Manganese-based processes .................................................................................... 78 7.1.10. ALTERNATIVE 10: Cold nickel sealing .............................................................................................. 82 7.1.11. ALTERNATIVE 11: Magnesium-rich primers ..................................................................................... 85 7.1.12. ALTERNATIVE 12: Electrolytic paint technology .............................................................................. 88 7.1.13. ALTERNATIVE 13: Zinc-nickel electroplating ................................................................................... 92 7.2. Pre treatments ................................................................................................................................... 94 Use number: 2 III ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.2.1. Inorganic acids......................................................................................................................................... 94 7.2.2. Hydrogen peroxide activated benzyl alcohol (with acid) ........................................................................ 100 8. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ON SUITABILITYAND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 103 9. REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................................................................................ 107 APPENDIX 1 – JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CONFIDENTIALITY CLAIMS ............................................................... 111 APPENDIX 2 – MASTERLIST OF ALTERNATIVES WITH CLASSIFICATION INTO CATEGORIES 1-3 AND SHORT SUMMARY OF THE REASON FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVES INTO CATEGORY 3 ......................................................................................................... 112 APPENDIX 3 – INFORMATION ON RELEVANT SUBSTANCES FOR IDENTIFIED ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 116 IV Use number:
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