The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal in the Holy Spirit, with Its Goal of World Evangelization David B. Barrett his is a survey of what is best described as, and best termed, The Tide Surges In T the Twentieth-Century Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal in the Holy Spirit, with its goal of world evangelization. All three waves are still continuing to surge in. Massive expansion and growth continue at a current rate of 19 million new members a year or Three Waves of Renewal over 54,000 a day (columns 19-20). One-third of this is purely demo­ graphic (births minus deaths in the pentecostal/charismatic community); The tables that follow trace the expansion of this Renewal across ten two-thirds are converts and other new members. In the early days of all decades and two centuries, and also across eight continents and the entire three waves, annual rates of growth were enormous (columns 11-12); world. Historically, the Renewal can be seen to have arrived in three now they have declined gradually to 5 percent per year for pentecostals, massive surges or waves whose origins are traced in Global Table 1 to 7 percent for charismatics, and 6 percent per year for the Renewal as a the years 1741, 1907, and 1970. The first wave is known today as Pen­ whole (column 15). These overall figures hide a number of situations of tecostalism (line 3), the second wave as the Charismatic Movement (line saturation, some spheres of decline, and many situations of explosive, 25), followed by a third wave of nonpentecostal, noncharismatic, main­ uncontrollable growth. stream church renewal (line 39). (References are to numbered lines in the Charismatics outnumber pentecostals in numbers of annual converts tables plus their related numbered footnotes). The pentecostals, charis­ worldwide (column 21). They do, however, have a growing dilemma in matics, and third-wavers who make up this Renewal today number 21 that charismatics in the nonpentecostal mainline Protestant and Catholic percent of organized global Christianity. They are here classified under churches experience an average involvement of only two or three years-­ thirty-eight different categories (21 relating to pentecostals, 13 to charis­ after this period as active weekly attenders at prayer meetings, they be­ matics, 4 to third-wavers). come irregular or nonattending, justifying our term postcharismatics (line Even with these three waves and thirty-eight categories, an under­ 34). This "revolving-door syndrome" results in an enormous annual lying unity pervades the movement. This survey views the Renewal in turnover, a serious problem that has not yet begun to be adequately the Holy Spirit as one single cohesive movement into which a vast pro­ recognized or investigated. liferation of all kinds of individuals and communities have been drawn in a whole range of different circumstances. This explains the massive Permeation of Global Christianity babel of diversity evident today. Global Table 2 shows the geographical spread of the Renewal today. Large These members are found in 11,000 pentecostal denominations and numbers exist on every continent and in 230 countries. This table suggests in 3,000 independent charismatic denominations. Charismatics are now the reason why Europe has always had the lowest response to Pente­ also found across the entire spectrum of Christianity. They are found costalism of any continent (less than 1 percent). Europeans rejected the within all 150 traditional nonpentecostal ecclesiastical confessions, fami­ First Wave because they were not prepared to leave the great state churches lies, and traditions. Pentecostals/charismatics (the generic term preferred to become pentecostals; since 1970, however, they have responded enor­ here) are found in 8,000 ethnolinguistic cultures, speaking 7,000 languages mously as charismatics within those churches. With 24 million charismatics covering 95 percent of the world's total population. and third-wavers, Europe now has the highest ratio (4.5) of charismatics The sheer magnitude and diversity of the numbers involved beggar to pentecostals of all continents across the world (column 24). the imagination. Global Table 1 and its footnotes document a 1988 total At the other end of the spectrum from rejection to acceptance is East of 332 million affiliated church members (line 44). Of these, 176 million Asia, whose Christians have become massively pentecostalized (column are pentecostals, 123 million are charismatics, and 28 million are third­ 23). This is due mainly to the phenomenal spread of the Renewal in Korea wavers. Some 29 percent of all members worldwide are White, 71 percent and in mainland China. Non-White. Members are more urban than rural, more female than male, All state churches and national denominations, with their myriads more children (under 18) than adults, more third-world (66%) than Western of agencies and institutions, are now rapidly becoming permeated with world (32%), morelivingin poverty(87%) thanaffluence (13%), morefamily­ charismatics (see footnote to line 72). In addition, roughly 14 percent of related than individualist. charismatics in these mainline churches have seceded or become inde­ Members are more harassed, persecuted, suffering, martyred than pendent each year since 1970, forming some 100,000 White-led indepen­ perhaps any other Christian tradition in recent history. Their incredible dent charismatic churches across the world, loosely organized into forty variety and diversity can be seen from the fact that to do justice to this or so major networks (line 38). diversity we have had to create a whole variety of neologisms and new The enormous force of the Renewal can be observed in many ways. statistical categories. Those described in the tables include: prepentecos­ One is that a majority of the fifty or so megachurches--the world's largest tals, quasipentecostals, indigenous pentecostals, isolated radio pentecos­ single congregations, each with over 50,000 members--are pentecostal! tals, postpentecostals, postcharismatics, crypto-charismatics, radio/TV charismatic (line 50, footnote). charismatics, independent charismatics. Of these nine categories only the Another indication of its dynamic is the disproportionately high pen­ last two have been recognized up to now as genuine pentecostals/char­ tecostal/charismatic penetration of the media (lines 71-72). Charismatics ismatics. In this survey we are taking the position that all of these cate­ in particular have seized the global initiative in radio, television, movies, gories need to be recognized and enumerated as part of the Renewal. audio, video, publishing, literature, magazines, citywide evangelistic campaigns (800 each year), and so on. Virtually all varieties of ministries engaged in by institutionalized Christianity worldwide have now been David B. Barrett, a contributing editor, has been an ordained missionary of the penetrated by stalwarts of the Renewal. Church Missionary Society since1956, andAnglicanResearch Officer since 1970. Finance, stewardship, and giving also have risen well above the global He is currently Research Consultant to the Southern Baptist Foreign Mission Christian average (lines 62-69). Personal annual income of church mem­ Board, living in Richmond, Virginia. Healso serves as Research Secretary, Char­ bers in the Renewal has grown this year to U.S. $880 billion (line 63). Of ismatic Renewal in the Mainline Churches, and Vatican Consultant on world this, $34 billion is donated to Christian causes (line 64). This means that evangelization. Thepresent survey is taken, with permission, from S. M. Burgess the rank-and-file of the Renewal do not need to be further exhorted and G. B. McGee, (eds.), Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Move­ regarding stewardship. Its lay members are doing all they should, and ments tZonderoan Publishing House, 1988 forthcoming). more. There is, however, an almost universal failure by leaders of the

July 1988 119 Renewal to garner and organize these vast sums coherently for mission unreached harvest field today consists of 1.3 billion unevangelized per­ and ministry at the world level. In consequence, giving to global foreign sons, who have never heard of Jesus Christ (line 83), in 3,000 unevan­ missions per member per week is stuck at the paltry figure of 15 U.S. gelized population segments (cities, peoples, countries). It includes 2,000 cents (line 69). unreached ethnolinguistic peoples, 175 unreached megapeoples (of over A further illustration of the permeation of global Christianity lies in 1 million population each), 140 unevangelized megacities, 300 unevan­ the huge numbers of ordained pastors, priests, ministers, bishops, and gelized Islamic metropolises. The harvest force, or harvesters committed other church leaders involved (lines 74-78). One-quarter of the world's to harvesting, consists of 4 million full-time Christian workers: of these, full-time Christian workers are pentecostals/charismatics. 1 million are pentecostals/charismatics (line 78). Another indicator concerns global plans to evangelize the world (line 88). Of the world's 770 such plans since A.D. 30, some 12 percent have Penetration of the World beendefinitively pentecostal/charismatic. Probably20percent altogether­ 150plans-have had significant charismatic participation. In the last twenty Throughout the history of the Renewal, leaders have summoned members years, this percentage has risen markedly. Of the world's 24 current to the task of world evangelization. A favorite theme has been the saying megaplans launched since 1960, 16, or 67 percent, are pentecostal/char­ of Jesus: "The fields are white unto harvest." The unharvested or ismatic. So are 9 (64%)of the 14currentgigaplans (global plans to evangelize

GLOBAL TABLE 1. THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF THE RENEWAL ACROSS THE (Notes describing this table are placed at the end of Global Table 2.)

Column: Year: 1900 1970 1975 1980 1985 123 4 5 6 7 1. AFFILIATED CHURCH MEMBERS (line nos. 2-45, with key years of origin) 2. Prepentecostals (individual quasipentecostals) (1738) 2,500,000 3,824,000 4,084,000 4,438,000 4,813,000 3. FIRST WAVE: PENTECOSTALISM 1,216,300 64,334,970 78,690,730 104,545,600 149,656,990 4. Denominational Pentecostals/pentecostals 1,216,300 61,254,240 75,036,370 100,186,050 144,392,240 5. Non-White indigenous quasipentecostals (1741) 1,161,000 22,368,200 28,420,600 35,724,120 43,758,670 6. Black/Non-White indigenous pentecostals (1783, 1886, 1906) 30,300 20,146,880 24,278,520 29,257,410 34,236,290 7. Indigenous revivalist pentecostals (1783) 30,000 9,375,850 11,346,140 13,710,750 16,045,350 8. Indigenous holiness-pentecostals (1886) 300 2,830,050 3,077,260 3,364,160 3,651,060 9. Indigenous baptistic-pentecostals (1906) o 4,533,450 5,565,880 6,831,100 8,096,330 10. Indigenous oneness-pentecostals (1916) o 1,693,820 2,075,430 2,485,110 2,894,790 11. Indigenous pentecostal-apostolics (1917) o 1,701,710 2,189,120 2,808,370 3,427,610 12. Indigenous radical-pentecostals (c. 1960) o 12,000 24,690 57,920 121,150 13. Catholic Apostolics (1830, 1863) 20,000 1,610,100 1,749,000 1,887,300 2,030,800 14. Classical Pentecostals (1895, 1901, 1904) 5,000 16,329,060 18,688,250 26,317,220 35,366,480 15. Holiness-Pentecostals (1895) 5,000 2,553,920 2,816,620 3,123,230 3,429,850 16. Pentecostal Apostolics (1904) o 700,500 795,490 911,510 1,027,520 17. Oneness-Pentecostals (1913) o 988,430 1,081,720 1,196,180 1,310,640 18. Baptistic-Pentecostals (1914) o 11,820,390 13,720,580 20,802,300 29,304,300 19. Radical-Pentecostals (c. 1940) o 265,820 273,840 284,000 294,170 20. Chinese house-church pentecostals (1906, 1955) o 800,000 1,900,000 7,000,000 29,000,000 21. Isolated radio pentecostafs (1924, 1931) o 2,080,730 2,454,360 2,859,550 3,264,750 22. White pentecostal radio believers (1924) o 806,000 893,000 971,000 1,049,000 23. Non-white indigenous radio believers (1931) o 1,274,730 1,561,360 1,888,550 2,215,750 24. Postpentecostals (1930) o 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 25. SECOND WAVE: CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT o 3,788,700 16,861,080 45,535,390 97,498,700 26. Mainline charismatics (active) o 1,588,700 5,261,080 11,035,390 16,998,700 27. Anglican charismatics (1907, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1956, 1962) o 109,900 519,650 1,090,200 1,660,750 28. Protestant charismatics (1910, 1918, 1950, 1956, 1966) o 824,100 2,112,700 4,286,800 6,460,900 29. Orthodox charismatics (1944, 1968) o 15,200 73,000 157,000 400,000 30. Catholic charismatics (1962, 1966) o 238,500 1,995,730 4,771,390 7,547,050 31. Old Catholic charismatics (1965) o 1,000 10,000 30,000 80,000 32. Black charismatics (1975) o 400,000 550,000 700,000 850,000 33. Radio/television charismatics (1953) o 199,000 990,000 1,960,000 2,910,000 34. Mainline postcharismatics (1960, 1970) o 900,000 8,000,000 26,000,000 64,000,000 35. Protestant postcharismatics (1960) o 400,000 3,000,000 11,000,000 21,000,000 36. Catholicyostcharismatics (1970) o 500,000 5,000,000 15,000,000 43,000,000 37. Messianic Jewish charismatics (1965) o 1,000 10,000 40,000 90,000 38. White independent charismatics (1965) o 1,100,000 2,600,000 6,500,000 13,500,000 39. mIRD WAVE: MAINSTREAM CHURCH RENEWAL o 50,000 1,000,000 4,000,000 20,700,000 40. Mainstream third-wavers o 0 0 1,000,000 15,700,000 41. Third-Wave White Evangelicals (1980) o 0 0 1,000,000 8,500,000 42. Third-Wave BlackINon-White Evangelicals (1982) a 0 0 0 7,200,000 43. Crypto-charismatics (1970) o 50,000 1,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 44. Total all pentecostal/charismatic church members 3,716,300 71,997,670 100,635,810 158,518,990 272,668,690 45. Total as % of world's church-member Christians 0.70 6.40 8.20 12.00 19.10 46. PROFESSING PENTECOSTALS/CHARISMATICS 47. Pentecostals/charismatics unaffiliated to churches or groups o 3,362,000 5,800,000 10,700,000 20,550,000 48. Total all professing pentecostals/charismatics 3,716,300 75,359,670 106,435,810 169,218,990 293,218,690 49. Total as % of whole world's Christians 0.70 6.20 8.10 11.80 18.90 50. CHURCHES, CONGREGATIONS, AND HOUSE GROUPS 51. Denominational pentecostal churches 15,010 253,170 321,500 518,200 734,000 52. Non-White indigenous quasipentecostal churches 10,000 65,500 80,000 100,000 120,000 53. Black/Non-White indigenous pentecostal churches 3,000 66,310 82,000 150,000 205,000 54. Catholic Apostolic churches 2,000 7,160 7,500 8,200 9,000 55. Classical Pentecostal churches 10 94,200 120,000 180,000 260,000 56. Chinese pentecostal house churches o 10,000 12,000 30,000 50,000 57. Isolated radio pentecostal house groups o 54,140 60,000 66,000 75,000 58. Mainline charismatic house groups o 35,000 50,000 130,000 300,000 59. White independent charismatic churches o 10,000 20,000 50,000 90,000 60. Mainstream third-wave house groups o 2,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 61. Total all pentecostal/charismatic churches/groups 15,010 352,310 441,500 764,200 1,209,000

Lefthand portion of table continuedon page 122

120 International Bulletin of Missionary Research the world spending over U.S. $1 billion) launched since 1960. In 1988 a loose affiliation of national and confessional charismatic service agencies, Charismatics United for World Evangelization, began "One-quarter of the planning major congresses and processes to implement the goal of all persons on earth hearing the gospel by the year 2000. world's full-time Christian New bodies are continually emerging. Over 100 new charismatic workers are pentecostals/ mission agencies have recently been formed in the Western world, and over 300 more in the third world. Many are taking on the challenge of charismatics." unevangelized population segments in restricted-access countries by appointing nonresidential missionaries. With pentecostals/charismatics now active in 80 percent of the world's 3,300 large metropolises, all in process of actively implementing net­ working and cooperation with Great Commission Christians of all confes­ sions, a new era in world mission would dearly appear to have got under way.

20TH CENTURY, A.D. 1900-2000

Annual rate of change, % 1988 increase Demo­ 1988 1990 2000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1990 2000 gra&hic Annual Daily Converts 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21

5,165,200 5,400,000 7,300,000 1.36 1.50 1.64 2.00 2.27 3.07 2.60 1.60 117,250 321 34,610 176,070,330 193,679,230 268,149,500 4.46 5.11 6.79 5.96 5.00 4.08 2.78 1.57 8,803,516 24,119 6,041,700 169,971,940 187,025,070 258,192,800 4.50 5.19 6.92 6.01 5.02 4.06 2.76 1.59 8,532,591 23,377 5,832,430 47,765,450 50,436,630 65,461,900 5.41 4.70 4.29 3.36 2.80 2.87 2.30 1.80 1,337,432 3,664 477,650 36,972,700 38,796,970 48,715,100 4.10 3.75 3.40 2.79 2.47 2.49 2.04 1.60 913,225 2,502 319,870 17,257,820 18,032,800 22,218,400 4.20 3.82 3.43 2.69 2.30 2.28 1.88 1.50 438,191 1,200 138,060 3,811,300 3,918,120 4,482,000 1.75 1.74 1.71 1.52 1.40 1.41 1.26 1.00 53,358 146 15,250 8,785,630 9,245,160 11,717,400 4.55 4.13 3.70 2.98 2.62 2.61 2.11 1.90 230,183 630 63,260 3,132,180 3,290,440 4,102,300 4.51 3.81 3.30 2.78 2.53 2.45 1.98 1.10 79,244 217 44,790 3,759,610 3,980,940 5,356,500 5.73 5.06 4.41 3.42 2.94 3.23 2.57 2.30 110,532 302 24,060 226,170 329,510 838,500 21.15 18.60 16.65 22.42 18.43 14.51 6.07 3.20 41,672 114 34,450 2,113,960 2,169,400 2,500,000 1.73 1.58 1.49 1.39 1.31 1.44 1.32 1.00 27,692 75 6,550 41,519,830 45,622,070 71,515,800 2.89 5.34 6.34 5.46 4.94 5.28 3.62 1.75 2,051,079 5,619 1,325,960 3,600,640 3,714,500 4,316,800 2.06 2.02 1.96 1.72 1.58 1.59 1.40 0.90 56,890 155 24,480 1,090,830 1,133,030 1,359,800 2.71 2.65 2.55 2.16 1.93 1.96 1.67 0.40 21,052 57 16,690 1,372,970 1,414,520 1,638,100 1.89 0.15 1.91 1.67 1.51 1.54 1.36 0.90 20,731 56 8,370 35,251,200 39,215,800 63,878,000 3.22 6.55 6.28 6.28 5.62 5.88 3.86 2.00 1,981,117 5,427 1,276,090 299,620 303,260 323,100 0.60 0.17 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.64 0.61 0.50 1,827 5 330 41,600,000 50,000,000 70,000,000 27.50 32.63 38.71 14.83 10.10 5.47 2.86 1.20 4,201,600 11,511 3,702,400 3,498,400 3,654,160 4,456,700 3.59 3.17 2.83 2.43 2.23 2.17 1.80 1.22 78,014 213 35,330 1,098,500 1,131,500 1,289,800 2.16 1.85 1.61 1.53 1.50 1.42 1.23 0.60 16,477 45 9,890 2,399,900 2,522,660 3,166,900 4.50 3.93 3.47 2.86 2.56 2.51 2.03 1.50 61,437 168 25,440 2,600,000 3,000,000 5,500,000 4.00 4.17 5.33 7.50 7.69 7.78 4.55 1.00 199,940 547 173,940 123,342,710 140,572,050 222,076,500 69.01 24.76 17.71 9.75 6.98 5.91 3.67 1.76 8,609,321 23,587 6,439,400 21,032,710 23,722,050 41,301,500 46.23 17.96 10.64 7.46 6.39 6.83 4.26 1.65 1,343,990 3,682 996,920 1,954,840 2,150,900 2,662,200 74.57 18.86 10.47 6.39 5.01 3.10 1.92 1.60 97,937 268 66,660 7,499,710 8,192,250 10,818,000 31.27 16.39 10.14 6.04 4.62 3.55 2.43 1.70 346,486 949 218,990 442,540 470,900 3,000,000 76.05 19.42 20.83 7.85 3.20 36.81 8.43 1.00 14,161 38 9,740 10,106,920 11,813,500 23,101,300 147.36 22.71 11.63 9.33 8.44 8.78 4.89 1.70 853,024 2,337 681,210 88,700 94,500 120,000 180.00 29.00 23.33 8.06 3.27 2.82 2.12 0.40 2,900 7 2,550 940,000 1,000,000 1,600,000 7.50 5.45 4.29 3.53 3.19 5.00 3.75 1.30 29,986 82 17,770 4,060,000 4,830,000 9,550,000 79.50 17.79 9.80 9.86 9.46 9.16 4.94 0.90 399,840 1,095 347,540 80,710,000 91,850,000 140,775,000 157.78 31.37 21.54 10.29 6.90 5.57 3.48 2.02 5,568,990 15,257 3,937,440 27,360,000 31,600,000 53,900,000 130.00 35.33 16.36 9.81 7.75 6.94 4.14 1.10 2,120,400 5,809 1,819,440 53,350,000 60,250,000 86,875,000 180.00 29.00 25.33 10.52 6.47 4.85 3.06 2.50 3,451,745 9,456 2,118,000 140,000 170,000 450,000 180.00 39.00 20.00 11.11 11.43 14.12 6.22 1.20 16,002 44 14,320 17,400,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 27.27 20.77 16.77 10.00 7.47 5.50 3.33 0.90 1,299,780 3,561 1,143,180 28,080,000 33,000,000 65,000,000 380.00 39.50 49.25 14.01 8.76 8.95 4.92 1.43 2,459,808 6,739 2,059,320 21,880,000 26,000,000 55,000,000 0.00 0.00 157.00 15.92 9.41 10.08 5.27 1.37 2,058,908 5,640 1,758,620 12,400,000 15,000,000 25,000,000 0.00 0.00 85.00 16.47 10.48 7.33 4.00 0.90 1,299,520 3,560 1,187,920 9,480,000 11,000,000 30,000,000 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.28 8.02 13.82 6.33 2.00 760,296 2,083 570,700 6,200,000 7,000,000 10,000,000 380.00 29.50 13.33 8.00 6.45 4.76 3.00 1.60 399,900 1,095 300,700 332,658,240 372,651,280 562,526,000 7.96 8.60 10.85 7.85 6.01 5.19 3.38 1.63 19,992,760 54,774 14,575,030 21.40 23.20 28.60 5.62 6.83 9.08 5.86 3.83 2.73 1.89 27,960,000 32,900,000 56,800,000 14.50 12.65 13.79 10.80 8.83 7.35 4.21 1.00 2,468,868 6,764 2,189,270 360,618,240 405,551,280 619,326,000 8.25 8.82 11.04 8.06 6.23 5.36 3.45 1.58 22,466,516 61,552 16,764,300 21.40 23.30 29.10 6.13 6.91 9.15 6.08 4.11 2.92 1.99

839,480 909,800 1,111,000 5.40 8.24 7.96 5.34 4.19 2.76 1.81 35,174 96 150,000 170,000 220,000 4.43 4.31 4.00 5.83 6.67 3.92 2.27 10,005 27 220,000 2~0,000 260,000 4.73 10.21 8.20 3.90 2.27 1.59 1.15 4,994 13 9,480 9,800 11,000 0.95 1.39 1.83 1.78 1.69 1.36 1.09 160 0 296,000 320,000 400,000 5.48 7.15 7.78 5.38 4.05 2.92 2.00 11,988 32 65,000 75,000 100,000 4.00 16.67 12.67 9.00 7.69 4.44 2.50 4,998 13 81,000 85,000 100,000 2.16 1.98 2.27 2.53 2.47 1.96 1.50 2,000 5 330,000 350,000 550,000 8.57 19.00 19.23 7.33 3.03 4.76 3.64 9,999 27 99,000 105,000 120,000 20.00 20.00 14.00 6.11 3.03 1.90 1.25 2,999 8 118,000 130,000 180,000 80.00 48.00 18.00 8.00 5.08 4.10 2.78 5,994 16 1,368,480 1,474,800 1,941,000 5.06 9.33 10.04 5.88 3.88 3.31 2.40 53,097 145

Right hand portion of table continued on page 123

July 1988 121 GLOBAL TABLE I, continued (Notes describing this table are placed at the end of Global Table 2.)

Column: Year: 1900 1970 1975 1980 1985 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 62. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC FINANCE AND GIVING 63. Personal income of church members, per year $250 million 157 billion 240 billion 395 billion 693 billion 64. Giving to all Christian causes, per year $3 million 8 billion 12 billion 18 billion 29 billion 65. Giving to all Christian causes, per member per week $0.02 $2.14 $2.29 $2.18 $2.05 66. Giving to pentecostal/charismatic causes, per year $2 million 200 million 1 billion 2 billion 3 billion 67. Giving to pentecostal/charismatic causes, per member per week $0.01 $0.05 $0.19 $0.24 $0.21 68. Giving to global foreign missions, per year $50,000 530 million 900 million 1 billion 2 billion 69. Giving to global foreign missions, per member per week $0.00 $0.14 $0.17 $0.12 $0.14 10. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS 71. Service agencies 20 600 1,000 1,500 2,100 72. Institutions 100 1,300 3,000 5,000 7,500 73. Total all parachurchlservice agencies and institutions 120 1,900 4,000 6,500 9,600 74. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC WORKERS 75. Nationals (pastors, evangelists, et alia) 2,000 237,270 308,060 420,400 740,830 76. Aliens: foreign missionaries 100 3,790 8,940 34,600 59,170 77. Aliens: short-termers 0 1,000 3,000 15,000 50,000 78. Total all pentecostal/charismatic full-time workers 2,000 240,000 320,000 470,000 850,000 79. WORLD CHRISTIANITY 80. Christians (all varieties) 558,056,300 1,216,579,400 1,316,780,900 1,432,686,500 1,548,592,200 81. Affiliated church members 521,563,200 1,131,809,600 1,220,852,100 1,323,389,700 1,425,927,300 82. WORLD EVANGELIZATION 83. Unevangelized populations 788,159,000 1,391,956,000 1,393,054,000 1,380,576,000 1,335,212,000 84. Unevangelized as % of world 48.70 38.60 35.10 31.60 27.90 85. Unreached peoples with no churches at all 3,500 1,300 1,000 700 580 86. Unevangelized non-Christian or anti-Christian megacities 5 65 78 95 121 87. Unevangelized persons to each pentecostal/charismatic 212.00 18.47 13.09 8.16 4.55 88. World evangeliiation global plans since A.D. 30 246 496 546 602 673

GLOBAL TABLE 2. THE GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF THE RENEWAL ACROSS (Note: Columns 1, 2 and 8 havebeen brought forward from Global Table 1.) Church members in Renewal by 8 continental areas East Latin Column: World Africa Asia Europe America 1 2 8 22 23 24 25 1. AFFILATED CHURCH MEMBERS (line nos. 2-45) 2. Prepentecostals (individual quasipentecostals) (1738) 5,165,200 774,780 304,750 315,080 108,470 3. FIRST WAVE: PENTECOSTALISM 176,070,330 42,128,880 47,590,900 4,415,820 37,410,010 4. Denominational Pentecostals/pentecostals 169,971,940 41,450,490 46,936,920 4,144,830 37,096,010 5. Non-White indigenous quasipentecostals (1741) 47,765,450 14,663,990 3,964,530 100,310 7,546,940 6. Black/Non-White indigenous pentecostals (1783, 1886, 1906) 36,972,700 18,471,130 498,060 84,260 10,467,230 7. Indigenous revivalist pentecostals (1783) 17,257,820 13,029,650 69,030 18,980 3,313,500 8. Indigenous holiness-pentecostals (1886) 3,811,300 678,410 72,420 30,490 41,920 9. Indigenous baptistic-pentecostals (1906) 8,785,630 904,920 96,640 8,790 6,448,650 10. Indigenous oneness-pentecostals (1916) 3,132,180 21,610 259,970 22,240 519,940 11. Indigenous pentecostal-apostolics (1917) 3,759,610 3,748,330 o 3,760 7,520 12. Indigenous radical-pentecostals (c. 1960) 226,170 88,210 o o 135,700 13. Catholic Apostolics (1830, 1863) 2,113,960 697,610 2,110 885,750 179,690 14. Classical Pentecostals (1895, 1901, 1904) 41,519,830 7,617,760 872,220 3,074,510 18,902,150 15. Holiness-Pentecostals (1895) 3,600,640 579,700 39,610 50,410 720,130 16. Pentecostal Apostolics (1904) 1,090,830 942,480 o 101,450 5,450 17. Oneness-Pentecostals (1913) 1,372,970 146,910 20,600 12,360 127,690 18. Baptistic-Pentecostals (1914) 35,251,200 5,886,950 810,780 2,820,100 18,048,610 19. Radical-Pentecostals (c. 1940) 299,620 61,720 1,230 90,190 270 20. Chinese house-church pentecostals (1906, 1955) 41,600,000 o 41,600,000 o o 21. Isolated radio pentecostafs (1924, 1931) 3,498,400 158,390 419,980 10,990 38,400 22. White pentecostal radio believers (1924) 1,098,500 o o 10,990 o 23. Non-White indigenous radio believers (1931) 2,399,900 158,390 419,980 o 38,400 24. Postpentecostals (1930) 2,600,000 520,000 234,000 260,000 275,600 25. SECOND WAVE: CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT 123,342,710 2,833,810 10,798,400 21,930,160 37,986,630 26. Mainline charismatics (active) 21,032,710 869,810 3,120,910 2,998,660 6,276,880 27. Anglican charismatics (1907, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1956, 1962) 1,954,840 326,460 1,960 1,043,890 9,770 28. Protestant charismatics (1910, 1918, 1950, 1956, 1966) 7,499,710 194,990 2,309,910 787,470 1,649,940 29. Orthodox charismatics (1944, 1968) 442,540 44,210 490 97,360 13,280 30. Catholic charismatics (1962, 1966) 10,106,920 303,210 808,550 1,010,690 4,548,110 31. Old Catholic charismatics 88,700 o o 31,050 8,780 32. Black charismatics (1975) 940,000 940 o 28,200 47,000 33. Radio/television charismatics (1953) 4,060,000 40,600 36,540 162,400 243,600 34. Mainline postcharismatics (1960, 1970) 80,710,000 1,751,000 7,606,000 16,128,300 31,398,890 35. Protestant postcharismatics (1960) 27,360,000 684,000 5,472,000 4,924,800 9,685,440 36. Catholicj'ostcharismatics (1970) 53,350,000 1,067,000 2,134,000· 11,203,500 21,713,450 37. Messianic Jewish charismatics (1965) 140,000 140 150 30,800 16,800 38. White independent charismatics (1965) 17,400,000 172,260 34,800 2,610,000 50,460 39. THIRD WAVE: MAINSTREAM CHURCH RENEWAL 28,080,000 2,528,400 2,134,640 2,490,720 2,899,800 40. Mainstream third-wavers 21,880,000 1,908,400 2,004,440 630,720 2,868,800 41. Third-Wave White Evangelicals (1980) 12,400,000 12,400 13,640 621,240 24,800 42. Third-Wave BlackINon-White Evangelicals (1982) 9,480,000 1,896,000 1,990,800 9,480 2,844,000 43. Crypto-charismatics (1970) 6,200,000 620,000 130,200 1,860,000 31,000 44. Total all pentecostal/charismatic church members 332,658,240 48,265,870 60,828,690 29,151,780 78,404,910 45. Total as % of church-member Christians 21.40 22.72 80.30 7.15 18.95

122 International Bulletin of Missionary Research Annual rate of change, % 1988 increase Demo­ 1988 1990 2000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1990 2000 grafshic Annual Daily Converts 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21

880 billion 1,005 billion 1,550 billion 6.91 9.91 11.47 8.80 7.09 5.68 3.52 34 billion 37 billion 54 billion 6.67 8.33 9.45 6.55 4.71 4.51 3.15 $1.97 $1.91 $1.85 1.40 0.17 -1.10 -1.32 -1.42 -0.70 -0.32 3.6 billion 4 billion 5 billion 16.00 18.00 10.00 6.67 5.56 3.33 2.50 $0.21 $0.21 $0.17 56.00 10.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 -1.27 -2.35 2.6 billion 3 billion 4 billion 8.22 5.22 11.00 10.00 7.69 4.44 2.50 $0.15 $0.15 $0.14 4.29 -1.18 -2.50 -2.14 1.33 0.00 -0.71

2,500 2,800 4,000 13.33 9.00 7.33 6.19 5.60 4.52 3.00 140 9,000 11,000 14,000 26.15 12.33 9.00 8.00 7.78 3.94 2.14 700 2 11,500 13,800 18,000 22.11 11.50 4.46 10.58 12.00 5.36 2.33 1,380 4

857,030 934,500 1,133,000 5.97 5.94 10.29 6.94 4.52 2.80 1.75 38,737 106 74,970 85,500 167,000 27.18 34.46 14.52 8.60 7.02 8.41 4.88 5,262 14 68,000 80,000 300,000 40.00 46.67 31.33 13.00 8.82 20.83 7.33 5,997 16 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,600,000 6.67 7.19 11.28 7.41 5.00 4.55 3.12 50,000 137

1,684,533,500 1,742,000,000 2,130,000,000 1.65 1.64 1.62 2.00 2.30 2.23 1.82 1.30 38,744,300 106,150 16,845,335 1,555,199,600 1,608,700,000 1,967,000,000 1.57 1.57 1.55 2.00 2.35 2.24 1.82 1.30 36,547,200 100,130 16,329,595

1,295,304,700 1,265,000,000 1,038,819,000 0.02 -0.08 -0.42 -0.64 -0.61 -1.53 -2.47 1.70 -7,906,400 -21,650 29,921,540 25.38 24.11 16.60 -1.81 -1.99 -2.28 -2.68 -2.98 -3.12 -4.52 490 430 200 -4.62 -6.00 -6.00 -4.66 -6.12 - 5.89 -11.50 140 152 202 4.62 3.85 4.53 4.71 4.43 3.55 2.48 3.64 3.19 1.68 -5.58 -7.88 -10.47 -10.92 -7.47 -6.00 -8.99 770 900 1,500

THE WORLD'S 8 CONTINENTAL AREAS, 1988 (as defined by United Nations) Church members in Renewal by 8 continental areas, as % world total Northern South East Latin Northern South America Oceania Asia USSR Africa Asia Europe America America Oceania Asia USSR 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

3,099,120 98,140 464,870 0 15.00 5.90 6.10 2.10 60.00 1.90 9.00 0.00 22,551,620 584,210 19,544,230 1,977,610 23.93 27.03 2.51 21.25 12.81 0.33 11.10 1.12 21,563,620 555,610 17,490,700 866,690 20.00 27.61 2.44 21.82 12.69 0.33 10.29 0.51 11,177,120 90,750 10,221,810 0 30.70 8.30 0.21 15.80 23.40 0.19 21.40 0.00 3,388,700 19,340 4,043,960 0 49.96 1.35 0.23 28.31 9.17 0.05 10.94 0.00 51,770 15,530 759,340 0 75.50 0.40 0.11 19.20 0.30 0.09 4.40 0.00 2,827,990 3,810 156,260 0 17.80 1.90 0.80 1.10 74.20 0.10 4.10 0.00 158,140 0 1,168,490 0 10.30 1.10 0.10 73.40 1.80 0.00 13.30 0.00 350,800 0 1,957,610 0 0.69 8.30 0.71 16.60 11.20 0.00 62.50 0.00 0 0 0 0 99.70 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 2,260 0 39.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 287,500 8,460 52,850 0 33.00 0.10 41.90 8.50 13.60 0.40 2.50 0.00 6,710,300 437,050 3,172,080 866,690 18.35 2.10 7.40 45.53 16.16 1.05 7.64 2.09 1,357,440 3,600 846,150 7,200 16.10 1.10 1.40 20.00 37.70 0.10 23.50 0.20 2,180 34,910 3,270 0 86.40 0.00 9.30 0.50 0.20 3.20 0.30 0.00 630,190 9,610 418,760 6,870 10.70 1.50 0.90 9.30 45.90 0.70 30.50 0.50 4,582,660 387,760 1,903,570 846,030 16.70 2.30 8.00 51.20 13.00 1.10 5.40 2.40 137,830 1,170 330 6,590 20.60 0.41 30.10 0.09 46.00 0.39 0.11 2.20 0 0 0 0 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 1,783,130 1,087,520 4.53 12.00 0.31 1.10 0.00 0.00 50.97 31.09 0 0 0 1,087,520 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.00 0 0 1,783,130 0 6.60 17.50 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.00 74.30 0.00 988,000 28,600 270,400 23,400 20.00 9.00 10.00 10.60 38.00 1.10 10.40 0.90 43,212,450 1,758,440 5,133,540 752,250 2.30 8.75 17.78 30.80 35.03 1.43 4.16 0.61 6,027,330 397,500 1,047,800 293,850 4.14 14.84 14.26 29.84 28.66 1.89 4.98 1.40 361,650 199,390 11,730 0 16.70 0.10 53.40 0.50 18.50 10.20 0.60 0.00 2,159,920 82,500 239,990 75,000 2.60 30.80 10.50 22.00 28.80 1.10 3.20 1.00 66,380 4,430 88,510 127,890 9.99 0.11 22.00 3.00 15.00 1.00 20.00 28.90 2,526,730 111,180 707,480 90,960 3.00 8.00 10.00 45.00 25.00 1.10 7.00 0.90 48,790 0 90 0 0.00 0.00 35.00 9.90 55.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 863,860 0 0 0 0.10 0.00 3.00 5.00 91.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,532,200 0 40,600 0 1.10 0.90 4.00 6.00 87.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 19,602,900 837,200 4,021,800 430,910 2.17 9.42 19.98 38.90 24.29 1.04 4.98 0.53 5,198,400 410,400 820,800 164,160 2.50 20.00 18.00 35.40 19.00 1.50 3.00 0.60 14,404,500 426,800 3,201,000 266,750 2.00 4.00 21.00 40.70 25.00 0.80 6.00 0:50 86,520 0 4,200 1,390 0.10 0.11 22.00 12.00 61.80 0.00 3.00 0.99 13,963,500 523,740 19,140 26,100 0.99 0.20 15.00 0.29 80.25 3.01 0.11 0.15 11,672,010 76,110 5,044,520 1,233,800 9.00 7.60 8.87 10.33 41.57 0.27 17.96 4.39 11,666,430 69,290 2,731,920 0 8.72 9.16 2.88 13.11 53.32 0.32 12.49 0.00 11,656,000 60,760 11,160 0 0.10 0.11 5.01 0.20 94.00 0.49 0.09 0.00 10,430 8,530 2,720,760 0 20.00 21.00 0.10 30.00 0.11 0.09 28.70 0.00 5,580 6,820 2,312,600 1,233,800 10.00 2.10 30.00 0.50 0.09 0.11 37.30 19.90 80,535,200 2,516,900 30,187,160 3,963,660 14.51 18.29 8.76 23.57 24.21 0.76 9.07 1.19 43.04 14.34 22.41 3.76 14.51 18.29 8.76 23.57 24.21 0.76 9.07 1.19

July 1988 123 METHODOLOGICAL NOTES. This pair of tables a vast proliferation of all kinds of individuals and THREE WAVES OF 20TH-CENTURY RENEWAL. The presents a descriptive survey of the phenomenon communities have been drawn in a whole range of tables classify the various movements and types un­ usually known as .the Pentecostal/Charismatic Re­ different circumstances over a period of 250 years. der the following three consecutive waves of the Re­ newal, or, by participants, as the Renewal in the Holy Whether termed pentecostals, charismatics, or third­ newal in the Holy Spirit, defining its three key terms Sririt. It takes in the somewhat expanded boundaries wavers, they share a single basic experience. Their as follows. o the movement that most leaders now understand contribution to Christianity is a new awareness of Pentecostals. These are defined as Christians who are it as inhabiting. At the same time, the Renewal rec­ spiritual gifts as a ministry to the life of the church. members of explicitly pentecostal denominations in ognizes the existence and reality of large numbers of The case lor this thesis could be made by listing his­ Pentecostalism or the Pentecostal Movement whose other branches or segments of global Christianity, to torical, missiological, theological, sociological, and other major characteristic is a rediscovery of, and a new which it is related in varying degrees of closeness. data. It could also be made by drawing attention to experience of, the supernatural with a powerful and This means that these tables do not claim to be de­ the fact that in the 1900, 1904, 1906 revivals, news of energizing ministry of the Holy Spirit in the realm of scribing a tradition of Christianity distinct and sepa­ these traveled throughout the globe (by rail, by ship, the miraculous that most other Christians have con­ rate from all other traditions but a contemporary by telegraph) in a few days and weeks; while today, sidered to be highly unusual. This is interpreted as a movement that overlaps with the rest of the Christian news of such happenings-conversions, blessings, rediscovery of the spiritual gifts of New Testament world to a large degree (47% in 1988, rising to 53% by healings, movements-travels worldwide within a few times, and their restoration to ordinary Christian life A.D. 2000). By 1987, in fact, the Renewal had pene­ seconds by telephone, radio, television, electronic mail, and ministry. Pentecostalism is usually held to have trated, and had secured committed representation in, etc. Such rapid communication across time, space, begun in the U.S.A. in 1901 (although the present every one of the Christian world's 156 distinct eccle­ and all varieties of the Renewal implies an underlying survey shows the year of origin as 1741). For a brief siastical confessions, traditions, and families. The ta­ unity, period it was a charismatic revival expecting to remain bles enumerate the progress of all branches of the The case for the statistical presentation of the Re­ an interdenominational movement within the existing Renewal across the 20th century, with projections to newal as a single interconnected movement can, how­ churches without beginning a new denomination; but the years 1990 and A.D. 2000 based on current long­ ever, best be made by considering how the movement from 1909 onward its members were increasingly term trends. starts off and spreads in any area, from the days of ejected from all mainline bodies and so forced to begin DEFINITIONS AND ADDITIONAL DATA (refer­ the earliest pentecostals to those of current charis­ new organized denominations. (See explanatory note ring to numbered lines). Each line in Global Tables 1 matics and third-wavers. no. 3, below, "FIRST WAVE: PENTECOSTAL­ and 2 above refers to the global (total, worldwide) The start of the movement anywhere has always ISM," for distinction between use of capital versus situation (in Global Table 2 divided into continental been an unexpected or unpredictable happening rather lower case "p" in "Pentecostal," etc.) totals), in which pentecostals/charismatics are found than any result of human planning or organization. Pentecostal denominations hold the distinctive in 90% of the world's total of 254 countries (in which First, individuals (at random across the existing teaching that all Christians should seek a postcon­ 99% of the world's population is found). A number of churches), then groups, then large numbers in or­ version religious experience called baptism in the Holy subjects are shown above on the left broken down ganized movements become filled with the Spirit and Spirit, and that a Spirit-baptized believer may receive into divisions and subdivisions or components listed embark on the common charismatic experience. All one or more of the supernatural gifts known in the below them, indented. All indented titles in the tables of them, originally, can collectively and correctly be early church: instantaneous sanctification, the ability therefore form part of, and are included in, unin­ termed charismatics. All these charismatics find to prophesy, to practice divine healing through prayer, dented or less-indented categories above them. Line themselves living initially within existing mainline to speak in tongues (glossolalia), or to Interpret tongues; nos. 2-43 are listed in approximate chronological or­ nonpentecostal churches and denominations. There, singing in tongues, singing in the Spirit; praying with der of their emergence (shown by dates in parenthe­ over the last 200 years they have been termed or la­ upraised hands; dreams, VIsions, discernment of spir­ ses) and similarly with divisions, subdivisions, and beled as charismatics, revivalists, enthusiasts, spirit­ its, words of wisdom, words of knowledge; emphasis components. Definitions of major categories are as uals, or pentecostals; and often have been dismissed on miracles, power encounters, exorcisms (casting out ~ven and explained in World Christian Encyclopedia as cranks, fanatics, sectarians, heretics, schismatics, demons), resuscitations, deliverances, signs, and (1982), which contains details of all the denominations or worse. However, all of them initially attempt to wonders. From 1906 onward, the hallmark of explic­ involved; additional data and explanations are given stay within, and work within, those churches. But itly Pentecostal denominations, by comparison with below. Totals of- denominations listed below (e.g., before long evictions begin, and ejections, withdraw­ Holiness/Perfectionist denominations, has been the under line nos. 5-12) refer to large or significant bod­ als, and secessions occur in varying degrees. First, single addition of speaking with other tongues as the ies only. Sources include in-process world surveys by various individuals, then groups, then whole move­ "initial evidence" of one's having received the author, including the monograph Cosmos, Chaos, and ments are forced into schism or opt for it and so begin baptism of the Holy Ghost (or Holy Spirit), whether Gospel: A Chronology of Worla Evangelization from Cre­ separate ecclesiastical structures and new denomi­ or not one subsequently experiences regularly the gift ation to New Creatzon (1987). Basic data and bibliog­ nations. of tongues. Most Pentecostal denominations teach that raphies on the Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal may From its beginnings in this way, the Renewal has tongues-speaking is mandatory for all members, but be found in C. E. Jones, A Guide to the Study of Pen­ subsequently expanded in three massive surges or in practice today only 35% of all members have prac­ tecostalism (1983, 2 vols., 9,883 entries), also Jones, waves. We can further divide these waves Into a ticed this gift either initially or as an ongoing expe­ Black Holiness: A Guideto the Study of Black Participation typology of nine stages, explained and described as rience. Pentecostal denominations proclaim a "full" in Wesleyan Perfectionist andGlossolafic Pentecostal Move­ follows. or "fourfold" gospel of Christ as Savior, Baptizer ments (1987), and W. J. Hollenweger, ed., Pentecostal Research in Europe: Problems, Promises and People (1986). COLUMNS 1-21 in Global Table 1, and 22-37 in A TYPOLOGY OF THE EVOLUTION OF CHARISMATICS WITHIN CHURCHES Global Table 2) Notes on the nine columns below: 1 = stage in evolution of new charismatic developments 1. Reference number of line. 2 = first year of new stage 2. Usual current terminology for all major compo­ 3 = main or majority race involved in stage, either Whites or Non-Whites nents of the Renewal. 4 = fate of charismatics in their existing parent churches 3-8. Statistics for the years 1900-1988. 5 = percent of charismatics evicted from earent churches 9-10. Projections for 1990 and 2000 based on current 6 = percent of charismatics who voluntanly secede from parent churches trends, conservatively estimated. 7 = percent of charismatics lost to parent churches (= columns 5 + 6) 11-17. Rate of change (% per year) at the year indi­ 8 = percent remaining in parent churches (= 100 - column 7) cated. This rate is computed for a particular column 9 = new organizations or developments resulting in the table (e.g., 1980) as the next column (1985) minus the previous column (1975), divided by num­ Stage Start Race History of charismatics Fate, % Resulting organizations ber of years' difference (in this case, 10), divided by 1 2 3 4 5678 9 current figure (for 1980), multiplied by 100: result = evictio~, sece~si?n, PENTECOS~ALISM annual growth rate, % per year (for 1980). In line with FIRST WAVE: Rejection, new denominations; = . . United Nations' and most countries' statistical re­ 1. 1741 Non-Whites Immediate eviction 100 0 100 0 Black/Non-WhIte denominations porting, this section (columns 11-17) presents annual 2. 1901 Whites Eventual secession 95 5 100 0 White Classical Pentecostal denominations growth rates, rather than the sometimes-quoted de­ SECOND WAVE: Friction, toleration, new mainline networks; = CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT cadal growth rates or 5-year growth rates, because the 3. 1918 Non-Whites Majority eviction 80 10 90 10 Isolated mainline prayer groups latter two mask shorter-term fluctuations important to 4. 1930 Whites Min~rity ~v~ction 40 30 70 30 Isolated healing ~inistries the understanding of rapidly growing movements such 5. 1960 Whites Partial eviction 10 15 25 75 Large-scale mainline networks as the present Renewal. 6. 1970 Whites Few evictions 4 10 14 86 Denominational charismatic agencies 18. Annual growth rate in 1988 due to purely de­ THIRD WAVE: Power evangelism, renewed structures, renewed churches; = MAINSTREAM CHURCH mographic factors (births minus deaths in the RENEWAL churches). 7. 1980 Whites Occasional evictions 2 8 10 90 Renewed parishes and structures 19. 1988 increase (column 15) expressed as an annual 8. 1990 Non-Whites Rare evictions 1 1 2 98 Renewed denominations figure. (Computed as column 15, divided by 100, mul­ 9. 2000 Non-Whites No evictions o 0 0 100 Renewed global Christianity tiplied by column 8.) 20. 1988increase (column 15) expressed as an average daily figure. 21. Annual converts (persons not previously in this These nine stages and categories are approximate and with the Holy Spirit, Healer, and Coming King. Col­ category but who have joined in the last 12 months) descriptive, not watertight or exclusive. For instance, lectively, all these denominations are sometimes re­ in 1988, measured as total annual increase minus de­ as a result of the global influenza pandemic of 1918, ferred to as the "First Wave" of this whole 20th­ mographic increase. (Computed as column 15 minus large numbers of Blacks in Anglican churches in Af­ century movement of Holy-Spirit-centered renewal. column 18, divided by 100, multiplied by column 8.) rica (Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa) became In the U.S.A., Pentecostals usually name the entire 22-29. Church members in Renewal by 8 continental charismatics and formed charismatic prayer groups body of these denominations by the blanket term areas of the world as standardized by the United Na­ within Anglican parishes. The majority, however, were "Classical Pentecostals" to distinguish them from tions, 1988 (actual numbers; equal to columns 30-37 soon evicted (and so are enumerated here in Global the subsequent "Neopenteeostals" or "Charismatics' times column 8 divided by 100.) Tables 1 and 2 under line nos. 6, 7-12, becoming what in the nonpentecostal denominations. 30-37. Church members In Renewal by the 8 conti­ we now refer to as Black pentecostals); only a minority Charismatics. These are defined as Christians with nental areas of the world as standardized by the United (10%) remained within Anglicanism as charismatics in the experiences above in the Charismatic Movement Nations, given as percent in 1988of total church mem­ what later became known as the Anglican Charismatic whose roots go back to 1907and 1918but whose rapid bers on each line (column 8). Movement. expansion has been mainly since 1950 (later called the THE RENEWAL AS A SINGLE MOVEMENT. The Having described how the Renewal can be seen as Charismatic Renewal), usually describing themselves tables above view the 20th-century Renewal in the a single movement, we shall next describe its com­ as having been renewed in the Spirit and experiencing Holy Spirit as one single cohesive movement into which ponent elements. the Spint's supernatural and miraculous and ener­

124 International Bulletin of Missionary Research Resources for Pastoral __eology

THE ART OF PASSINGOVER: An Invitation to Living Creatively, Franc-is Dorff. This ecumenical essay in experiential theology and developmental spirituality presents "Passingover" as an art to be practiced for "living creatively in an unfinished world." Francis Dorff defines "Passing­ over" as a recurrent three-phase life process of "Letting-go" in trust, "Letting-be" in hope, and "Letting-grow" in love. Paper $8.95

CONICAL A Pastoral Francis Dorff Counseling Perspective ------, ~1UfOIIAt THEARf COUNSELING Of CLINICAL ­ EDITED BY CLINICAL HANDBOOK OF ROBERT J.WICKS SUPERVISION RICHARD nPARSONS PASTORAL COUNSELING, DONALD RCAPPS edited by Robert J. Wicks, Richard D. Parsons and l,hl"ll" Donald Capps. "This book successfully inte­ Barry[<;tadl.lohn Compion grates the insights of psychology and religion, and M<'lvin C.Blanchcllc precisely as tools for pastoral counseling. It mer­ its special attention as a fundamental text for pastoral counseling courses or as a reference THE ART OF CLINICAL work for active counselors."-America A Pastoral Counsel­ Paper $14.95 SUPERVISION: ing Perspective, edited by Barry Estadt, John B. Compton and Melv-in C. Blanchette. This book gives an overview of the supervisory process, ADOLESCENTS PASTORAL deals with the primary factors affecting the IN TURMOIL, MARITAL actual supervisory process itself, explores the THERAPY specifics to be taken into account when certain PARENTS A PrJdical Primer UNDER STRESS: for Ministrv types of treatment are employed, and presents a APASTORAL tol'ouple": methodology for theological and pastoral inte­ MINISTRY gration in working with others, with special PRIMER emphasis on religious, ethical and social justice Stephell-ril\ltSalvation Army (beginning in 1865) is divide the movement into two major streams as shown any or all of the charismata pneumatika (Greek New only intelligible as a work of the Holy Spirit. For this by two different spellings: (1) the term "Pentecos­ Testament: gifts of the Spirit) including signs and reason, the Salvation Army could itself be called a tal" with a capital P denotes what we are terming wonders (but with glossolalia re~arded as optional). charismatic movement and its early meetings resem­ Classical Pentecostalism (which is mainly White-orig­ They have been JOIned increasingly since 1965 by bled charismatic meetings of today" (A. Bittlinger, inated), whereas (2) the term "pentecostal" with thousands of schismatic or other independent char­ ed., TheChurch Is Charismatic, 1981:42). (4) Sanctified/ a lowercase prefers to the huge phenomenon of Black! ismatic churches coming out of the Charismatic Move­ perfectionist Anglicans and Protestants in holiness Non-White/third-world indigenous pentecostalism ment; these independents have from 1970to the present movements within the churches. Especiallyin the years unrelated to Western Classical Pentecostalism (see day averaged 14% of the whole Charismatic Move­ 1855-1900, which saw the rise in the U.S.A. of the notes below on line nos. 6-12). To avoid excessive ment. The whole Movement is sometimes termed the doctrine of baptism in the Holy Spirit, the term repetition of the comprehensive adjective "Pen­ "Second Wave" of the 20th-century Renewal. "prepentecostals" describes individuals with a tecostal/pentecostal" the adjective "pentecostal" is Concerning the key word, note that "In the tech­ perfectionist or "second-blessing" "experience plus often used below to denote the whole. Historically, nical Pauline sense charismata (AV, gifts) denote ex­ related pentecostal phenomena but belonging as the First Wave developed out of Black slavery in the traordinary powers, distinguishing certain Christians members to antipentecostal, nonpentecostal, or pre­ U.S.A., the Evangelical (Wesleyan) Revival from 1738 and enabling them to serve the church of Christ, the pentecostal denominations, particularly Holiness/Per­ in Britain, and the Holiness (Perfectionist) movement reception of which is due to the power of divine grace fectionist bodies, popular American revivalism, and in Britain, the U.S.A., and its worldwide missions in operating in their souls by the Holy Spirit" (Thayer's other denominations opposed to pentecostal phe­ the 19th century. Although many Pentecostal/pente­ Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 1886, nomena (especially glossolalia), WhICh claim instead costal denominations had antecedents going back to 1977:667). that conversion ana sanctification (often termed the 18th century, the year 1901 is usually quoted as Third-wavers. These are Evangelicals and other "infilling with the Spirit") are the only two nec­ the year of origin of Pentecostalism because that is Christians who, unrelated to Pentecostalism or the essary and complete experiences rromised to believ­ when the movement took off on a massive universal Charismatic Movement, have recently become filled ers. On the eve of the year 1900, this category included scale with widespread tongues and other pentecostal with the Spirit, or empowered or energized by the (a) in the U.S.A. alone, several thousand scattered phenomena. OHler scholars cite 1906 (Azusa Street), Spirit and experiencing the Spirit's supernatural and glossolalists, 100,000 "come-outers" (adults in for the same reasons. (This line's statistics are com­ miraculous ministry (thou~h usually without recog­ Holiness split-offs and higher-life movements), and puted as the sum of line nos. 4, 21, 24.) nizing a baptism in the Spirit separate from conver­ over 1,000,000 White (with some Black) "loyalists" 4. Denominational Pentecostals/pentecostals. In over sion), who exercise gifts of the Spirit (with much less with the sanctification/infilling experience, belonging 3,000 major recognized, clear-cut, wholly pentecostal emphasis on tongues, as optional or even absent or to Holiness, Wesleyan, and Methodist denomina­ or wholly charismatic denominations of pentecostal unnecessary), and emphasize signs and wonders, su­ tions; and (b)' similar numbers abroad in Holiness/ theology or practice or stance, committed as denom­ pernatural miracles and power encounters, but who Wesleyan/Methodist denominations and movements inations to Pentecostal distinctives; there are also remain within their mainline nonpentecostal denom­ and missions in Europe, South Africa, India, Chile, thousands of minor or very small denominations, which inations and who do not identify themselves as either et alia. (For a detailed treatment of the relation be­ bring the grand total of all such denominations to pentecostals or charismatics. In a number of countries tween the Holiness and Pentecostal movements, see around 11,000, in 230 different countries. (This line they exhibit pentecostal and charismatic phenomena H. V. Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the is comfuted as the sum of the 5 lines, nos. 5, 6,13, but combine this with rejection of pentecostal ter­ United States, 1971.) Historically, the prototype pre­ 14, 20. Note that the Non-White-originated segment minology. There is less emphasis also on organizing pentecostal has been regarded as the Anglican reviv­ of this total (line nos. 5, 6, 20) preceaed the U.S.A.­ distinct and separate renewal groups. These believers alist priest John Wesley (1703-1791). For this reason, White-originated segment histoncally (line no. 14) and are increasingly being identified by their leadership the first two words of Synan's study were deliberately is today three times as numerous. as a "Third Wave" of the whole 20th-century Re­ chosen as "John Wesley" (Synan 1971:13-"John 5. Non-White indigenous quasipentecostals. Appar­ newal, the terms "Third Wave" and "third­ Wesley, the indomitable founder of Methodism, was ent/seemingly/largely pentecostal or semipentecostal wavers" having been coined by a participant, C. Peter also the spiritual and intellectual father of the modern members of this 250-year-old movement of churches Wagner, in 1983. (See his articles "A Third Wave?" holiness and pentecostal movements which have is­ indigenous to Christians in Non-White races across in JTastoral Renewal 8, no. 1 July-August 1983:1-5, and sued from Methodism within the last century"). The the world, and begun without reference to Western "The Third Wave" in Christian Life, September 1984, best-known prepentecostal preacher before 1900 was Christianity: estimated in 1970 as 60% (rising by 1985 p. 90, and his 1988 book The Third Wave of the Holy the evangelist Dwight L. Moody, whose preaching to 75%) of all members of the over 1,000 Non-White/ Spirit: Encountering the Power of Si8ns and Wonders To­ from 1875 onward sometimes resulted in glossolalia third-world indigenous denominations, which, though day.)Because they constitute a major new revitalizing (Synan 1971:99; the term "pre-pentecostal" ap­ not explicitly pentecostal, nevertheless have the main force, in this table we also term the movement pears to have originated in this passage). Before 1900 phenomenolo~cal hallmarks of pentecostalism (char­ "Mainstream church renewal" (after definition in there were many such cases: thus, tongues were a ismatic spirituality, oral liturgy, narrative witness/the­ Webster's: mainstream = lithe middle of a stream, significant feature, according to some scholars, of the ology, dreams and visions, emphasis on filling with where the current is strongest; a major or prevailing Camp Creek holiness revival in North Carolina in the 'Holy Spirit, healing by prayer, atmospheric com­ trend"). 1896; other scholars produce contrary evidence. munication [simultaneous audible prayer], emotive Layout of lines below. The explanatory notes below For the years 1970-2000 on line no. 2, the statistics fellowship, et alia). These denominations are found have numbers referring to the numbered lines in Global refer mainly to similar "sanctified Methodists" and today in 170 different countries. The case for enum­ Tables 1 and 2. They are set out with each line's title other phenomenological pentecostals and quasipen­ erating adherents of these movements as pentecostals in column 2 being given below in boldface type. tecostals in these nonpentecostal denominations at has been fully made by W. J.Hollenweger in his writ­ 1. AFFILIATED CHURCH MEMBERS. (Line nos. 2­ present (especially in Church of the Nazarene, Wes­ ings, most recently in "After Twenty Years' Re­ 45, with key years of origin or watersheds added in leyan Church, Free Methodist Church, Salvation search on Pentecostalism," International Review of parentheses.) Total Christian community affiliated to Army), most of which differ from pentecostalism only Mission (April 1986). Note that the term "indige­ (on the rolls of) denominations, churches, or groups, in the absence of tongues-speaking or in the absence nous" as used here refers to the auto-origination of including baptized members, their children and in­ of a doctrine that tongues-speaking is the essential these movements, begun among Non-White races fants, catechumens, inquirers, attenders, but exclud­ evidence of baptism in the Holy Spirit. Most of these without Western or White missionary support. ing interested non-Christian attenders, casual prepentecostals are unrelated to, and are uninvolved 6. Black/Non-White indigenous pentecostals. Black, attenders, visitors, et alia. Many Pentecostal denom­ with, either Pentecostalism, or the Charismatic Move­ Non-White, or third-world Christians in over 800 ex­ inations enumerate their children and infants, and a ment, or the Third Wave of the 1980s; they do not plicitly pentecostal denominations, indigenous to Non­ number are pedobaptist (infant-baptizing). Most, identify themselves by the terms "pentecostals," White races in that they were begun without outside however, ignore their children's statistics, which has "charismatics," or "third-wavers." However, a Western or White missionary assistance or support. led to serious undernumeration of the spread of the new complication by 1985 is that a number of these There are four varieties: (a) U.S.A. Black denomina­ Renewal. Whenever statistics of church members are denominations' largest congregations in the third world tions including the largest, the Church of God in Christ compared to total population figures (which almost have independently become Third-Wave; these are (begun 1895), and (b) over 750 third-world denomi­ always include chifdren and infants), such member­ not enumerated on line no. 2 but later in the tables, nations unrelated to foreign missions from Western ship figures must also include its children and infants. on line no. 42 (Third-Wave Black!Non-White Evan­ denominations (often being schisms out of them), in Like must always be compared with like. gelicals). Since by 1987 the total of members of Pen­ 140 different countries; bein6 joined more recently by 2. Prepentecostals. Scattered individual quasipente­ tecostal denominations (the First Wave of the Renewal) (c) networks of Non-White Independent charismatic costals in mainline non pentecostal denominations who have never spoken in tongues had risen to 65%, churches (as in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Nigeria, ("quasi" means apparent, seemingly, largely, to a and since members of the Charismatic Movement from India, et alia), and (d) since 1980, rapidly increasing great extent, to some extent). There have always been 1950 onward (the Second Wave) also regard tongues numbers of independent youth churches, video sizable numbers of such individuals who have ex­ as a gift that some (but not all) may receive, it is logical churches, et alia, meeting in hotels, theaters, secular perienced or demonstrated pentecostal phenomena to include prepentecostals in the present enumera­ halls, warehouses, shops, or in the open air. (Sum of In their own lives or ministries. Those in the last 200 tion, and the tables above therefore do so. In 1985 line nos. 7-12.) Most Pentecostal spokespersons in years, and which may reasonably be regarded as an­ these prepentecostals are enumerated here as includ­ the U.S.A. define variety (a) above as an integral part tecedents of the 20th-century Renewal, fall into four ing 20% of the world's 6,092,000 members of 350 major of Classical Pentecostalism, although in this table we main cate~ories: (1) Several thousands of individual Holiness denominations plus 10% of the world's give this term a more restricted definition (see line monks, pnests, brothers, sisters, in Catholic, Ortho­ 31,717,000 members of 210 major Methodist denom­ no. 14). Our reasoning is that, seen in the total global dox, Anglican, and other monastic and religious or­ inations, plus 10% of the world's 4,227,000 Salvation­ perspective, variety (a) above is far more accurately ders, who have been allowed unhindered to exercise ists. located as the archetype of global Non-White pente­ personal gifts of the Spirit including glossolalia, faith 3. FIRST WAVE: PENTECOSTALISM. Pentecostals costalism. Furthermore, many Black pentecostals re­ healing, et alia. Many of these were indirectly re­ are defined here as all associated with explicitly pen­ gard the terms "Pentecostal" and "charismatic" sponsible for the Encyclical Letter "On the Holy tecostal denominations that identify themselves in ex­ as largely White in ori~in, and have traditionally pre­ Spirit" issued in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII, directing at­ ~licitly pentecostal terms (see definition of ferred the term "sanctified." tention to the sevenfold gifts of the Seirit (Isaiah 11) 'Pentecostals" near the beginning of these foot­ 7. Indi6enous revivalist pentecostals. Be~n in 1783 and promoting a universal novena (9-day cycle of notes), or with other denominations that as a whole in [amaica (Native Baptists, Revival Zionists, Shout­ prayer) to the Holy Spirit before Pentecost Sunday are phenomenologically pentecostal in teaching and ers, Shakers, et alia), In 1860 in Trinidad and Tobago each year, which influenced millions of Roman Cath­ practice. Current practice in the U.S.A. is to analyze (West Indies Spiritual Baptist Churches, National olics. (2) Numerous Mormons (Latter-day Saints) in­ the phenomenon as basically an American one, and Evangelical Spiritual Baptist Church, National Spir­ cluding founder Joseph Smith and organizer Brigham as orie distinct from Neopentecostalism (the Charis­ itual Baptist Council of Churches), now in 400 de­ Young have practiced glossolalia (though not in­ matic Movement), and so to label the whole of de­ nominations in 80 countries across the world; this cluded here in the statistics of prepentecostals). (3) nominational Pentecostalism worldwide by the parallel earliest variety of denomination remains a general one Charismatic groupings in new movements of the 19th or synonymous term "Classical Pentecostalism". without the refinements of theology and practice later

126 International Bulletin of Missionary Research developed in the next 5 lines, nos. 8-12). Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (1913)and the in prayer groups within the Charismatic Movement 8. Indigenous holiness-pentecostals, In some 60 de­ Pentecostal Church (1916). In contrast to this empha­ in the older mainline denominations (sum of line nos. nominations, teaching 3-crisis experience (conver­ sis within denominational Pentecostalism, the Char­ 27-32). During the period 1906-1950, many thousands sion, sanctification, baptism in the Spirit); in 35 different ismatic Movement has remained explicitly trinitarian of mainline clergy and hundreds of thousands of laity countries. throughout. received the pentecostal experience and spoke in 9. Indigenous baptistic-pentecostals. In 70 denomi­ 18. Baptistic-Pentecostals. Mainline Classical Pente­ tongues, but many were ejected and later JOIned the nations, teaching 2-crisis experience (conversion, bap­ costals teaching "finished work" or 2-crisis expe­ Pentecostal denominations. By 1987 the Renewal had tism in the Spint); in 45 different countries. rience (conversion, baptism in the Spirit); in over 350 penetrated every one of the Christian world's 156 dis­ 10. Indigenous oneness-pentecostals. In 60 denom­ denominations in 180 countries. This category also tinct ecclesiastical confessions, traditions, and fami­ inations practicing baptism in name of Jesus only; the includes quasidenominational networks such as Full lies, with charismatics within every tradition. major such body with missions worldwide is the True Gospel Fellowship of Churches and Ministers Inter­ 27. Anglican charismatics. Anghcan pentecostals, Jesus Church (begun in China, 1917). The first such national (begun 1962; 425 churches). Scores of Pen­ begun 1907 with clergyman A. A. Boddy (Sunder­ new denomination, a schism from the (mainly White) tecostal denominations trace their origin to the 1906-9 land, England); then 'from 1918, due to the global Assemblies of God (U.S.A.), was the Pentecostal As­ Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, U.S.A., under influenza pandemic, numerous rrayer and healing semblies of the World (1916). These bodies are found Bishop W. J. Seymour et alia, at which thousands first groups in the Anglican church 0 NIgeria, inter alia; in 38 countries today. spoke in tongues; but the "finished work" teach­ then from 1925the Spirit Movement (Aladura), which 11. Indi$enous pentecostal-apostolics. In over 60 de­ ing (combining conversion with sanctification or was then expelled and seceded as today's African nominations in 18 countries; stress on complex hier­ "second blessing") of W. H. Durham in 1910 shifted indigenous churches (with total membership of 32 archy of living apostles, prophets, and other charismatic many Northern U.S.A. Pentecostals out of the Wes­ million, here enumerated in line nos. 5-6); subse­ officials. leyan 3-crisis teaching into the 2-crisis position now quently, numerous isolated clergy and grouEs in sev­ 12. Indigenous radical-pentecostals. In over 100 de­ known as Baptistic Pentecostalism. The first new de­ eral countries up to U.S. Episcopalian Agnes Sanford's liverance-pentecostal denominations (similar to, and nomination to hold this position was the Assemblies healing ministry from 1953, priests R. Winkler in 1956 defined as in, line no. 19), in at least 40 countries and of God, founded in 1914, which with its foreign mis­ and D. Bennett in 1959, Blessed Trinity Society (1961), expanding rapidly. Most of the mushrooming new sion work now in 118 countries is by far the lar~est and Church of England clergyman M. C. Harper in youth churches, hotel churches, theater churches, Pentecostal worldwide denomination. Its meticu­ 1962 (who then founded Fountain Trust in 1964); in cinema churches, store churches, and open-air churches lously kept annual statistics for each country form 18 countries b}' 1978, expanding to 95 countries by are in this category. Pentecostalism's most solid body of statistical data 1987 (with 850,000 active adherents in U.K. served by 13. Catholic Apostolics. 1832 schism (Irvingites) in and hence the main documentation for the Renewal's Anglican Renewal Ministries (ARM); 520,000 (18% of London ex-Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) stress­ phenomenal growth. This denomination's growth can all Episcopalians) in U.S.A. served by Episcopal Re­ ing Catholic features, hierarchy of hving apostles, be briefly summarized as follows: AoG (U.S.A.) home newal Ministries; with branches of ARM in other glossolalia, and that all the New Testament charis­ and overseas adherents (adult baptized persons usu­ countries also). Much of this expansion is due to a mata have now been restored; Old Apostolics: 1863 ally over 18 years), whom the AoG enumerates under unique structured international charismatic ministry formation of Universal Catholic Church (Germany), two heads: (a) "Baptized members," which refers body, SOMA (Sharing of Ministries Abroad), begun later renamed New Apostolic Church, emphasizing only to adults who have taken the further steJ? after 1979, which now covers 17 of the 31 Anglican Prov­ the gifts of the Holy Spirit including prophecy, tongues, baptism of formally joining a local church and SIgning inces worldwide and partially covers 9 more, working interpretation of tongues, miraculous healing, sac­ to its rules and conditions; and (b) "Other believ­ by 1987 in 50 countries. raments, hierarchy of 48living Apostles (1980: 1,600,000 ers," which refers to other baptized adults who have 28. Protestant charismatics. 1909 Lutheran prayer members worldwide). Total countries involved: 48. not yet taken this step, or do not intend to: these groups in state churches (Germany), 1918 charismat­ 14. Classical Pentecostals. As explained above, in this adherents have risen from 1,499,241(1960) to 3,800,965 ICS in African countries secede to form AICs (African global classification we define this as a blanket term (1970), to 5,833,977(1975), 10,562,541 (1980), 15,258,629 indigenous churches), 1931 Reformed groups related for those in 690 traditional Western-related denomi­ (1985) and to 16,376,818 (1986). Adding children and to 1946 Union de Priere (south of France), 1932 char­ nations which identify themselves as explicitly Pen­ teenagers, the total AoG world community in 1985 ismatic revival in Methodist Church (Southern Rho­ tecostal; almost all of White origin in U.S.A., but now was 43.7% larger at 21,930,500, increasing annually by desia) leading to massive AACJM schism, 1945 worldwide with adherents in all races, found in 200 6.2% (1,360,000), to 23,290,000 in 1986. Darmstadt Sisters of Mary (Germany), 1950 Dutch countries (sum of line nos. 15-19). U.S.A. Pentecostal 19. Radical-Pentecostals, Perfectionist-Pentecostals, Reformed Church (Netherlands); 1950origins of Prot­ spokespersons use a somewhat wider definition, which Free Pentecostals, Deliverance-Pentecostals, Reviv­ estant neopentecostals in U.S.A.; 1958 large-scale identifies "Classical Pentecostals" (a term that dates alist-Pentecostals, teaching 4-crisis experience includ­ neopentecostal movements in Brazil's Protestant from 1970) with all denominational Pentecostals in ing deliverance/ecstatic-confesslon/ascensionl churches (Renovacao): in 38 countries by 1978, and contrast to Neopentecostals (Charismatics); they perfectionism/{'rophecy; in over 40 denominations, in in 130by 1987. Some representative figures: East Ger­ therefore include under this term the major early Black over 30 countnes and rapidly expanding. many, 500,000 participants (7%of all members) in state pentecostal denominations in the U.S.A., notably the 20. Chinese house-church pentecostals. A strong tra­ Lutheran church. Church of God in Christ with its 3 million members dition beginning in 1906, widespread by 1955, ex­ 29. Orthodox charismatics. Contemporary succes­ today (which, however, we here classify under line panding rapidly throughout mainland China by 1982; sors of scores of charismatic movements within Rus­ nos. 6, 8). In essence, our procedure is saying that by 1985, almost 25% 01 all Protestants were ton~ues­ sian Orthodox Church dating from Spiritual Christians the whole phenomenon of denominational Pentecos­ speakers; estimates of the proportion of all Chinese (A.D.1650);also charismatics in Greek Orthodox Church talism/pentecostalism is best understood when class­ Christians who are phenomenologically pentecostalsl in Greece, and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches ified into the two subdivisions, (a) Black-originated charismatics range from 50% to 85%, in large numbers in U.S.A. (1967, Fr. A. Emmert, who by 1987 had pentecostalism and (b) White-originated Pentecostal­ and networks ofde-facto independent pentecostal or become a Melkite Catholic convert), Canada, Aus­ Ism. As the better-organized and better-articulated charismatic churches. tralia, Lebanon, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt, and form, cate (b) then better merits the appellation 21. Isolated radio pentecostals. Those in isolated re­ some 30 other countries. Agency: Service Committee "Classical'90ry Pentecostalism. gions with no denominations or churches, whose on­ for Orthodox Spiritual Renewal (SCOSR). A recent There has been a certain amount of blurred bound­ going corporate Christian life derives only from foreign significant development is the rapid spread of the aries and movement between Pentecostalism and the radio broadcasts (sum of line nos. 22-23). Brotherhood of Lovers of the Church, a charismatic Charismatic Movement. Thus in 1948 the Latter Rain 22. White pentecostal radio believers. Converts renewal within the Armenian Apostolic Church in the Revival (New Order of the Latter Rain) erupted among through Christian radio in 10 Communist countries. U.S.S.R. Despite these stirrings, Orthodox authorities classical Pentecostals in Saskatchewan, Canada, and 23. Non-White indigenous radio believers. Converts have generalfy harassed charismatics relentlessly, this spread rapidly to Europe, U.S.A., and across the world. through Christian radio in 65 countries closed to for­ hostility being due to the Orthodox assertion that they It emphasized laying on of hands with prophecy, and eign missions or overt evangelism. never lost the Spirit or the charismata. government by an order of living apostles; it began 24. Postpentecostals. Former members of Pentecostal 30. Catholic charismatics. Catholic pentecostals, in Global Missions Broadcast (over radio); but from 1965, denominations who have left to join nonpentecostal Roman Catholic Charismatic Renewal, begun with early it merged into the Charismatic Movement. denominations (due to marriage, family moves, job stirrings in third-world countries (Africa, Latin Amer­ 15. Holiness Pentecostals. Also known as Wesleyan transfers, upward mobility, new interests in liturgy ica), then definitively in 1966in U.S.A.; in 1987,60,000 Pentecostals, or Methodistic Pentecostals, this was and theology, et alia), but who have not renounced prayer groups in 140 countries worldwide (in U.S.A. the universal Pentecostal position until the 1910 their pentecostal experience, and who still identify 10,500 Enghsh, Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino, Hai­ Northern U.S.A. change (see note 18, below), and themselves as pentecostal. Example: postpentecostals tian, Hispanic, and several other language groups). still remains the major Southern U.S.A. position. It formerly members of the International Pentecostal Since 1978 there have been National Service Com­ is found today in 170 denominations worldwide, Holiness Church are nowadays estimated at 450,000 mittees in over 80 countries unitins Catholic charis­ teaching a 3-crisis experience (conversion, sanctifi­ in the U.5.A. which is three times IPHC's present matics as well as two streams of different emphasis cation, baptism in the Spirit). First claimed glossolalia membership of 150,000. in the U.S.A. and several other countries: (a) that manifestations: 1897 Fire-BaRtized Holiness Church, 25. SECOND WAVE: CHARISMATIC MOVE­ centered on Word of God Community (Servant Min­ 1896 Church of God (Cleveland), 1906 Pentecostal MENT. Charismatics (or, until recently, Neopente­ istries, University Christian Outreach, New Covenant Holiness Church. Total countries involved: 95. costals) are usually defined as those baptized or magazine, in Ann Arbor, Mich., with overseas com­ 16. Pentecostal Apostolics. The 1904 Welsh Revival renewed in the Spirit within the mainline nonpen­ munities and work in Belgium, Honduras, Hong Kong, under Evan Roberts, which is often regarded by Eu­ tecostal denominations, from its first mass stirrings India, Indonesia, Lebanon, NicaraSl!a, Northern Ire­ ropean writers as the origin of the worldwide Pen­ in 1918 in Africa on to the large-scale rise from 1950 land, Philippines, South Africa, Sn Lanka) with coh­ tecostal movement, prepared the way for British of the Charismatic Movement (initially also termed esive, authoritarian leadership, which originated Pentecostalism, especially Apostolic-~peteaching re­ Neopentecostalism to distinguish it from Classical ICCRO in Brussels, Belgium; and (b) that centered on sulting in 1908 in the Apostolic Faith Church (Bour­ Pentecostalism), who remain within their mainline People of Praise Community (South Bend, Ind.), IC­ nemouth), from which a schism in 1916 formed the nonpentecostal denominations; but the term also in­ CRO after its relocation in Vatican City in 1985, and Apostolic Church (HQ in Wales). Apostolics are now cludes recent schismatic or secessionist bodies and a wide international network of covenant communi­ found worldwide in 55 denominations, stressing com­ other independent churches, which since 1950 have ties, with a less authoritarian structure and leadership plex hierarchy of living apostles, {'roJ?hets, and other clearly arisen in the context of the Charismatic Move­ style. Priests. Since 1974some5% of U.S.A. priestshave charismatic officials. Total countries Involved: 35. ment (later called the Charismatic Renewal). The exact been active in the Renewal, with a further 5% now as 17. Oneness-Pentecostals, In 90 denominations in 57 definition used here is given above near the beginning postcharismatics. Priests are less involved than bish­ countries; termed by outsiders Unitarian Pentecostals of these footnotes. Note that many individuals and ops; foreign missionaries are more involved than home or Jesus-Only Pentecostals, but calling themselves groups in the mainline churches had already received clergy. Oneness-Pentecostals or Jesus Name 'Pentecostals: baptism in the Spirit without publicity for many years A fivefold statistical typology. With a mushrooming baptism in name of Jesus only; widely accepted ec­ before the usually quoted beginning dates of 1950, movement such as this it is essential to understand clesiasticallyas Evangelicals but theologically as modal 1959, 1962, 1967, etc. (This line's statistics are com­ the exact definition of each and every statistic that is monarchians; since f920 they have included 25% of all puted as the sum of line nos. 26, 33, 34, 37, 38.) generated, published or quoted. As the Charismatic Pentecostals in the U.S.A. The major denomination 26. Mainline charismatics (active). Active members Movement s best-documented membership data, is the United Pentecostal Church, a 1945 union of the regularly (weekly, or once a month or more) involved Catholic statistics each refer to one of the following

July 1988 127 five types or categories, (a) to (e). The first category 37. Messianic Jewish charismatics. Some 2% of all Jews as Fulness Movement (2,000 Southern Baptist pas- is the basic grassroots head count, which is of adults (350,000) are believers in Jesus Christ (Yeshua the tors). This movement is strongest in the U.S.A. be- only; the following four categories are then derived MashiachlMessiah), also known as Jewish Christians, cause Evangelicals there opposed the earlier from it. The first three categories refer to adults only Christian Jews, Hebrew Christians, or Messianic Jews Charismatic Movement in reaction against its em- (over 18 years old); the last two categories are de- (the latter being those who emphasize Jewish roots phasis on the miraculous, whereas a number of influ- mographic totals induding children and infants. These and rituals). Of the 1SO,OOOMessianicJews,75% (110,000) ential Evangelicals in Britain and Europe publicly last two are just as important because the whole Re- identify themselves as charismatic, particularly in the endorsed and supported charismatics as early as 1%5. newal is not a movement of isolated adults but is 53 churches of the Union of Messianic Jewish Con- 42. Third-Wave BlackINon-White Evangelicals. As largely a family movement in which children cannot gregations (U.S.A.); other charismatics are found in nos. 40-41, but rapidly spreading by 1987 among Af- be ignored, Britain (London Messianic Fellowship), France (Paris), rican, Asian, and Latin American Evangelicals; this (a) Weekly-attending Catholic charismatics. These are Italy, U.S.S.R. (aided by Finnish Lutheran Jewish mis- category includes many large, widely known or out- defined as those adults actually attending (involved sions broadcasts), Argentina, Israel (3,000, including standing third-world churches and congregations be- inlenrolled in/participating in) the Movement's offi- Beth Emmanuel, Tel Aviv). A smaller number of other longing to nonpentecostal denominations founded by dally recognized prayer meetin~ regularly every week. Jewish charismatics are found in Pentecostal denom- nonpentecostai or even antipentecostal mission boards These have been called the 'shock troops" of the inations (Assemblies of God with 37 centers in U.S.A., from Europe and North America. Among the most movement. Official membership was enumerated by International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, et prominent of such congregations are four from Korea: ICCRO in 1986 at 4 million weekly-participating adults alia), or in AnglicanlCatholiclProtestant chansmatic Sung Rak Baptist Church,Seoul (at 25,000 members worldwide (Latin America 2 million in 21 countries; groupings, so are classified here under line nos. 14, the largest SOuthern Baptist-related congregation in North America and Caribbean 1.2 million; Middle East, 27, 28, 30, et alia. the world until its secession in September 1987);Cen- Asia, and Oceania 400,000 in 26 countries; Europe 38. White independent charismatics. Independent tral Evangelical Holiness Church, Seoul (at 6,000 300,000 in 22 countries; Africa 100,000 in 29 countries). charismatic churches that either have separated from members the largest Holiness congregation in the (b) Active Catholic charismatics. Theseare defined as the charismatic renewal in parent mainline denomi- world); and the world's two largest Methodist con- adults attending the Movement's prayer meetings once nations (thus SO% of all Presbyterian charismatics in gregations, in Inchon and Seoul (25,000members each). a month or more, enumerated at 7 million worldwide U.S.A. are known to have left to join these new A.J.J of these congregations exhibit charismatic and in 1986 (including the 4 million in category (a) above). churches), or have recently been founded indepen- pentecostal phenomena. (c) Total inoolvetf Catholic charismatics. During its 20 dently (though from out of the same milieux), all being 43. Crypto-charismatics, Persons in other mainline years of existence, the renewal is known to have influ- either independent congregations or in loose net- confessions recently filled with the Spirit but not join- enced the lives of over 30 million adult Catholics who works, and all being mainly or predominantly of White ing either pentecostal denominations or the mainline have become baptized in the Spirit (fillures from IC- membership (Europeans, North Americans): espe- Charismatic Movement, nor linking up with Third- CRO et alia). This category clearly Includes those cially in house church movements in England (Res- Wave Evangelicals; including those who for reasons enumerated under categories (a) and (b) above. toration, and five other major groupings), Scotland, of family security in closed countries do not reveal To all these statistics of adults must now be added Norway, Sweden (many, including Rhema Fellow- their charismatic experience. their children and infants, to get demographic figures ship), Denmark, Hungary, Poland, France (several 44. Total all pentecostal/charismatic church mem- or family figures which can be directly and Iegiti- communities), Switzerland, Spain (Witnessing), bers. Sum of line nos. 3, 25, 39 (the Three Waves of mately compared with secular population figures, and Netherlands (many), New Zealand, South Afnca Renewal), plus no. 2; i.e., the sum of line nos. 2, 4, also with standard Catholic statistics of baptized Cath- (many, including International Fellowship of Char- 21, 24, 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 43. olics, which always include children and infants.Two ismatic Churches, with 300 churches, Hatfield Chris- 45. Total as % of world's church-member Christians. more categories result, as follows. (d) Active Catholic tian Centre [162 churches], etc.), Soviet UnionlU.S.S.R. Computed as line no. 44 divided by line no. 81, times charismatic total community. This is defined as monthly- (in Central Russia, Northern Russia, Ukraine, Baltic, 100. For columns 22-29, the figures are percentages attending adults plus their children and infants, Georgia, et alia), U.S.A. (60,000 recently formed of continentwide church-member Christians. The high enumerated in this table (in the statistics on line no. churches in several major groupings or networks, with figure for East Asia is due mainly to China and Korea. 30) at 10.1 million in 1988. Lastly, (e) Total Catholic some overlap: International Fellowship of Faith Min- 46. PROFESSING PENTECOSTALS/CHARISMAT- charismatic demographic community. This is defined as istries [2,000 churches], International Convention of ICS. All Christians who identify themselves or regard consisting of two distinct figures: (I) the 10.1 million Faith Churches and Ministries [495 churches; in Tulsa], themselves as, or profess to be, pentecostals or char- active community of category (d) above (line no. 30), Faith Christian Fellowship International [1,000 or- ismatics or quasi pentecostals or neocharismatics or plus (iI) 53.4 milfion Catholic postcharismatics (those dained ministers], MelodyIand Christian Center, Peo- crypto-charismatics or third-wavers. Irregular, or less active, or annually active, or formerly ple of Destiny, International Communion of 47. Pentecostals/charismatics unaffiliated to churches active, or inactive, or elsewhere active, defined and Charismatic Churches [former classical Pentecostals, or groups. Professing pentecostals/charismatics who enumerated here in line no. 36). Together these two very large, fastest growing network in 1988], Network do not, or do not yet, belong to pentecostal or char- constitute the total Catholic charismatic demographic of Christian Ministries [Latter Rain emphasis], Fel- ismatic or third-wave organized churches or groups community, amounting to SOmillion in 1985, increas- lowship of Christian Assemblies [101 churches], Mar- or communities or denominations. Large numbers be- ing to 63.5 million by 1988. antha Christian Churches [57 churches], Fellowship come pentecostals/charismatics in personal experi- 31. Old Catholic charismatics. Mainly within Old of Covenant Ministers & Churches [250 churches], ence several weeks, months, or even years before they Catholic Churches in Netherlands, U.S.A., and 10 Association of Vineyard Churches [200 churches, find a church or group and get enrolled and therefore other countries. At its origin in the Netherlands in founder John Wimber; note that he and the churches enumerated. They can be estimated, as here, by care- the 1723 Schism of Utrecht, the Jansenist Church (later regard themselves as third-wavers rather than char- ful comparison of those professing with those affili- Old Catholic Church) specifically embraced "signs ismatics, though most observers hold the reverse is ated (enrolled). and wonders" (miracles, healings, supernatural signs, truer], National Leadership Conference, Charismatic 48. Total all professing pentecostals/charismatics. Sum spiritual gifts). Bible Ministries [1,500 ministers], Word Churches of line nos. 44, 47. 32. Black charismatics. Black neopentecostals within [Word of Faith Movement], Calvary Ministries Inter- 49. Total as %of whole world's Christians.Computed U.S.A. Black Baptist and Methodist denominations in national [200 churches], Local Covenant Churches as line no. 48 divided by line no. 80, times 100. around 20 countries, who identify themselves with [Shepherding], Rhema Ministerial Association [525 SO. CHURCHES, CONGREGATIONS AND HOUSE the Charismatic Movement. churches], lnternational Ministers Forum [500 GROUPS. All distinct organized local congregations, 33. Radio/television charismatics. Those whose wor- churches], Full Gospel Chaplaincy [1.5 million inde- worship centers, parishes, fellowships, or groupings ship life is centered only on radiolTV Pentecostal or pendent charismatics], Christ for the Nations [600 of all kinds, which are explicitly identified WIth or charismatic preachers and is unrelated to the numer- churches], Abundant Life Community Churches [25 attached to the Renewal. Megachurches. A majority of ous local churches and charismatic fellowshir.s nearby. churches], et alia). There are similar movements, re- the 50 or so largest megachurches (the world's largest 34. Mainline postcharismatics. Self-identified char- lated and unrelated, in over 40 other countries also. single congregations, each with over 50,000 members) ismatics within mainline nonpentecostal denomina- 39. THIRD WAVE: MAINSTREAM CHURCH RE- are pentecostal/charismatic. The largest Protestant tions who are no longer regularly active in the NEWAL. These terms describe a completely new wave church is Full Gospel Central Church, Seoul, Korea, Charismatic Movement but have moved into other of the 20th-century Renewal in the Holy Spirit gath- with 600,000 members by 1988. spheres of witness and service in their churches (sum ering momentum in the 1980s with no direct affiliation 55. Classical Pentecostal churches. Largest group- of line nos. 35-36). A detailed explanation of this phe- to either Pentecostalism or the Charismatic Move- ing. Assemblies of God (U.S.A. and overseas): churches nomenon is given above in line no. 30. ment. Participants belong to mainline nonpentecostal excluding outstations (1985)77,976, (1986)92,355(15.6% 35. Protestant postcharismatics. Charismatics for- denominations (Evangelical and others); see exact def- per year increase). merly active in Renewal, now inactive but in wider inition near beginning of these footnotes (mainstream 61. Total all pentecostal/charismatic churches/groups. ministries; these inactive persons are much fewer than = "the middle of a stream, where the current is Totals of the ten distinct categories shown in the table inactive Catholics because of the more developed strongest"). (This line's statistics are computed as the as the sum of line nos. 52-60. teaching, pastoral care, and ministry opportumties sum of line nos. 40, 43; which is the sum of line nos. 62. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC FINANCE offered by the 20 or so organized denormnational re- 41,42, 43.) Note that large numbers of phenomeno- AND GIVING (in U.S. $, per year). Defined as in newal fellowships in the U.S.A. and their counter- logical charismatics (in Korea, East Germany, Poland, article "Silver and Gold Have I None," in Inter- parts in Europe. An indication of the rapid turnover et alia) do not identify themselves as either pente- national Bulletin of Missionary Research (October 1983), In membership is the fact that 25% of the 12,000 atten- costal or charismatic, and instead exhibit a marked p. ISO. ders at the Lutheran ILCOHS annual charismatic con- rejection of pentecostal terminology. 70. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC AGENCIES ferences in Minneapolis (U.S.A.) are first-timers, which 40. Mainstream third-wavers. Persons in mainline AND INSTITUTIONS. Defined as in WCE (1982)pp. implies an average 4-year turnover. non pentecostal denominations, recently filled with or 93-95, 830, 844. 36. Catholic postcharismatics. Charismatics formerly empowered with the Spirit but usually nonglossolalic, 71. Service agencies. National, countrywide, re- active in Renewal (for average turnover pt;riod of 2 who do not identifx themselves with the terms gional or international bodies, parachurch organiza- to 3 years of active involvement in officially recog- "pentecostal" or 'charismatic." Because they tions and agencies which assist or serve the churches nized Catholic charismatic prayer group,s), now In demonstrate the charismata and the phenomena of but are not themselves denominations or church- wider ministries; inaccurately called 'graduates" pentecostalism, they are also being termed (by out- planting mission bodies.(Defined in WCE p. 95, with or "alumni" of Renewal; in the U.S.A., these con- side observers) "quasicharisrnatics" or "neo- listing of 61 categories in Part 13.) Among the most sist of 9 million inactive in addition to the 700,000 charismatics" (sum of line nos. 41-42). significant categories are (a) Pentecostal agencies active adults or 1 million weekly-active or 2 million 41. Third-Wave White Evangelicals. As no. 40; main- (missions, evangelism, publishing, etc.), (b) denom- monthly-active Catholic charismatic community in- line Evangelicals (U.S.A., U.K.) who have recently inational charismatic agencies: Anglican Renewal cluding children. Added to active persons (line no. begun to demonstrate gifts of the Spirit (with tongues Ministries (U.K.), Eriscopal Renewal Ministries 30) this means that in 1985 Catholic charismatics in many instances) but who do not join the First Wave (U.S.A.),lnternationa Catholic Charismatic Renewal worldwide numbered SOmillion (5.8% of the entire (pentecostals) or Second Wave (charismatics), nor Office (Vatican City), National Service Committees for Roman Catholic Church, rising to over 9% by A. D. 2(00). identify with them, and instead describe their move- the Catholic Chansmatic Renewals (in over 80 coun- A detailed explanation is given in line no. 30. A num- ment as the Third Wave; many unorganized indi- tries), and 100 more such bodies, (c) global mission ber of Catholic theologians hold that Spirit baptism viduals, but also increasingly organized intraden- agencies: SOMA, Advance, AIMS (with 75 member is as irreversible as water baptism. ominational bodies with their own periodicals such mission agencies) and other missionary bodies serv-

128 International Bulletin of Missionary Research ing the Cha rismatic Movement , and (d) Third-World evangelists, missionaries, executives, administrators, Table 4 in World Christian Encyclopedia (1982), p . 6, mission agencies: over 300 locally organized an d sup­ bish ops, mod erators, churc h leaders, et alia. (Defined updated in Barrett, "Status of Global Mission, 1988," ported cha rismatic sending bodies. One of the fastest­ as in WCE, pp . 94-95.) International Bulletin of Missionary Research (january growing varieties of renewal age ncy is TV prod uction 75. Nationals (pastors, clergy, evangelists, et alia). 1988), p. 17, line 9. organizations, numberi ng over 500 by 1987. Some representative statistics: (1) Pentecostalism. As­ 81. Affiliated church members. Person s (adults and 72. Institutions. Major pentecostal/charismatic church­ semblies of God (U.S.A. and ove rseas) crede ntialed children) on the rolls of the churches and so of or­ operated or -related institution s of all kinds , i.e., fixed ministers 111,788 (1985), 121,425 (1986), ann ua l in­ ganized Christianity, as defined in "Statu s of Global centers with pre mises, plant, and perm an ent staff, crease 8% per year. (2) Charismatic Movement. Percent­ Mission , 1988," p. 17, line 21. excluding church buildings, worshi p centers, church age of charismatics <. mong clergy (some representative 82. WORLD EVANGELIZATION. This last section headquarters or offices; including high school s, col­ figures): (Eas t Ge rmany) Bund der Evangelisc he is added becau se it has always been the focus and leges, uni versities, medical centers, hospit als, clinics, Kirchen in der D.D.R. (state Luth eran church): 500 goal of the movem ent as a whol e. presses, booksh op s, libraries, radio/TV' stations and pastors (10% ofallclergy) are charismatics. (U.K.)Chu rch 83. Unevangelized populations. Total person s in the studios, conference cen ters, stud y centers, resea rch of England:25% of all 17,000 clergy. (U.S.A.) Episcopal world wh o have never heard the nam e of Jesu s Christ centers , seminaries, religious communities (monas­ Church in the U.S.A.: 21% of 14,111 clergy are in­ and rem ain unaware of Chr istianity, Chri st, and the teries, abbeys, convents, houses), etc. (Defined in WCE volved, and 64% receive ERM period icals. Luth eran gos pel. pp . 93--94.) Many of these hav e been origina ted by Church Missouri Synod: 400 out of 6,000 clergy are 84. Unevangelized as % of world. Line no . 83 divided Pent ecostal bodi es, and a growing nu mber by main­ cha rismatic; several clergy have been unfrocked since by world population, times 100. line cha rismatics. But in countries where new initia­ 1970. Many ecumenical and evange lical parachurch 85. Unreached peoples with no churches at all. Eth­ tives are prohi bited or repressed (e.g., East Germany, age ncies have 20-60%cha rismaticson staff.ln the 2,000 nolinguistic peoples among wh om no churches of any Poland), thousands of traditio nally Christian insti­ or so Pent ecostal age ncies, virtua lly all staff are Pen­ kind have yet been organized or begun. tutions have been infiltrated and virtually taken over tecostal. 86. Unevangelized non-Christian or anti-Christian by charismatics. Charismatic covenant communities. Since 76. Aliens: foreign missionaries. These include Pen­ megacities. Cities of over 1 million population that 1958 (Community of Jesus, Cape Cod, Mass., now tecostals, and the following varieties of charismatic s are predominantly Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Marx­ with 900 members) and 1965 (Episcopal Church of the (renewed in the Spirit): (1985) 25% of all Ang lican for­ ist, or of other non- Christian persuasion. Anti-Chris­ Redeemer, Hou ston , Tex.), reside ntial communities eign missionaries, 20% ofallRCs, 40% ofallProtestant s tian ci ties ar e th ose that ar e actively hostile to committed to intentiona l corpo rate charismatic life, (60% ofW EC, 42% of ABCIM, etc.); by A . D . 2000, these Christianity, evangelism, mission , and missionaries. service and mission, mainly ecumenical or interd e­ figures are likely to have increased at least to 50% of 87. Une vangelized persons to each pentecostal/char­ nomin ational, with married couples an d families as Anglican s, 25% of RCs, 50% of Prot estants, and 90% of ismatic. Computed as line no. 83 divided by no . 48. well as celibates, have arisen in 50 countries across third-world missionaries. (See definitions of foreign 88. World evangelization global plans since A.D . 30. the world (see list of Catholic-origina ted communi­ missionaries in WCE, pp. 92-93.) Grand total of all distin ct plan s and prop osals for ties, in note under line no. 30). Size varies from under 77. Aliens: short-termers. Defined as full-time work­ accomplishing world evangelizati on made by Chris­ 20 persons each to 4,000 (Emmanuel Community, Paris, ers, missionaries, volunteers, or others who go abroad tian s since A. D. 30. Most of these are each de scribed France, begun 1972). Total communities in 1987: some for less than a two -year period (us ua lly one year or in D. B. Barrett, Cosmos, Chaos, and Gospel: A Chro­ 2,000, with over quart er of a million memb ers. A very thereabou ts). nology of World Evangelization from Creation to New Cre­ detailed survey IS given by P. Hocken , "The Sig­ 78. Total all pentecostal/charismatic full-time work­ ation (Birmingham, Ala.: New Hope , 1987). All 770 nificance of Charismatic Communities," in P. Elbert, ers. Sum of line nos. 75, 76, 77. are listed , enumerated, des cribed, anal yzed, and in­ ed ., Charismatic Renewal in the Churches (forth comin g). 79. WORLD CHRISTIANITY. The following two lines terpreted in D. B. Barrett and J. W. Reapsome, Seven 73. Total all parachurch/service agencies and insti­ supply the context of the world total of all Christians . Hundred Plans to Evangelize the World: The Rise of a tutions. Sum of line nos. 71-72. 80. Christians (all varieties> .Tota l all Christians , i.e., Global Evangelization Movement (New Hope, 1988). 74. PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC WORKERS. professing Christians plu s crvpto-Chris tians (or affil­ Full-time church workers, pastors, clergy, min isters, iated Chnstian s plus nominal Christians) . See Global

'~ better vehicle for forcing us to confront fundamental questions of national meaning could hardly be devised!' -John H. Mansfield, Harvard Law School THE UNEASY ALLIANCE RELIGION, REFUGEE WORK, AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY J. BRUCE NICHOLS With the plight of refugees around the world growing more desperate each year, American religious organizations must confront an increasingly complex relation­ ship with the U.S.government.Inthisgroundbreaking book,J. Bruce Nichols uncov­ ers some disturbing facts and trends to show that the traditional separation of church and state is noteasily applied to the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. "Whatever the ambiguities in the Americanpeople'sdesire to be a 'goodpeo­ ple; theirs is an admirable and abiding desire to respond to human suffering beyond our borders. BruceNichols' probingworkshowshowthe churches,vol­ untary associations, and the government can workto make that responsebet­ ter for the peoplewhom wemighthelp;' -RichardJohnNeuhaus, Center on Religion & Society

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July 1988 129