View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository EARLY ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM, GARFIELD THOMAS HAYWOOD, AND THE INTERRACIAL PENTECOSTAL ASSEMBLIES OF THE WORLD (1906-1931) by Talmadge Leon French A Thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Theology, and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham Birmingham, England February 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis examines Oneness Pentecostalism from 1914 to 1931 via its initial interracial vision, the ministry of Garfield Thomas Haywood, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. It attempts to rectify a one dimensional historical perspective which has ignored the significance of race in the restorative framework of the early movement, tracing its interracial fervor to the Azusa revival and its resistance to the Parham influenced U.S. south. Fresh historical detail informs assessment of the 1906 Azusa mission founding of the interracial PAW and Oneness Pentecostalism’s most obscure, yet vital early leaders, J. J. Frazee and E. W. Doak. All key leaders are studied from the perspective of the movement’s major centers, especially the centrality and history of Haywood and Indianapolis as its foremost epicenter. Its interracial authenticity is examined in relationship to its pre-Oneness PAW context, the battle for the Assemblies of God, and the transition of the PAW from Trinitarian to Oneness Pentecostalism. Investigation of the 1924 PAW racial schism, impact, and withdrawing White segment reveals diffusion and the proliferation of separatism and independency. The final analysis summarizes the movement’s region by region development and global spread by 1930 and examines the successes of early Oneness Pentecostal missionaries. Dedication To the life and ministry of Stuart Greene Norris (1901-1990) & Jessie Dunn Norris (1901-1994) Pastor & Pastor’s Wife Midway Tabernacle/ Apostolic Bible Church St. Paul, Minnesota 1934 – 1990 Founders Apostolic Bible Institute St. Paul, Minnesota 1937 Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to so many who have helped make possible the research goals of this doctoral thesis, but above everyone else, Rebecca Lynn French, my cherished wife, deserves the highest accolades for believing in me and supporting me in these years of study. Special thanks go to my son Ryan Anthony and his wife Rachel Rene, their truly treasured Julia Lynn and Talmadge Joseph, my son Jonathan Austin and his wife Vera, and my son Nathan Andrew for their personal sacrifices which have made this venture feasible. And I owe a great deal of thanks to my parents by marriage, O’Neil and Jenean Smith, my sweet mom, Christine Leona Grant, and precious parents Alvin and Betty French. I want to pay a very special tribute, too, to the memory of my precious grandmother Ida French without whose spiritual blessing I would have been a most desolate soul indeed. I hasten to acknowledge that none of this work would have materialized without the excellent tutelage of Allan H. Anderson, my supervisor at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England. I certainly owe him a tremendous debt of gratitude and appreciate his able assistance and support more than I can say. Others, too, through the course of these months of study have proven to be indispensible inspirations along the way, including the more recent scholarship and leadership of Mark Cartledge, also at the University of Birmingham, as well as the continued insight derived from previous guidance and ongoing scholarship of Edith L. Blumhofer and J. Julius Scott at Wheaton College and Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois. Topping the list of those to whom I feel most indebted for both friendship and support is preacher par excellence O. C. Marler and his dear wife, Joan. Old lions and brave hearts have oft with skilled wisdom and the faith of Christ moved mountains. Such, indeed, are the inspirations received also in the years past from the ministries of C. E. Sturch, Raymond Roach, S. G. & Jessie Norris, Robert A. Sabin, Glenn L. Cox, and most recently the encouragement and support of Wayne and Patsy Huntley. I especially revere the support and encouragement received through the years from the incomparable Nathaniel A. Urshan. The awesome and memorable love and support of the members of the First Pentecostal Church of Wheaton, Illinois can never be forgotten. And the financial and spiritual backing of Calvary Tabernacle and the many students of Indian Bible College, Indianapolis, Indiana, and pastor and president, Paul D. Mooney means the world to me. And the same heartfelt appreciation goes to the Rock Church and Apostolic School of Theology, Sacramento, California, and the pastor and president, Nathaniel J. Wilson. Also, special thanks are due my secretary during my years at Indiana Bible College, Jennifer Mast. And along the way quite a number of folks went out of their way to assist me in whatever way possible and I sincerely want to thank them at this time. These include, though not exclusively, Alexander Stewart, Sherry Sherrod DuPree, David Bundy, Wayne Warner, J. L. Hall, David Reed, Darrin Rodgers, RaNae Vaughn, Gary Garrett, Phillip Dugas, Larry Booker, Harry Scism, Samuel Smith, and Marlon Millner. Talmadge L. French, February 2011, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA iv Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Definitions and Parameters ......................................................................................1 1.1.1 Difficulties Inherent to Pentecostal Definition .....................................................3 1.1.2 A Consideration of Theological Parameters .........................................................6 1.2 Definition in Context – Restorationism ...................................................................9 1.3 Garfield Thomas Haywood ....................................................................................11 1.3.1 Haywood, Indianapolis, and Interracial Pentecostalism .....................................13 1.3.2 Haywood’s Impact on Black Oneness Pentecostalism .......................................16 1.4 Research Sources and Limitations .........................................................................18 1.5 Historiography of Oneness Pentecostalism ...........................................................22 1.6 Conclusion – Scope and Sequence ........................................................................31 CHAPTER TWO G. T. Haywood & the Black Roots of Pentecostalism (1850-1905) 2.1 Racial Implications of Parham’s Views .................................................................36 2.1.1 Spirit Baptism and the Pre-Azusa Street Revival Tongues Movement ..............37 2.1.2 Parham’s Impact on the Southwest States Region ..............................................40 2.2 Early Pentecostal Origins and Oneness Motifs ......................................................46 2.3 The Black Roots of Early Pentecostalism ..............................................................49 2.4. Profile of the Black Experience – Haywood Slave Origins ..................................56 2.4.1 The Southern Black Experience – Raleigh, North Carolina ...............................60 2.4.2 Emancipation – Reality and Symbol...................................................................64 2.5 Haywood in the Late 19th Century U. S. Midwestern Context ..............................67 2.5.1 Indianapolis and the Black Experience ...............................................................70 v 2.5.2 Reflections of the Black Experience in Black Publishing ..................................72 2.6 Haywood’s Racial Voice as a Black Newspaper Illustrator ..................................75 2.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................79 CHAPTER THREE The Impact of the Azusa Street Revival in Early Oneness Pentecostalism (1906-1911) 3.1 The Emergence & Interracial Impact of the Azusa Street Revival ........................82 3.2 Influences and Precursors to Oneness Theological Ideology ................................88 3.2.1 Name Theology in Early Pentecostalism ............................................................89 3.2.2 Key Oneness Leadership Impacted by Azusa Street ..........................................92 3.3 The Los Angeles-based Pentecostal Assemblies of the World ..............................99 3.3.1 The 1906 Founding of the PAW .......................................................................100 3.3.2 Early Pre-Oneness Leadership of the PAW ......................................................102 3.4 The Revival in the Context of the Racial Complexity of Indianapolis