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Factors Influencing Conflict Resolution in Kenya: a Case of Baragoi Sub County of Samburu County

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Factors Influencing Conflict Resolution in Kenya: a Case of Baragoi Sub County of Samburu County FACTORS INFLUENCING CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN KENYA: A CASE OF BARAGOI SUB COUNTY OF SAMBURU COUNTY DUNCAN LENAIROSHI A research report Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of a Degree of Master of Arts in Project Planning and Management UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this research report is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in this or any other university. Information obtained from other sources has been properly acknowledged. Duncan Lenairoshi Sign _______________________ Date ___________________ Reg. No. L50/60936/2013 This research report has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. Dr. Peter Keiyoro Sign _________________________ Date __________________ Senior Lecturer Department of Educational Studies School of Continuing and Distance Education University of Nairobi Ms. Josephine Ngunjiri Sign__________________________ Date _______________ Lecturer Department of Extra-Mural Studies School of Continuing and Distance Education University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mum Hellen Lenguris and Dad Ronald Lenairoshi who inculcated in me the desire and strength to scale the heights of education to the best I could. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to all persons who assisted me in various ways and saw me through my studies. First, I am grateful to God for His immeasurable love and closest friendship. Without his divine support, I would not have made it through my Research. My immeasurable gratitude goes to my two supervisors: Dr. Peter Keiyoro and Ms Ngunjiri Josephine who diligently scrutinized and constructively criticized this work. Special thanks to Mr. Simon Lelesit upon whose permission as my Principal at Uaso Boys I was able to commence and complete my course. I say a big thank you to my Mum Mrs. Hellen Lenguris and Dad Mr. Ronald Lenairoshi for their selfless support and love. Special thanks to Ms. Maria Ntarangwe, a special friend whose presence helped me keep the fire of carrying out this study burning. I am grateful to my brothers and sisiters, Ken Lemal and his family, Sebastian Lenairoshi, Steve Loibarbar, Samidy Lenairoshi and Winnie Naeku for their moral support. I am also grateful to Lucas Lembara, Franca Lembara and Leila Lenguris for the support they have given. I am further indebted to my friends, Beatrice Lenakio, Bonny Lelesit, Alii Njoroge, Robert Wesonga and Ouma Melchi for their invaluable support. The list is endless. Thanks to all who supported me in any way. God bless you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION ..............................................................x ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.1.1 Historical perspective of conflicts in Samburu County 2 1.2 Statement of the problem........................................................................................... 3 1.3 Purpose of the study. 5 1.4 Research objectives 5 1.5 Research Questions 5 1.6 Significance of the study 5 1.7 Delimitation of the Study 6 1.8 Limitations of the study 6 1.9 Basic Assumptions of the Study 7 1.10 Definitions of significance Terms 7 1.11 Organization of the Study 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of Conflicts in Kenya 9 2.3 Influence of structural violence on Conflict resolution 11 2.4 Influence of cattle rustling on Conflict resolution 14 2.5 Influence of communication on Conflict resolution 15 2.6 Influence of political ideologies of local politicians on Conflict resolution 18 2.7 Influence of peace building initiatives on Conflict resolution 19 2.8 Theoretical frame work 21 v 2.9 Conceptual frame work 24 2.10 Summary of review of related literature 26 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2. Research design 27 3.3 Study Area 28 3.4 Target population 28 3.5 Sampling procedure 29 3.6 Sample size 31 3.7 Data collection 32 3.8 Validity of research instruments 33 3.9 Reliability of Research Instruments. 33 3.10 Data Analysis procedure and presentation 34 3.11 Ethical Observation in Research 36 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 38 4.1 Introduction 38 4.2 Response Rate 38 4.3 Demographic Characteristics of Key Respondents 39 4.3.1 Gender composition of the respondents 40 4.3.2 Category of the respondents 40 4.3.3 Age of the Respondents 41 4.3.4 Education Level of the respondents 41 4.3.5 Working Experience of the respondents 42 4.3.6 Birth place of the respondents 43 4.3.7Government‘s role on conflict resolution 43 4.3.8 Effectiveness of Peace initiatives 44 4.4 Factors influencing Conflict resolution 44 4.4.1 Influence of Structural Violence on conflict resolution 44 4.4.2 Influence of Cattle Rustling on conflict resolution 45 4.4.3 Influence of Communication on conflict resolution 46 4.4.4 Political influence on conflict resolution 47 4.4.5 Whether the government is committed to solving conflict 47 4.4.6 Effectiveness of Peace initiatives on conflict resolution 48 4.5 Other factors influencing Conflict resolution in Baragoi from Questionnaires 49 vi 4.5.1 Influence of tribalism on conflict resolution 51 4.5.2 Influence of Culture on resolution 51 4.5.3 Influence of natural calamities on conflict resolution 52 4.5.4 Influence of Illiteracy on conflict resolution 53 4.6 Findings from the interview and Focus group discussion 53 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.56 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Summary of the Research Findings 56 5.3 Main Findings of the Research Findings 57 5.4 Discussion of the Study 57 5.4.1 Influence of Structural violence on conflict resolutions 57 5.4.2 Influence of cattle rustling on conflict resolution 58 5.4.3 Influence of communication on conflict resolution 58 5.4.4 Influence of local politicians on conflict resolution 59 5.4.5 Influence of peace building on conflict resolution 59 5.4.6 Other factors influencing conflict resolution 59 5.5 Conclusion of the study 60 5.6 Recommendations of the study 60 5.7 Suggestions for further Research 61 REFERENCE 63 APPENDIX 1: TRANSMITTAL LETTER 70 APPENDIX II: ASSENT FOR LOCALS TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH 71 APPENDIX III: CONSENT TO PARTICPATE IN RESEARCH 72 APPENDIX.IV: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR KEY INFORMANTS 73 APPENDIX V: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) FOR VILLAGERS 76 APPENDIX VI: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR PEACE COMMITTEE OFFICIAL 82 APPENDIX VII: KREJCIE VS. MORGAN POPULATION 86 APPENDIX VIII: STASTISTICAL APPENDICES 87 APPENDIX IX ATTACHED CHI SQUARE TABLE 88 APPENDIX X SSPS INPUT TABLE 89 APPENDIX XI: RESESARCH PERMIT 91 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Conceptual framework 25 Figure 2 A diagram of convergent model............................................................................35 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Village size distribution of sample community in the study area 30 Table 3.2 Sampling Matrix 31 Table 3.3 Sample Size 32 Table 3.4 Operational definition of Variable 37 Table 4.1 Return Rate of the Whole project 38 Table 4.2 Return Rate 39 Table 4.3Gender composition 40 Table 4.4 Category of the respondent 40 Table 4.5 Age of the respondents 41 Table 4.6 Education level 42 Table 4.7 Working Experience 42 Table 4.8 Birth place of the respondent 43 Table 4.9 whether the government is doing enough to resolve conflict 43 Table4.10 Effectiveness of peace initiative 44 Table 4.11 influence of structural violence 45 Table 4.12 influence of cattle rustling 45 Table 4.13 influence of communication 46 Table 4.14 Influence of Politicians 47 Table 4.15 County government commitment 47 Table 4.16 influence of Peace initiatives 49 Table 4.17 Descriptive statistics 50 Table 4.18 Chi Square 50 Table 4.19 influence of Tribalism 51 Table 4.20 influence of culture 52 Table 4.21 influence of natural calamities 52 Table 4.22 influence of illiteracy level 53 ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACTED - Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ASAL - Arid and Semi-Arid Lands CEWARN - Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism DPDC - District peace and Development Committee CJPC - Catholic justice and peace committee EAPCCO - Eastern Africa police Chiefs Cooperation Organization GHA - Great Horn of Africa ICEF - International Children's Emergency Fund ICRC - International Committee of Red Cross ICT - Information and Communication Technology IDPs - Internally Displaced Persons ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute IMC - International Medical Corps KIHBS - Kenya Integrated Household Budget KIRA - Kenya Inter-Agency Rapid Assessment KNBS - Kenya National Bureau of Standard KPR - Kenya Police Reservist MDG - Millennium development goal NGO - Non Governmental Organization ODI - Overseas Development Institute SEDF - Samburu East Development Forum SDPDC
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