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Northstar Project Final Environmental BEAUFORT SEA OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT/ NORTHSTAR PROJECT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Volume I: Cover Sheet Executive Summary Volume II: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 2.0 Traditional Knowledge Chapter 3.0 Oil and Gas Development/Production Options for the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Chapter 4.0 Northstar Unit Development/Production Alternatives Volume III: Chapter 5.0 Affected Physical Environment and Impacts Chapter 6.0 Affected Biological Environment and Impacts Chapter 7.0 Affected Human Environment and Impacts Volume IV: Chapter 8.0 Effects of Oil on the Physical, Biological, and Human Environments Chapter 9.0 Effects of Noise on the Biological and Human Environments Chapter 10.0 Cumulative Effects Chapter 11.0 Comparison of Project Alternatives and Their Impacts Chapter 12.0 List of Preparers Chapter 13.0 Consultation and Coordination Glossary Index Appendix A: Appendix A Final Project Description Appendices B Through K: Appendix B Biological Assessment Appendix C Updated Mailing List Appendix D Northstar Unit Lease Stipulation Summaries and Applicable Alaska Regulations Appendix E Technical Appendices Appendix F Draft National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Appendix G National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Fact Sheet Appendix H Ocean Discharge Criteria Evaluation Appendix I Section 103 Evaluation Appendix J Draft Underground Injection Control Permit Appendix K Public Comments Received on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Appendix K (Continued) Through P Appendix K Public Comments Received on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Appendix L Response to Public Comments Appendix M Biological Opinions Appendix N Final Underground Injection Control Permit Appendix O Preliminary Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Appendix P Reports of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BSOGD/NP EIS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAC Alaska Administrative Code ACMP Alaska Coastal Management Program ACS Alaska Clean Seas A.D. Anno Domini ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation ADL Alaska Division of Lands ADNR Alaska Department of Natural Resources AEWC Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission ANCSA Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ARCO Atlantic Richfield Company (or ARCO Alaska, Inc., a subsidiary) ARRC Alaska Railroad Corporation AS Alaska Statute BACT Best Available Control Technology barrels/day barrels per day BLM Bureau of Land Management (USDOI) B.P. Before Present BPXA BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. Btu/hr British thermal units per hour °C degrees Celsius CAA Clean Air Act CAH Central Arctic Herd (Caribou) CCP Central Compressor Plant CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations cfs cubic feet per second CIDS Concrete Island Drilling Structure cm centimeter(s) CMP Coastal Management Plan CO carbon monoxide COFR Certificate of Financial Responsibility Corps U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska CRI Caisson Retained Island dB decibel(s) dBA A-weighted sound level DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DEW Distant Early Warning (Line) EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act °F degrees Fahrenheit FEBRUARY 1999 FINAL EIS 17298-027-220 ACRONYMS.1A BSOGD/NP LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement FR Federal Register ft foot, feet ft3 cubic feet ft/yr feet per year GCM Global Climate Model gpd gallons per day Hz Hertz INTEC INTEC Engineering, Inc. IWC International Whaling Commission kHz kilohertz km kilometer(s) km/hour kilometers per hour km2 square kilometer(s) liters/day liters per day LMRs land management regulations m meter(s) m3 cubic meter(s) m/yr meters per year m3/s cubic meter(s) per second mg/L milligrams per liter MLLW mean lower low water mm millimeter(s) MMS Minerals Management Service (USDOI) mph miles per hour NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service (USDOC) NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USDOC) NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPRA National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska (formerly Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4) NSB North Slope Borough NTU nephelometric turbidity units NWI National Wetlands Inventory OCS Outer Continental Shelf ODCE Ocean Discharge Criteria Evaluation ODPCP Oil Discharge prevention and Contingency Plan % percent pH potential of Hydrogen (measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance) PM1 Point McIntyre No. 1 PM10 particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter FINAL EIS FEBRUARY 1999 ACRONYMS.1A 17298-027-220 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BSOGD/NP EIS PM2 Point McIntyre No. 2 PPA Pressure Point Analysis ppm parts per million ppt parts per thousand Put 23 Put 23 Oxbow PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration ROD Record of Decision s second SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition sec second SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer (or Office) SO2 sulfur dioxide SPCC Spill Prevention Containment, and Countermeasure (Plan) SPL sound pressure level SPO State Pipeline Office SSDC Single Steel Drilling Caisson STP seawater treatment plant TAPS Trans Alaska Pipeline System TOC total organic carbon tpy tons per year μg-at/L microgram atoms per liter UIC Underground Injection Control (Permit) μPa microPascal USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce USDOI U.S. Department of the Interior USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USDOI) VOCs volatile organic compounds VSMs vertical support members yd3 cubic yard(s) FEBRUARY 1999 FINAL EIS 17298-027-220 ACRONYMS.1A BSOGD/NP LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FINAL EIS FEBRUARY 1999 ACRONYMS.1A 17298-027-220 CHAPTER 5.0 AFFECTED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPACTS BSOGD/NP EIS CHAPTER 5 - AFFECTED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPACTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5.0 AFFECTED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPACTS Section Title Page 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5.2 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 5-3 5.2.1 Geology and Hydrology 5-3 5.2.1.1 Geology 5-4 5.2.1.2 Hydrology 5-4 5.2.2 Meteorology and Air Quality 5-4 5.2.2.1 Weather 5-4 5.2.2.2 Air Pollution 5-5 5.2.3 Physical Oceanography and Marine Water Quality 5-6 5.2.3.1 Water Levels 5-6 5.2.3.2 Currents 5-6 5.2.4 Sea Ice 5-7 5.2.4.1 Ice Formation and Zonation 5-8 5.2.4.2 Ice Season 5-8 5.2.4.3 Ice Movement 5-9 5.2.4.4 Ice Pile-Up and Ride-Up 5-12 5.2.5 References5-14 5.3 GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY 5-18 5.3.1 Affected Environment 5-18 5.3.1.1 Physiography and Landforms 5-18 5.3.1.2 Regional Geology 5-21 5.3.1.3 Permafrost 5-22 5.3.1.4 Terrestrial Soils 5-28 5.3.1.5 Offshore Sediment 5-28 5.3.1.6 Erosion and Sediment Transport 5-39 5.3.1.7 Onshore Hydrology 5-45 5.3.2 Environmental Consequences 5-51 5.3.2.1 Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative 5-51 5.3.2.2 Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 5-51 5.3.3 Summary 5-65 5.3.4 References5-66 5.4 METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY 5-72 5.4.1 Affected Environment 5-72 FINAL EIS FEBRUARY 1999 CHAPTER5.3A 17298-027-220 CHAPTER 5 - AFFECTED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPACTS BSOGD/NP EIS 5.4.1.1 Meteorology 5-73 5.4.1.2 Air Quality Legislation and Standards 5-75 5.4.1.3 Existing Ambient Air Quality 5-81 5.4.2 Environmental Consequences 5-82 5.4.2.1 Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative 5-88 5.4.2.2 Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 5-88 5.4.3 Summary of Environmental Consequences5-100 5.4.4 References5-100 5.5 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE WATER QUALITY 5-103 5.5.1 Affected Environment 5-103 5.5.1.1 Bathymetry 5-103 5.5.1.2 Weather and Water Levels 5-104 5.5.1.3 Currents and Circulation 5-109 5.5.1.4 Marine Water Quality 5-114 5.5.2 Environmental Consequences 5-117 5.5.2.1 Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative 5-117 5.5.2.2 Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 5-117 5.5.3 Summary of Environmental Consequences5-125 5.5.4 References5-125 5.6 SEA ICE 5-128 5.6.1 Affected Environment 5-128 5.6.1.1 Ice Formation 5-128 5.6.1.2 Ice Season 5-139 5.6.1.3 Ice Sheet Movement 5-139 5.6.1.4 Ice Forces on the Local Environment 5-141 5.6.2 Environmental Consequences 5-148 5.6.2.1 Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative 5-148 5.6.2.2 Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 5-155 5.6.3 Summary of Environmental Consequences5-161 5.6.4 References5-162 TABLES Table 5.3-1 Sediment Characteristics from Offshore Borings in the Project Area Table 5.3-2 Marine Sediment Chemistry Results in the Project Area Table 5.3-3 Flow Data for the Kuparuk and Putuligayuk Rivers TABLES (Cont.) Table 5.3-4 Range of Water Quality Constituents, Kuparuk and Putuligayuk Rivers FEBRUARY 1999 FINAL EIS 17298-027-220 CHAPTER5.3A BSOGD/NP EIS CHAPTER 5 - AFFECTED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND IMPACTS Table 5.3-5 Sediment Discharge Data, Kuparuk and Putuligayuk Rivers Table 5.3-6 Impacts of Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 on Geology and Hydrology Table 5.4-1 Average Climatic Conditions for Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, and Barter Island, Alaska Table 5.4-2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Table 5.4-3 PSD Significance Levels Table 5.4-4 PSD Class I and II Increments Table 5.4-5 Summary of North Slope Oil Field Air Monitoring Programs, 1990-1996 Table 5.4-6 Total Allowable Emission Rates for Onshore Operating Sources (Kuparuk, Prudhoe Bay, and Endicott) Table 5.4-7 Actual Emissions from BPXA and ARCO Operated Facilities Table 5.4-8 Impacts of Alternatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 on Air Quality Table 5.4-9 Air Emissions for On-Island Construction Activities Table 5.4-10 Air Quality Impacts
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