DOCSLIB.ORG

Technology and Operations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technology and Operations Part Two Technology and Operations Part Two Overview he following four chapters examine the state of The opportunities were prioritized with a view industry’s capability to explore for and develop toward the magnitude of impact they could have T oil and gas resources in an arctic environment. on making substantial, measurable progress toward The spectrum of technologies and operations con- facilitating prudent U.S. Arctic development in the sidered include (1) characterization of the ice envi- next several decades. The items in the table are ronment; (2) exploring for, drilling, producing, and prioritized first on the basis of priority for prudent exporting oil; (3) logistics and infrastructure; and development of U.S. offshore Arctic oil. Categories (4) preventing and responding to oil spills. The objec- of H (high), M/H (medium high), M (medium), and tive of the chapters is to describe the current state L (low) were assigned. Items within each of the cate- of art and then explore opportunities for conducting gories were further prioritized by giving preference to research or pursuing technology/capability enhance- technologies that facilitate Exploration or Both over ments that could materially facilitate prudent devel- Production. No attempt was made to further priori- opment in the U.S. offshore Arctic. Opportunities tize items within a category or to develop an overall were sought that address the multiple dimensions of prioritization. Hence, the numerical order of items prudent development. Accordingly, we asked what in a category does not imply prioritization of say, one enhancements could: high priority item versus another, with the exception y Make operations safer? of demoting those that pertain to Production only. y Reduce environmental impacts? The process for identifying and prioritizing research y Mitigate impacts on local inhabitants? and technology/capability enhancement opportunities was consistently applied across the full spectrum. The y Improve the economics of costly Arctic develop- technologies were first parsed into categories or areas. ment? Subject matter experts from the industry were then A broad set of research and technology enhance- tasked with documenting for each category: (1) the ment opportunities were identified and are summa- role of the technology in Arctic development consid- rized in the table that follows. They represent a mixed ering all of the prudent development implications, set of opportunities ranging from what could be cat- (2) historical development and application of the tech- egorized as research to design/development and dem- nologies in the Arctic, (3) current state of the art (U.S. onstration projects. Consistent with the already fairly and global), (4) current worldwide research activities, mature state of the technology, the majority would and (5) potential technology advancement opportuni- fall into the category of engineering design/develop- ties. Study topic papers were used to capture facts, ment opportunities versus more basic research. It draw conclusions and key messages, and to identify should be noted that any number of engineering- technology enhancement opportunities for each of based technology improvement opportunities can the major categories considered. These papers, devel- be identified, but their existence does not imply that oped or used by the study’s Technology & Operations current technology is insufficient or lacking. There is Subgroup, are included on the NPC website. They and always will be room for improvement. formed the base for various study segments, such as PART TWO OVERVIEW II-1 Ice Characterization and Offshore Arctic Exploration stantly pursue better technology in the effort to deliver and Development Technologies, and were heavily used affordable energy. The majority of items identified in the development of the chapters in Part Two. A list in this study reflect continuous improvement-type of the topic papers appears in Appendix D. opportunities that can contribute to improved opera- tions integrity and economics. They will advance at a NPC study participants held a workshop to build pace commensurate with the incentives identified by consensus around key facts, conclusions, and mes- exploration and their potential for contributing to the sages, and to prioritize key research needs across overall prudent development objective. the spectrum of technology areas. This workshop included broad representation from the study team. In addition to technology enhancement opportuni- Priorities were assigned based on the impact the ties that fall into this category of continuous improve- technology enhancements could make toward pru- ment, this study has identified several important dent development in the U.S. Arctic offshore over the research opportunities—especially in the realm of next several decades. Since economic discoveries are demonstration trials for recent technology enhance- required prior to any development, technologies that ments that could be instrumental in advancing facilitate exploration were given more priority. The prudent development. The highest priority oppor- findings of the topic papers were used as background tunities are ones that both (1) address the issues of for subsequent workshops with federal and Alaskan highest public concern and (2) can be key in enabling state and local representatives to (1) inform govern- extension of exploration drilling operations beyond ment participants of the preliminary study findings, the open water period and into the shoulder seasons (2) broaden the study perspective beyond that of the where ice is present. These include technologies that NPC membership, (3) understand alignment between research opportunities and government capabilities, can quickly shut off the flow of oil from a blown-out and (4) identify potential opportunities for govern- well (source control technologies) and technologies ment or collaborative research that would facilitate for effective mitigation of the environmental impacts prudent Arctic development. of spilled oil. Significant recent advancements have been made on these technologies, and there is oppor- The basic technologies and capabilities to accom- tunity to work with all stakeholders to build confi- plish prudent offshore exploration and production for dence in their effectiveness. the U.S. waters within this study scope already exist as a result of the decades of practice and experience. Since extended season operations involve breaking Nonetheless, research to advance Arctic development of sea ice around the drilling rig, there are also oppor- technology continues, driven by relentless pursuit tunities to better understand and mitigate potential of gains in operations integrity and economics. The impacts of these operations on ice-dependent species extensive list of technology enhancement opportuni- and the subsistence habits of indigenous people. This ties identified in the table is not inconsistent with the is discussed more in the ecology chapter in Part Three conclusion that adequate technology already exists. of the report. Finally, enhancements to the broad There will always be opportunities to do things in a suite of technologies and infrastructure required to more efficient and effective manner. In fact, it is the support station-keeping in ice could widen the bound- imperative of oil and gas industry engineers to con- aries of the safe extended-season operating period. II-2 ARCTIC POTENTIAL: REALIZING THE PROMISE OF U.S. ARCTIC OIL AND GAS RESOURCES Primary Supports Prudent Topical Exploration, No. Chapter Dev. Enhancement Opportunity Priority Area Production, Element or Both Addressed 1 Characterization Airborne Remote Safety Increased utilization of Unmanned Aircraft Systems – Regulatory Acceptance; reduced payload size of Both H of the Ice Sensing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and other sensors to facilitate unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) usage. Environment Aviation Logistics Assessment of on- and off-installation monitoring techniques to support escape, evacuation, and E&D rescue (EER), including the provision for drones to provide information on existing and oncoming ice Technologies Ice Management conditions (both local and far-field) that could impact evacuation and/or rescue success as well as the viability of evacuation routes to the evacuation points. Logistics & Exploration Data Infrastructure Acquisition Oil Spill Escape, Response Evacuation, and Rescue 2 E&D Ice Management Environmental Policy-oriented studies focused on understanding and mitigating potential impacts of ice management Both H Technologies on ice-dependent species. This would involve studies to develop a detailed characterization of marine mammal use of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) sea ice to understand potential impact of localized ice management operations. Such studies could include development of advanced means for monitoring animal presence in very specific areas representative of those surrounding a drilling operation. 3 Arctic Offshore Oil Spill Response Environmental Support policy that elevates all oil spill response tools (mechanical recovery, dispersants, in-situ Both H Oil Spill burning, and any new/improved technology that is developed) to primary options. Decisions as to Prevention, which option should be used in an emergency to minimize environmental impact will be based on Net Control, and Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA). Regulatory credit for all these tools should be provided when Response calculating how much equipment must be included
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Northstar Project Final Environmental
    BEAUFORT SEA OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT/ NORTHSTAR PROJECT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Volume I: Cover Sheet Executive Summary Volume II: Chapter 1.0 Introduction Chapter 2.0 Traditional Knowledge Chapter 3.0 Oil and Gas Development/Production Options for the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Chapter 4.0 Northstar Unit Development/Production Alternatives Volume III: Chapter 5.0 Affected Physical Environment and Impacts Chapter 6.0 Affected Biological Environment and Impacts Chapter 7.0 Affected Human Environment and Impacts Volume IV: Chapter 8.0 Effects of Oil on the Physical, Biological, and Human Environments Chapter 9.0 Effects of Noise on the Biological and Human Environments Chapter 10.0 Cumulative Effects Chapter 11.0 Comparison of Project Alternatives and Their Impacts Chapter 12.0 List of Preparers Chapter 13.0 Consultation and Coordination Glossary Index Appendix A: Appendix A Final Project Description Appendices B Through K: Appendix B Biological Assessment Appendix C Updated Mailing List Appendix D Northstar Unit Lease Stipulation Summaries and Applicable Alaska Regulations Appendix E Technical Appendices Appendix F Draft National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Appendix G National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Fact Sheet Appendix H Ocean Discharge Criteria Evaluation Appendix I Section 103 Evaluation Appendix J Draft Underground Injection Control Permit Appendix K Public Comments Received on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Appendix K (Continued) Through P Appendix K Public Comments Received on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Appendix L Response to Public Comments Appendix M Biological Opinions Appendix N Final Underground Injection Control Permit Appendix O Preliminary Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Appendix P Reports of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BSOGD/NP EIS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAC Alaska Administrative Code ACMP Alaska Coastal Management Program ACS Alaska Clean Seas A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Thursday Morning, 16 May 2019 French, 8:15 A.M
    THURSDAY MORNING, 16 MAY 2019 FRENCH, 8:15 A.M. TO 11:35 A.M. Session 4aAA Architectural Acoustics, Signal Processing in Acoustics, and Noise: Methods and Techniques Used for Simulation of Room Acoustics Bruce C. Olson, Cochair AFMG Services North America LLC, 8717 Humboldt Avenue North, Brooklyn Park, MN 55444 Ana M. Jaramillo, Cochair Ahnert Feistel Media Group, 8717 Humboldt Ave. N, Brooklyn Park, MN 55444 Chair’s Introduction—8:15 Invited Papers 8:20 4aAA1. Level of detail in room-acoustic simulation. Michael Vorlaender (ITA, RWTH Aachen Univ., Kopernikusstr. 5, Aachen 52056, Germany, [email protected]) The quality of present-day room acoustic simulations depends on the quality of the boundary conditions and of the underlying CAD room models. A “high-resolution” room model does not mean that it needs to have a visually perfect geometrical fine structure. To our experience, the required resolution of objects or surfaces does not need to be higher than about 1 m. In this presentation, an auralization engine is briefly introduced which uses a set of models of the same room but with a graduated level of detail (LOD). These different models can account for more physical correctness especially for very low-frequency specular reflections. Furthermore, a good estimate of scattering coefficients is essential. The relevance of the uncertainty of scattering coefficient data is discussed in a review on perception tests with varied surface scattering. Finally, guidelines for creation of CAD models are proposed. 8:40 4aAA2. Should we still rely on statistical calculations for the prediction of reverberation time? Ana M.
    [Show full text]
  • 11–28–03 Vol. 68 No. 229 Friday Nov. 28, 2003 Pages 66693–67012
    11–28–03 Friday Vol. 68 No. 229 Nov. 28, 2003 Pages 66693–67012 VerDate jul 14 2003 21:10 Nov 26, 2003 Jkt 203001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\28NOWS.LOC 28NOWS 1 II Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 229 / Friday, November 28, 2003 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records PUBLIC Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public Subscriptions: interest. Paper or fiche 202–741–6005 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 202–741–6005 Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Gazette 2-19-10.Pmd
    VOL. 114 - NO. 8 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, FEBRUARY 19, 2010 $.30 A COPY PRESIDENT’S DAY, We Need Job Creation Policy, Not Gimmicks by Herman Cain an Italian Perspective The president, his admin- forecasts.” In fact, the ad- work, the current offering of by Maria Gloria istration and most members ministration still believes a $5000 tax credit to employ- (Reprinted with permission from of Congress still don’t get it! it can rebuild the economy ers who hire an unemployed L’Italo Americano- www.italoamericano.com ) So let’s try to explain job cre- through health care legisla- worker, plus a limited-time ation another way. You tion, clean-energy initia- suspension of part of their love for Italy and things Ital- stimulate the creation of tives, infrastructure projects, payroll taxes are just propa- ian, as early as 1764 during jobs by reducing an and small-business tax ganda gimmicks. his college days. employer’s cost to keep breaks. Here, again, are some of Thomas Jefferson was people employed (less taxes), Representative Eric Can- the real job creation policy born in Virginia on April 13, and then by reducing the tor (R-VA) gave the most suggestions that the presi- 1743 and died on July 4, cost of a business to grow laser-like description of the dent and Congress are not 1826. He served as our third their business (less regula- report. “The Obama Admin- listening to: president form 1801 to 1809. tions). If these two things istration’s report is full of Make the current tax rates He was 28 years old when he happen then jobs will be cre- blame for the policies of permanent.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Study 2008-2015 Oceanography, College of Geosciences Texas A&M University Self-Study 2008-2015
    Self-Study 2008-2015 Oceanography, College of Geosciences Texas A&M University Self-Study 2008-2015 Executive Summary Welcome from the Department Chapter 1. Introduction to TAMU and TAMU Oceanography Chapter 2. The Mission and Goals of TAMU Oceanography Chapter 3. Evolution of the Department of Oceanography Since 2008 Chapter 4. Departmental Structure and Personnel Chapter 5. Department Resources Chapter 6. Contributions to University Research and Educational Excellence Chapter 7. Academic Programs and Curricula Chapter 8. Student Profile and Contributions Chapter 9. Concluding Observations Appendices Appendix 1: May 2014 Strategic Plan Appendix 2: Faculty Curriculum Vitae Appendix 3: Grants Awarded to the Ad-loc Faculty Appendix 4: Publications listed by year for the Ad-loc Faculty Appendix 5: Oceanography Courses Executive Summary The Department of Oceanography at Texas A&M University, founded in 1949 as the first oceanographic department established at an academic institution, is deeply committed to the unique mission of an AAU member institution with Land-, Sea-, and Space- grant status. With strengthened ties to other marine related units at the College Station and Galveston campuses, and significant investments from the University, we are poised to realize our strategic vision to join the nation’s top rank of institutions for oceanographic research and education at public universities. As part of our 2014 strategic planning effort, we have restructured our departmental educational, research and engagement activities into four interdisciplinary areas of strength: Ocean Observing Science and Technology, Marine Ecosystems Science and Health, Ocean Climate, and Ocean Energy. Observations, in a very broad sense, form the baseline for all of our strategic interdisciplinary themes, and are at the core of our vision to transform STEM education through a focus on big data competency.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior
    United States Department of the Interior U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Anchorage Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office 4700 BLM Road IN REPLY REFER TO: FWS/AFES/AFWCO Anchorage, Alaska 99507-2546 May 26, 2017 Memorandum To: Dr. James Kendall, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Anchorage, Alaska From: for Stewart Cogswell, Anchorage Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska Subject: Biological Opinion on Lease Sale 244 (Consultation 2016-F-0226) This document transmits the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s (Service) biological opinion based on our review of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s (BOEM) proposed oil and gas Lease Sale 244 and its effects on the federally threatened Alaska breeding Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri), the federally threatened southwest Alaska distinct population segment (DPS) of northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni), and designated critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of northern sea otter, in accordance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). We received your July 13, 2016, request for formal consultation on July 26, 2016. We have based this biological opinion on information that accompanied your July 13, 2016, request for consultation, including the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (BOEM 2016a) and biological assessment (BOEM 2016b) for oil and gas activities associated with Lease Sale 244. We can make available a record of this consultation at the Anchorage Fish and Wildlife Office. Consultation History The following is a summary of the consultation history for this project: • July 26, 2016, the Service received a Biological Assessment and request from BOEM to initiate formal consultation for effects caused by activities from oil and gas lease sale 244 in lower Cook Inlet.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliability-Based Sea-Ice Parameters for Design of Offshore Structures
    Reliability-based sea-ice parameters for design of offshore structures BSEE contract number: E13PC00020 Presented by: University of Alaska Anchorage; College of Engineering Project Team: Hajo Eicken (UAF) Andy Mahoney (UAF) Andrew T. Metzger (UAA) Vincent Valenti (UAA) December, 2015 Abstract: The intent of this study was to supplement the ISO 19906 Standard: Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Arctic Offshore Structures (i.e., the Normative). This supplement provides additional sea-ice information, for US waters in both the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, in a format consistent with the philosophy of the Normative. Currently, implementation of ISO 19906 in US waters is questionable due the lack of sea- ice design criteria. Appendices B.7 (Beaufort Sea) and B.8 (Chukchi Sea) of ISO 19906 are intended to provide this information but the data is not in a format consistent with the philosophy of the Normative – i.e., a reliability (probability)-based format. A full complement of design values for the regions covered in B.7 and B.8 is required to implement the normative provisions and, ultimately, produce a safe and reliable offshore structural design that can successfully survive demands from sea-ice. The work here included an extensive literature review and detailed analysis of sixteen (16) seasons of under-ice measurements from lease sites in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The analyses have further characterized ice cover and identified the most acute values for certain ice features. Also included in this study is a means to identify a critical keel depth with a low probability of being exceeded (conversely a high reliability of not being exceeded/failing) in a particular timeframe.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc
    INASA-CR-156 614 ) RADAR SYSTEUS MISSION, FOR A POLAR N78-10345 VOLUHE 3, APPENDICES A-D, S, Final T Report (Kansas Univ.) 143 HC A07/MF A01 p CSCL 171 Unclas G3/32 52326 THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CENTER FOR RESEARCH, INC. 2291 Irving Hill Rd.-Campus West Lawrence, Kansas 66044 THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SPACE TECHNOLOGY CENTER Raymond Nichols Hall 2291 Irving Hill Drive-Campus West Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Telephone: RADAR SYSTEMS FOR A POLAR MISSION FINAL REPORT Remote Sensing Laboratory RSL Technical Report 291-2 Volume IfI (This Volume contains Appendices Afland S-T. Appendices D, S, and T should be considered as addenda to Volume IV of TR 295-3, "Radar Systems for the Water Resources Mission - Final Report," CONTRACT NAS 5-22384; ihich was published in June, 1976.) R. K. Moore J. P. Claassen R.:L. Erickson R. K. T. Fong, B..C. Hanson M' J. K6men S. B. McMillan S. K. Parashar June, 1976 Supported by: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 CONTRACT NAS 5-22325 CRES 1 07 11 REMOTE SENSING LABORATORY THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SPACE TECHNOLOGY CENTER- Raymond Nichols Hall 2291 Irving Hill Drive-Campus West Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Telephone: STATE OF THE ART - RADAR MEASUREMENT OF SEA ICE RSL Technical Report 291-1 Remote Sensing Laboratory S. K. Parashar December 1975 Supported by: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 CONTRACT NAS 5-22325 Iii tD~j REMOTE SENSING LABORATORY TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT ................................................ 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................... 1 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA ICE .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Bp Magazine Issue 2 2009 Ce
    + 18 FAMILY AFFAIR 44 SHIP SHAPE 52 TIME TRAVEL Five generations A century on A timeline of at Whiting the high seas pivotal moments THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE OF THE BP GROUP ISSUE 2 2009 BPMAGAZINE CENTENARY SPECIAL PIONEER SPIRIT To celebrate BP’s centennial year this special edition of BP Magazine reports on key moments in the company’s history, including the discovery that began it all. Welcome. So much of modern business is driven by a desire to move contents / issue 2 2009 forward – to be better today than you + Features were yesterday – that it is easy to forget the value in taking stock of 06 Centennial thoughts Group chief executive Tony Hayward reflects on the company’s history. Interview by Lisa Davison what has gone before. Which is why Photography by Richard Davies, Marc Morrison & Stuart Conway anniversaries can offer a chance to Cover story reflect on standout moments that 12 First frontier The search for oil in Persia was a long one, but when it have made a company great. This came, it began a chain reaction of events that changed the industrial face of the Middle East forever, and led to the incorporation of a company that would year is BP’s 100th anniversary and endure for 100 years. By Vartan Amadouny & Amanda Breen throughout this issue, we look back at 18 Generation game The family and the refinery that have grown up together. some of the people who have worked By Paula Kolmar Photography Marc Morrison tirelessly on geographical, technical 24 Historic launch How BP Shipping has navigated the waterways of the world and political frontiers to meet global for almost a century.
    [Show full text]
  • National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Final Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement I Contents
    National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska FINAL Integrated Activity Plan/ Environmental Impact Statement Volume 6 Appendices, Glossary, Bibliography Prepared by: U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Anchorage, Alaska In cooperation with: North Slope Borough U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service November 2012 How the IAP/EIS is Organized VOLUME 1 Chapter 1 – Introduction: Summarizes the purpose of and need for this IAP/EIS and decisions to be made. Chapter 2 – Alternatives: Describes and compares proposed management alternatives. Chapter 3 – Affected Environment: Presents existing natural and socioeconomic resources in the NPR-A and trends, including those associated with climate change. VOLUME 2 Chapter 4 – Environmental Consequences (sections 4.1 – 4.4): Provides the assumptions upon which the impact analysis rests and evaluates impacts of Alternatives A and B-1 on resources and uses in the NPR-A relevant to making a decision among the alternatives. VOLUME 3 Chapter 4 – Environmental Consequences continued (sections 4.5 – 4.7): Evaluates impacts of Alternatives B-2 (preferred alternative), C, and D on resources and uses in the NPR-A relevant to making a decision among the alternatives. VOLUME 4 Chapter 4 – Environmental Consequences continued (sections 4.8 – 4.13): Evaluates the cumulative impacts on resources and uses in the NPR-A and other effects relevant to making a decision among the alternatives. VOLUME 5 Chapter 5 – Consultation and Coordination: Describes public and government (including tribal) consultation undertaken for this plan and the development of alternatives and lists the plan’s preparers. Chapter 6 – Comments and Responses: Presents public comments on the Draft IAP/EIS and responses to the comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Ice Thickness Retrieval Model for 1.4 Ghz Radiometry
    The Cryosphere Discuss., 3, 995–1022, 2009 The Cryosphere www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/995/2009/ Discussions TCD © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under 3, 995–1022, 2009 the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal The Cryosphere (TC). Sea ice thickness Please refer to the corresponding final paper in TC if available. retrieval model for 1.4 GHz radiometry L. Kaleschke et al. A sea ice thickness retrieval model for Title Page Abstract Introduction 1.4 GHz radiometry and application to Conclusions References airborne measurements over low salinity Tables Figures sea ice J I 1 1 2 3 4 L. Kaleschke , N. Maaß , C. Haas , S. Hendricks , G. Heygster , and J I R. T. Tonboe5 Back Close 1Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Full Screen / Esc 2Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada Printer-friendly Version 3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestr. 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany Interactive Discussion 4Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, Germany 995 TCD 5 Center for Ocean & Ice, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 3, 995–1022, 2009 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Received: 19 October 2009 – Accepted: 6 November 2009 – Published: 18 November 2009 Sea ice thickness retrieval model for 1.4 Correspondence to: L. Kaleschke ([email protected]) GHz radiometry Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. L. Kaleschke et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures J I J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 996 Abstract TCD In preparation for the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salin- ity (SMOS) mission we investigated the potential of L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometery to 3, 995–1022, 2009 measure sea ice thickness.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestant Medical Missionary Experience During the War in China 1937–1945: the Case of Hubei Province
    Protestant Medical Missionary Experience During the War in China 1937–1945: The Case of Hubei Province Jocelyn Mary Chatterton School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Declaration I undertake that all material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person(s). I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged. ______________________________________________________ 2 Abstract During the war medical missionaries were able to demonstrate fully their raison d’être of service and professionalism to the Chinese and their fellow countrymen. In retrospect it can be seen that the war proved to be a golden age of opportunity for individual medical missionaries providing them with professional, personal and religious opportunity. It was a period when they felt both needed and wanted in China, and they showed great resourcefulness in response to the constraints placed upon their professional work as a result of military action. When those in occupied China lost all contact with their home bases medical missionaries shouldered additional administrative responsibilities which increased their already heavy workload. Whether in Free, or occupied China, medical missionaries were forced to make their own decisions in the field, and the bureaucratic-professional relationship with their home bases became strained. On the ground they experienced a flowering of inter-denominational co-operation. While responsible for the health of their fellow internees in the internment camps some medical missionaries were unexpectedly subjected to accusations of inexperience and nepotism.
    [Show full text]