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Protestant Medical Missionary Experience During the War in China 1937–1945: the Case of Hubei Province

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Protestant Medical Missionary Experience During the War in China 1937–1945: the Case of Hubei Province Protestant Medical Missionary Experience During the War in China 1937–1945: The Case of Hubei Province Jocelyn Mary Chatterton School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Declaration I undertake that all material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person(s). I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged. ______________________________________________________ 2 Abstract During the war medical missionaries were able to demonstrate fully their raison d’être of service and professionalism to the Chinese and their fellow countrymen. In retrospect it can be seen that the war proved to be a golden age of opportunity for individual medical missionaries providing them with professional, personal and religious opportunity. It was a period when they felt both needed and wanted in China, and they showed great resourcefulness in response to the constraints placed upon their professional work as a result of military action. When those in occupied China lost all contact with their home bases medical missionaries shouldered additional administrative responsibilities which increased their already heavy workload. Whether in Free, or occupied China, medical missionaries were forced to make their own decisions in the field, and the bureaucratic-professional relationship with their home bases became strained. On the ground they experienced a flowering of inter-denominational co-operation. While responsible for the health of their fellow internees in the internment camps some medical missionaries were unexpectedly subjected to accusations of inexperience and nepotism. Shared hardship did not forge solidarity. The internment of medical missionaries, combined with Japanese religious policy, which deliberately sought to weaken Chinese Christian ties with foreigners, gave Chinese Christians the opportunity to manage mission hospitals and clinics without western supervision. Post-war, supported by the National government’s National Health Administration policies, this newly experienced autonomy accelerated and reinforced the movement of Chinese personnel into positions of authority within mission hospitals. The end of the war thus marked not only the 3 ebbing away of the medical missionary golden age but also pointed to the demise of medical missionary work in China since even without the Communist take- over, as more Chinese medical personnel graduated, medical missionaries were likely to become less needed and wanted. 4 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 9 Figures .................................................................................................................. 11 Maps in the Text and Appendix IV ................................................................... 12 Tables ................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter One - Introduction ............................................................................... 14 The State of the Field .......................................................................................... 17 Sources ................................................................................................................. 23 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................. 39 The Medical Missionary Role ............................................................................ 40 Chapter Two -The Medical Missionary in China in Context. ........................ 63 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 63 Institutional Context ........................................................................................... 64 Remaining in the Field ....................................................................................... 87 Summary ............................................................................................................ 101 Chapter Three - Disturbed Times: Change and Opportunity ...................... 103 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 103 The Medical Mission Ministry ......................................................................... 105 Change and Medical Missionary Experience ................................................. 117 The Post-Pearl Harbor Period ......................................................................... 140 Medical Missionary Work in Free China ....................................................... 146 Summary ............................................................................................................ 151 Chapter Four - Pre-Occupation Hubei : The Protestant Medical Missionary Contribution ...................................................................................................... 153 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 153 Medical Missions in Hubei ............................................................................... 154 Medical Ministry in Hubei in 1937 .................................................................. 159 5 Chinese Christian Medical Staff ...................................................................... 167 The Chinese Staff in 1937 ................................................................................. 171 Finances, Staffing and Government Registration .................. ………………175 The Commencement of Hostilities ................................................................... 176 Home Board Direction ...................................................................................... 183 Refugees and Wounded: Opportunity for Service ......................................... 187 The Safety Zone ................................................................................................ 203 Summary ............................................................................................................ 207 Chapter Five - Opportunity Under Japanese Occupation ............................ 209 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 209 Consequences of the Occupation ..................................................................... 210 Challenge and Opportunity in the City and the Country ............................. 218 Japanese Anti-British Policy in Operation ..................................................... 235 Post-Pearl Harbor Hubei ................................................................................. 239 Summary ............................................................................................................ 250 Chapter Six - Internment: Coming Into Their Own ..................................... 252 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 252 The Civilian Internment Camps: Medical Internees ..................................... 255 The Medical Missionary Contribution to Camp Life .................................... 262 Medical Missionary Consequences of Internment ......................................... 282 Summary ............................................................................................................ 294 Chapter Seven - The Post-war Aftermath ...................................................... 297 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 297 Immediate Post-War Phase .............................................................................. 298 Change and Medical Missionary Work .......................................................... 306 Return and Re-establishment Phase ............................................................... 311 Medical Missionary Post-war Reconstruction Policies ................................. 324 The Re-adaptation Phase ................................................................................. 331 Summary ............................................................................................................ 345 6 Conclusion -The War-time Golden Age of Professional, Personal and Religious Challenge and Opportunity ............................................................ 347 Change and the Medical Missionary Role ...................................................... 351 Other Changes and Further Research ............................................................ 354 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 360 Appendix I - Establishment of Protestant Missions in Hubei ....................... 378 Appendix II - Protestant Missionary Societies Supporting Hospitals and Medical
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