DOCSLIB.ORG

Pesticide Exposure of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) Pollinating Melon Crops Idalécio Pacífico Da Silva, Fabiano Aurélio S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pesticide Exposure of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) Pollinating Melon Crops Idalécio Pacífico Da Silva, Fabiano Aurélio S Pesticide exposure of honeybees (Apis mellifera) pollinating melon crops Idalécio Pacífico da Silva, Fabiano Aurélio S. Oliveira, Heloísa P. Pedroza, Ivana Cristina N. Gadelha, Marília M. Melo, Benito Soto-Blanco To cite this version: Idalécio Pacífico da Silva, Fabiano Aurélio S. Oliveira, Heloísa P. Pedroza, Ivana Cristina N.Gadelha, Marília M. Melo, et al.. Pesticide exposure of honeybees (Apis mellifera) pollinating melon crops. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2015, 46 (6), pp.703-715. 10.1007/s13592-015-0360-3. hal-01302262 HAL Id: hal-01302262 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01302262 Submitted on 13 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2015) 46:703–715 Original article * The Author(s), 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0360-3 Pesticide exposure of honeybees (Apis mellifera ) pollinating melon crops 1 2,3 3 Idalécio PACÍFICO DA SILVA , Fabiano Aurélio S. OLIVEIRA , Heloísa P. PEDROZA , 1 3 3 Ivana Cristina N. GADELHA , Marília M. MELO , Benito SOTO-BLANCO 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), BR 110 Km 47, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil 2Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO-MG), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Caixa Postal 35/50, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil 3Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil Received 3 December 2014 – Revised 12 February 2015 – Accepted 4 March 2015 Abstract – The decline of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) populations impacts global agricultural production and affects both food production and the economy. One of the probable causes for this decline is the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Here, we compare the levels of pesticide exposure among honeybees that are used to pollinate melon (Cucumis melo L.) crops, honeybees that forage in the forest, and stingless bees, Melipona subnitida , that forage in the forest. The level of pesticide exposure was determined by measuring residual pesticide levels of 152 compounds in the honey. Honey samples from the present study contained 19 different pesticides, 13 of which were present in honey from bees pollinating melon crops. The levels of some compounds were sufficiently high to promote toxic effects in the bees. Thus, crop pollination presents a toxicological risk to bees that may reduce their life span. environmental contamination / insecticides / acaricides / herbicides / fungicides / nematicides / multiresidue analysis 1. INTRODUCTION both food production and the economy (Potts et al. 2010). One of the probable causes for the Flower pollination by animals is critical for population declines of pollinators, including agriculture; approximately 35 % of crops are honeybees, is the indiscriminate use of pesti- dependent on pollinators for sexual reproduc- cides (Klein et al. 2007;Pottsetal.2010; tion (Klein et al. 2007). The worldwide value of Nakasu et al. 2014). pollination in 2005 was estimated to be €153 Individual bees can be exposed directly billion (Gallai et al. 2009). Honeybees (Apis through bodily contact with pesticides or indirect- mellifera L.) are the most economically valu- ly by consuming pesticide residue in the nectar able pollinators for agriculture (Klein et al. and pollen of flowers (Rortais et al. 2005). An 2007; Potts et al. 2010). However, recent de- entire colony may be exposed to pesticides clines in pollinator populations have affected through the collection and transportation of con- global agricultural production and impacted taminated pollen by forager bees (Villa et al. 2000). Bees foraging on melon crops may also be exposed to pesticides via guttation fluid, a Corresponding author: B. Soto-Blanco, xylem sap exudate that is eliminated through leaf [email protected] hydathodes (Thompson 2010; Hoffmann and Manuscript editor: Monique Gauthier Castle 2012). 704 I.P. da Silva et al. Pesticides can kill bees at sufficiently high thestandardsusedwereofhighpuritygrade doses (Rortais et al. 2005). However, pesticide (>98.0 %) and were purchased from Riedel-de doses that do not cause immediate death often Haën (Selze, Germany) or Sigma-Aldrich (Saint have other deleterious effects and may interfere Louis, USA). Individual stock solutions were pre- with the cognitive capacities and behavior of the pared at 1000 μgL−1 in either acetonitrile and bees. The potential negative consequences include stored at −20±2 °C. The working solutions were impaired learning, orientation, and food collection prepared as appropriate dilutions of the stock abilities; affected bees may therefore have a re- solutions. duced ability to collect food and navigate back to their hive (Rortais et al. 2005; Desneux et al. 2.2. Samples 2007; Godfray et al. 2014). Furthermore, some pesticides can reduce the resistance of bee to the Honey samples were collected from 23 colonies of intracellular parasite Nosema (Microsporidia) honeybees (A. mellifera ) used to pollinate melon crops, (Alaux et al. 2010;Pettisetal.2012;Wuetal. 20 colonies of honeybees (A. mellifera )thatforagein 2012; Aufauvre et al. 2012;DiPriscoetal.2013) the forest (caatinga ), and 10 colonies of stingless bees and the immune response against viruses (Di (M. subnitida Ducke) that forage in the forest Prisco et al. 2013). (caatinga ). Samples were collected directly from two The aim of the present study was to determine frames of each colony. All colonies were raised at the the levels of pesticide exposure among honeybees Mossoró (05° 11′ 16″ S and 37° 20′ 38″ W) and (A. mellifera ) that are used to pollinate melon Baraúna (05° 04′ 48″ S and 37° 37′ 01″ W) municipal- (Cucumis melo L.) crops and compare the pesti- ities, Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil. All cide exposure levels to those of honeybees that the colonies of bees that forage in the forest were at a forage in the forest (caatinga , a xeric shrubland minimal distance of 8 km from melon crops. No pesti- and thorn forest in northeastern Brazil) and sting- cide was used in the beehives to control parasites such less bees, Melipona subnitida Ducke (tribe as Varroa spp. Meliponini from the family Apidae), that forage in the forest (caatinga ). The level of pesticide exposure was determined by measuring residual 2.3. Sample preparation pesticide levels of 152 compounds in the honey. The stingless bee M. subnitida was in addition to Sample extraction and clean up (Rissato et al. 2006; honeybees that forage in the forest because the Pittella 2009) were performed as follows. Honey sam- colonies kept in the study region did not collect ples (10.0 g) were transferred to polypropylene centri- pollen from muskmelons (Maia-Silva 2013). fuge tubes (50 mL) with 10.0 mL of deionized water. Then, 10.0 mL of ethyl acetate was added, and the tubes 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS were shaken at 3000 rpm for 1 min. The tubes were then centrifuged at 4 °C, 2700×g for 9 min. The supernatants 2.1. Chemicals and materials were transferred to clean polypropylene centrifuge tubes (50 mL) and samples re-extracted three times with All reagents were of analytical grade. Florisil, LC- 5.0 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate MS grade acetonitrile, and glacial acetic acid were extracts (25 mL) were filtered using Florisil (1 g packed supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol in 6 mL cartridge) followed by magnesium sulfate was obtained from Baker (Xalostoc, México). Analyti- (4.0 g in paper filter). Florisil and magnesium sulfate cal reagent grade anhydrous magnesium sulfate (purity were used after heating overnight at 100 °C. The ex- ≥97 %) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and anhy- tracts were dried at room temperature, resuspended in drous sodium acetate and ammonium acetate (purity 1.0 mL of acetonitrile, transferred to vials, and analyzed ≥98 %) were purchased from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, using a UFLC-MS/MS system to identify different clas- RJ, Brazil). Formic acid was purchased from Tedia ses of pesticides (Table I). All identified pesticides were (Ohio, USA). Ultrapure water was generated using a evaluated by UFLC-MS/MS using a multiresidue anal- Millipore Milli-Q system (Milford, MA, USA). All of ysis technique. Pesticide exposure of honeybees 705 Table I. Pesticides surveyed in the honey samples. Pesticide Use Chemical group Molecular formula 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) H Phenoxy acid C8H6Cl2O3 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid) H Phenoxy acid C10H10Cl2O3 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) H Phenoxy acid C8H5Cl3O3 3-Hydroxycarbofuran I Carbamate C12H15NO4 Acephate I Organophosphorus C4H10NO3PS Acetamiprid I Neonicotinoid C10H11ClN4 Aldicarb I Carbamate C7H14N2O2S Aldicarb sulfone (metabolite) I Carbamate C7H14N2O4S Aldicarbe sulfoxide (metabolite) I Carbamate C7H14N2O3S Amitraz A/I Amidine C19H23N3 Aramite A Sulfite ester C15H23ClO4S Azinphos-ethyl A/I Organophosphorus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Validation Report 20
    EURL for Cereals and Feeding stuff National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Validation Report 20 Determination of pesticide residues in rice baby food by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS (QuEChERS method) Parvaneh Hajeb Susan Strange Herrmann Mette Erecius Poulsen December 2015 Page 2 of 18 CONTENT: 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Principle of analysis......................................................................................................................... 3 3. Validation design ............................................................................................................................. 4 4. Chromatograms and calibration curves .......................................................................................... 5 5. Validation parameters...................................................................................................................... 9 6. Criteria for the acceptance of validation results ........................................................................... 10 7. Results and discussion ................................................................................................................... 10 8. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 12 9. References .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agents for Defense Against Chemical Warfare: Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds **
    Mil. Med. Sci. Lett. (Voj. Zdrav. Listy) 2015, vol. 84(3), p. 115-127 ISSN 0372-7025 DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2015.013 REVIEW ARTICLE AGENTS FOR DEFENSE AGAINST CHEMICAL WARFARE: REACTIVATORS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITED WITH NEUROTOXIC ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ** Petronilho, E. C., Figueroa-Villar, J. D. Chemistry Engineering Section, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Received 30 th April 2015. Revised 7 th July 2015. Published 4 th September 2015. Summary The chemical warfare agents and neurotoxic agents are an important threat to people all over the world, and require special attention because they are highly dangerous. Most of these agents are neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OP), which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for controlling the transmission of nerve impulses. To be inhibited by these compounds, AChE can sometimes be reactivated using cationic oximes, which are the most used substances for this reactivation. Until today there have not been discovered agents for complete treatment of poisoning by all OPs. For this reason, the treatment of intoxicated people requires the determination of the absorbed OP, in order to select the appropriate activator, a process that usually requires long time and may cause death. Therefore, this study aims to do a review on the OPs used as chemical warfare agents and the process of inhibition and reactivation of AChE, especially to motivate the development of new agents for defense against chemical weapons, a process that is very important for protecting all humanity. Key words: acetylcholinesterase; AChE reactivators; organophosphorus; oximes; warfare agents INTRODUCTION pounds (OP), which are highly toxic, allowing their use with small quantities in order to cause seizures The use of chemical warfare agents is a major and death.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide No. 1 – October 2020 2/12 the CONCEPT and IMPLEMENTATION of CPA GUIDANCE RESIDUE LEVELS
    Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco CORESTA GUIDE N° 1 The Concept and Implementation of CPA Guidance Residue Levels October 2020 Agro-Chemical Advisory Committee CORESTA TECHNICAL GUIDE N° 1 Title: The Concept and Implementation of CPA Guidance Residue Levels Status: Valid Note: This document will be periodically reviewed by CORESTA Document history: Date of review Information July 2003 Version 1 GRL for Pyrethrins () and Terbufos corrected. December 2003 CPA terminology corrected. June 2008 Version 2 – GRLs revised and residue definitions added Provisional GRL of 2.00 ppm for Cyfluthrin to replace previous June 2010 GRL of 0.50 ppm July 2013 Version 3 – GRLs revised October 2013 Note for Maleic Hydrazide revised Version 4 – GRLs revised + clarification that scope of GRLs July 2016 applies predominantly to the production of traditional cigarette tobaccos and GAP associated with their cultivation. June 2018 Fluopyram GRL of 5 ppm added to GRL list Version 5 – Nine new CPAs with GRL added to list. November 2019 Revision of GRLs for Chlorantraniliprole and Indoxacarb. Updated web links. October 2020 Version 6 – Flupyradifurone GRL of 21 ppm added to GRL list. CORESTA Guide No. 1 – October 2020 2/12 THE CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CPA GUIDANCE RESIDUE LEVELS Executive Summary • Guidance Residue Levels (GRLs) are in the remit of the Agro-Chemical Advisory Committee (ACAC) of CORESTA. Their development is a joint activity of all ACAC members, who represent the leaf production, processing and manufacturing sectors of the Tobacco Industry. The concept of GRLs and their implementation are described in this guide. • GRLs provide guidance to tobacco growers and assist with interpretation and evaluation of results from analyses of residues of Crop Protection Agents (CPAs*).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Carbamate and Organophosphate Pesticides in Animal Poisoning Cases by GC/MS
    Analysis of Carbamate and Organophosphate Pesticides in Animal Poisoning Cases by GC/MS Jessica M Greene, BS Barry Logan, PhD, Stephen Donovan, PhD, Karen Scott, PhD, Alana Balogh, BFA 03/02/17 1 Background 2 Africa • Pesticides are readily available in Africa for legitimate use • Pesticides are thus available for use as poisons • Conflicts between farmers and wildlife • Poachers attempting to hide illicit activities 3 The Poisonings Effect • Lions • Vultures • Elephants • Hyenas • Humans 4 Organophosphate & Carbamate Pesticides • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors • CNS effects can be varied but poisoning ultimately will lead to muscle contractions followed by paralysis and death due to respiratory failure • Absorption occurs through all routes Figure 1: Organophosphate Figure 2: Carbamate Basic Structure Basic Structure 5 Aims • Develop and optimize a method for OP and carbamates • Create an extraction procedure for the pesticides • Receive authentic samples • Provide reliable and authoritative results to wildlife advocates in Africa 6 Method Development 7 Original Method 8 Finalization of Method GC/MS Parameters GC Agilent 7890A Column HP-4MS Ultra Inert Column Length 30 m Carrier Gas Hydrogen Injection Type/Volume Splitless/ 1 µL Inlet Temperature 250 ⁰C Oven Program 40 ⁰C for 1 minute 15 ⁰C/min to 170 ⁰C, hold for 5 minutes 25 ⁰C/min to 350 ⁰C, hold for 3 minutes Flow 1.1 mL/min MS Agilent 5975C MS Scan Range 35-500 amu 9 Test Mix on Final Method 10 Extraction Optimization 11 In-Field Extraction Add acetone to biological material and
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Chemical Study of the Thermochemical Properties of Organophosphorous Compounds A
    QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS A. Khalfa, M. Ferrari, R. Fournet, B. Sirjean, L. Verdier, Pierre-Alexandre Glaude To cite this version: A. Khalfa, M. Ferrari, R. Fournet, B. Sirjean, L. Verdier, et al.. QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, American Chemical Society, 2015, 119 (42), pp.10527-10539. 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07071. hal-01241498 HAL Id: hal-01241498 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01241498 Submitted on 10 Dec 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS A. Khalfa, M. Ferrari1, R. Fournet1, B. Sirjean1, L. Verdier2, P.A. Glaude1 1Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 NANCY Cedex, France, 2DGA Maîtrise NRBC, Site du Bouchet, 5 rue Lavoisier, BP n°3, 91710 Vert le Petit, France Abstract Organophosphorous compounds are involved in many toxic compounds such as fungicides, pesticides, or chemical warfare nerve agents. The understanding of the decomposition chemistry of these compounds in the environment is largely limited by the scarcity of thermochemical data.
    [Show full text]
  • Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Clustering Individual Co-Exposure to Pesticides Found in the French Diet
    Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet. Amélie Crépet, Jessica Tressou To cite this version: Amélie Crépet, Jessica Tressou. Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet.. 2009. hal-00438796v2 HAL Id: hal-00438796 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00438796v2 Preprint submitted on 12 Jan 2011 (v2), last revised 4 Feb 2011 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet. Am´elieCr´epet a & Jessica Tressoub January 12, 2011 aANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 27-31 Av. G´en´eralLeclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France bINRA-Met@risk, Food Risk Analysis Methodologies, National Institute for Agronomic Re- search, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris, France Keywords Dirichlet process; Bayesian nonparametric modeling; multivariate Normal mixtures; clustering; multivariate exposure; food risk analysis. Abstract This work introduces a specific application of Bayesian nonparametric statistics to the food risk analysis framework. The goal was to determine the cocktails of pesticide residues to which the French population is simultaneously exposed through its current diet in order to study their possible combined effects on health through toxicological experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimethoate in Drinking-Water
    WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/90 English only Dimethoate in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality © World Health Organization 2004 Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale of for non- commercial distribution - should be addressed to Publications (Fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damage incurred as a results of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose ... regulations, and to make recommendations with respect to international health matters ....” The first WHO document dealing specifically with public drinking-water quality was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-water.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020) XXX Draft COMMISSION REGULATION (EU
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, XXX SANTE/10482/2020 […](2020) XXX draft COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) …/… of XXX amending Annexes II, III and V to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for carbon tetrachloride, chlorothalonil, chlorpropham, dimethoate, ethoprophos, fenamidone, methiocarb, omethoate, propiconazole and pymetrozine in or on certain products (Text with EEA relevance) EN EN COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) …/… of XXX amending Annexes II, III and V to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for carbon tetrachloride, chlorothalonil, chlorpropham, dimethoate, ethoprophos, fenamidone, methiocarb, omethoate, propiconazole and pymetrozine in or on certain products (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC1, and in particular Article 14(1)(a) and Article 18(1)(b) thereof, Whereas: (1) For chlorothalonil, chlorpropham, dimethoate, fenamidone, omethoate, propiconazole and pymetrozine maximum residue levels (MRLs) were set in Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. For carbon tetrachloride, MRLs were set in Annex II and Part B of Annex III to that Regulation. For ethoprophos and methiocarb, MRLs were set in Part A of Annex III to that Regulation. (2) The approval of the active substance chlorothalonil was not renewed by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/6772.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation on the Behavior of Pesticides in Atmosphere
    Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 11: 783–790, 2011 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2010.10.0085 Investigation on the Behavior of Pesticides in Atmosphere Pasquale Avino1, Giuseppe Cinelli2, Ivan Notardonato2, Mario V. Russo2* 1 DIPIA, INAIL (ex-ISPESL), via Urbana 167, 00184 Rome, Italy 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy ABSTRACT Although pesticides are widely used in agriculture, they and in particular the relative residues in foodstuffs, water and atmosphere, may cause remarkable sanitary problems due to the harmful effects (carcinogenic and mutagenic effects) on the human health. In fact, their spread in waters and atmosphere can produce undesired effects on various organisms and/or water contamination. This paper shows an analytical approach based on XAD-2 adsorbent and GC analysis for evaluating the pesticide trend in atmosphere: in particular, the pesticides investigated are omethoate, dicrotofos, disulfoton, dimethoate, parathion methyl, formothion, paraoxon ethyl, malaoxon, parathion ethyl, iodofenfos and triazofos. For the analytical methodology a linearity response was obtained (r2 = 0.9988) in GC-NPD whereas the limits of detection range between 2 and 5 pg/μL in GC-NPD with a Relative Standard Deviation below 9.5. Finally, this approach has been successfully applied to real samples: the results show that dimethoate concentration decreases with increasing distance from the sampling site but it is still persistent in atmosphere after few days from the pesticide spraying. Keywords: Pesticides; XAD-2 adsorbent; GC analysis; Atmosphere; Air quality. INTRODUCTION 2009). One of the most important OP reactions is water hydrolysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Criteria 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS
    Environmental Health Criteria 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Organophophorus insecticides: a general introduction (EHC 63, 1986) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1986 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of Organophosphorus Pesticides by Quechers and LC
    HPLC Application ID No.: 20020 Quantification of Organophosphorus Pesticides by QuEchERS and LC/MS/MS Column: Synergi™ 4 µm Fusion-RP 80 Å, LC Column 50 x 2 mm, Ea Dimensions: 50 x 2 mm ID Order No: 00B-4424-B0 Elution Type: Gradient Eluent A: Add 5mL of 1M ammonium formate to 1L Water Eluent B: Add 5mL of 1M ammonium formate to 1L Methanol Gradient Step No. Time (min) Pct A Pct B Profile: 1 -5 95 5 2 0 95 5 3 2 95 5 4 6 50 50 5 12 10 90 6 14 10 90 7 16 95 5 8 17 95 5 Flow Rate: 250 mL/min Col. Temp.: 25 °C Detection: Tandem Mass Spec (MS-MS) @ (ambient) Detector Info: <a target="_blank" href="https://sciex.com/products/mass-spectrometers?utm_campaign=2019%20application%20search&utm_source=phenomenex&utm_medium=referral">SCIEX</a> Analyst Note: SecurityGuard™ Guard Cartridge System extends column lifetime. - SecurityGuard Cartridges, Fusion-RP 4 x 2.0mm ID, 10/Pk Part No.: AJ0-7556 - Holder Part No.: KJ0-4282 ©2021 Phenomenex Inc. All rights reserved. For more information contact your Phenomenex Representative at [email protected] Phenomenex products are available worldwide. www.phenomenex.com [email protected] Page 1 of 2 HPLC Application ID No.: 20020 Quantification of Organophosphorus Pesticides by QuEchERS and LC/MS/MS ANALYTES: 1 Acephate (MRM: 184/142.8) 41 Diazinon (MRM: 305/169) 2 Acephate (MRM: 184/94.9) 42 Diazinon (MRM: 305/153) 3 Demeton-S-methyl sulfone (MRM: 263/169) 43 Fenthion (MRM: 278.9/169) 4 Demeton-S-methyl sulfone (MRM: 263/109) 44 Fenthion (MRM: 278.9/246.9) 5 Parathion-methyl Methyl parathion (MRM: 263.9/232.1)45
    [Show full text]
  • Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0
    Version 1.1.0 Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List Fair Trade USA® Agricultural Production Standard Version 1.1.0 Introduction Through the implementation of our standards, Fair Trade USA aims to promote sustainable livelihoods and safe working conditions, protection of the environment, and strong, transparent supply chains.. Our standards work to limit negative impacts on communities and the environment. All pesticides can be potentially hazardous to human health and the environment, both on the farm and in the community. They can negatively affect the long-term sustainability of agricultural livelihoods. The Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS) seeks to minimize these risks from pesticides by restricting the use of highly hazardous pesticides and enhancing the implementation of risk mitigation practices for lower risk pesticides. This approach allows greater flexibility for producers, while balancing controls on impacts to human and environmental health. This document lists the pesticides that are prohibited or restricted in the production of Fair Trade CertifiedTM products, as required in Objective 4.4.2 of the APS. It also includes additional rules for the use of restricted pesticides. Purpose The purpose of this document is to outline the rules which prohibit or restrict the use of hazardous pesticides in the production of Fair Trade Certified agricultural products. Scope • The Prohibited and Restricted Pesticides List (PRPL) applies to all crops certified against the Fair Trade USA Agricultural Production Standard (APS). • Restrictions outlined in this list apply to active ingredients in any pesticide used by parties included in the scope of the Certificate while handling Fair Trade Certified products.
    [Show full text]