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Power Electronics Electrical Engineering Power Electronics Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions Publications Publications MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 4-A/4,4 Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016 E-mail: [email protected] Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007 Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org Power Electronics © Copyright by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition : 2015 Second Edition : 2016 Third Edition : 2017 Fourth Edition : 2018 Fifth Edition : 2019 Sixth Edition : 2020 © All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Contents Power Electronics Chapter 1 4�3 Structural Modification of the Device ��������������������������������82 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������� 1 4�4 Heating and Cooling of SCR ��������������������������������������������������83 4�5 Series and Parallel Operation of SCR ����������������������������������83 1�1 Block Diagram of Power Electronic Systems ��������������������� 1 1�2 Classification of The Power Semiconductors �������������������� 4 4�6 Firing Circuits for Thyristors ���������������������������������������������������90 4�7 Other Members of Thyristor Family ������������������������������������95 Chapter 2 Student Assignments-1 ......................................................... 108 Power Semi-conductor Diode & Transistor ���������� 8 2�1 Basic Semiconductor Physics �������������������������������������������������� 8 Chapter 5 2�2 Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics �������������������������������� 8 Thyristor Commutation Techniques ...111 2�3 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor: (Power BJT) �������������14 5�1 Introduction.............................................................................. 111 2�4 Power MOSFET ���������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Class-A, Class-B, Class-C, Class-D, Class-E and Class-F 2�5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor : (IGBT) �������������������������26 Student Assignments-1 ......................................................... 125 Chapter 3 Chapter 6 Diode Rectifiers ������������������������������������������������������30 3�1 Single-Phase Halfwave Rectifier ������������������������������������������30 Phase Controlled Rectifiers .................126 3�2 Single-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier with L-Load �����32 6�1 Introduction.............................................................................. 126 3�3 Single-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier with C-Load ����35 6�2 Firing Angle............................................................................... 126 3�4 Single-Phase Halfwave Rectifier with RL-Load ���������������36 6�3 1-f Halfwave Rectifier with R-Load ���������������������������������� 126 3�5 Single-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier with RL-Load and 6�4 1-f Halfwave Rectifier with RL-Load �������������������������������� 131 Freewheeling Diode �����������������������������������������������������������������40 6�5 1-f Halfwave Rectifier with R-L Load and 3�6 Single-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier with RE-Load ��43 Free-wheeling Diode ������������������������������������������������������������ 133 3�7 Single-Phase Fullwave Diode Rectifier ������������������������������47 6�6 Single Phase (1-f) Halfwave Rectifier with 3�8 Single-Phase Fullwave Diode Bridge Rectifier ����������������49 RLE Load..................................................................................... 136 3�9 Performance Parameters ��������������������������������������������������������52 3�10 Three-Phase Rectifier ���������������������������������������������������������������56 6�7 1-f Fullwave Mid-Point Type Rectifier ���������������������������� 140 3�11 Three-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier ������������������������������56 6�8 1-f Fullwave Bridge Type Rectifier with R-Load �������������������� 142 3�12 Three-Phase Midpoint 6-Pulse Diode Rectifier ��������������61 6�9 1-f Fullwave Bridge Type Rectifier with RL-Load ������������������ 143 3�13 Three-Phase Halfwave Diode Rectifier with Common 6�10 1-f Fullwave Bridge Type Rectifier with RLE Load ���������������� 145 Anode Arrangement ����������������������������������������������������������������63 6�11 Inverter Mode of Operation ����������������������������������������������� 150 3�14 Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier �����������������������������������64 6�12 1-f Fullwave Semi-converter with RLE Load (or) 1-f Full wave Half Controlled Rectifier with Free Wheeling Chapter 4 Diode ......................................................................................... 153 Thyristors �������������������������������������������������������������70 6�13 3-f Controlled Half Wave Rectifier ����������������������������������� 163 4�1 Thyristor.........................................................................................70 6�14 3-f Halfwave Rectifier with R-L Load ������������������������������ 167 4�2 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) �����������������������������������������70 (iii) 6�15 3-f Full Converter (or) 3-f Full wave Rectifier with Chapter 9 R Load ......................................................................................... 168 Resonant Converters ���������������������������������� 268 6�16 3-f Full Converter (or) 3-f Full wave Bridge Rectifier with 9�1 Introduction.............................................................................. 268 RLE Load..................................................................................... 171 9�2 Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Converters ������������������270 6�17 3-f Fullwave Semi-converter with RLE Load and 9�3 L-Type ZCS Resonant Converter ���������������������������������������� 270 Freewheeling Diode �������������������������������������������������������������� 174 9�4 M-Type ZCS Resonance Converter (DC–DC) ����������������� 272 6�18 Effect of Source Inductance in 1-f Rectifier ����������������� 175 9�5 Zero-Voltage Switching Resonant Converters ������������ 274 6�19 Dual Converter ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 182 9�6 Comparisons between ZCS and ZVS Resonant Student Assignments-1 ......................................................... 184 Converters................................................................................. 276 Chapter 7 Chapter 10 Choppers �����������������������������������������������������������187 Power Semiconductor Drives .............277 7�1 Definition................................................................................... 187 10�1 DC Drives.................................................................................... 277 7�2 Principle of Operation of Step Down Chopper...................187 10�2 AC Drives.................................................................................... 288 7�3 Principle of Operation of Step-up Choppers���������������� 191 10�3 Static Kramer Drive ���������������������������������������������������������������� 290 7�4 Step up/Step down Choppers ������������������������������������������� 195 10�4 Static Scherbius Drive ����������������������������������������������������������� 291 7�5 Switching Mode Regulators ����������������������������������������������� 197 7�6 First-Quadrant or Type-A Chopper ���������������������������������� 206 Chapter 11 7�7 Second-Quadrant or Type-B Chopper ���������������������������� 207 High Frequency Inductors and 7�8 Type-D Chopper (or) Two Quadrant Type-B Chopper 208 Transformers ........................................293 7�9 Four Quadrant Chopper or Type-E Chopper ���������������� 208 11�1 Design of Magnetic Components for Power Electronics 293 7�10 Steady State Analysis of Type A Chopper ���������������������� 211 11�2 Magnetic Material and Cores ��������������������������������������������� 293 7�11 Forced Commutation is of Two Types ����������������������������� 215 11�3 Hysteresis Loss ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 294 Student Assignments-1 ......................................................... 228 11�4 Skin Effect Limitations ���������������������������������������������������������� 294 11�5 Eddy Current Loss in Laminated Cores ��������������������������� 295 Chapter 8 11�6 Coppwer Windings ���������������������������������������������������������������� 295 Inverters ������������������������������������������������������������230 11�7 Winding Loss Due to DC Resistance of Windings ������� 296 8�1 1-Phase Half Bridge Inverters��������������������������������������������� 230 11�8 Skin Effect in Copper Windings ����������������������������������������� 296 8�2 1-Phase Full Bridge Inverter ����������������������������������������������� 232 11�9 Thermal Considerations ������������������������������������������������������� 297 8�3 Fourier Analysis of 1-f Inverter Output Voltage................. 237 8�4 3-Phase Bridge Inverter ������������������������������������������������������� 250 Chapter 12 8�5 3-Phase 120° Mode VSI ��������������������������������������������������������� 257 Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) ........ 298 8�6 Current Source Inverter (CSI) ��������������������������������������������� 263 12�1 Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) ��������������������������� 298 Student Assignments-1 ......................................................... 265 nnnn (iv) .
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