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Nicássio Martins Da Costa UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS - UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA NÍVEL MESTRADO NICÁSSIO MARTINS DA COSTA NAVEGANDO EM ÁGUAS PERIGOSAS A abordagem literária e a construção de estereótipos dos piratas caribenhos do Setecentos SÃO LEOPOLDO 2016 Nicássio Martins da Costa NAVEGANDO EM ÁGUAS PERIGOSAS A abordagem literária e a construção de estereótipos dos piratas caribenhos do Setecentos Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História, pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Orientador(a): Prof(a). Dr. Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck São Leopoldo 2016 C837n Costa, Nicássio Martins da. Navegando em águas perigosas : a abordagem literária e a construção de estereótipos dos piratas caribenhos do Setecentos / Nicássio Martins da Costa. – 2016. 170 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, 2016. “Orientador(a): Prof(a). Dr. Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck).” 1. Estereótipos (Psicologia social) na literatura. 2. Piratas – Caribe. 3. Piratas na literatura. 4. Defoe, Daniel, 1660-1731. I. Título. CDU 82.09 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Bibliotecário: Flávio Nunes – CRB 10/1298) Nicássio Martins da Costa NAVEGANDO EM ÁGUAS PERIGOSAS A abordagem literária e a construção de estereótipos dos piratas caribenhos do Setecentos Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre, pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Aprovado em (25) (04) (2016) BANCA EXAMINADORA Cláudio Pereira Elmir – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos Nikelen Acosta Witter – Centro Universitário Franciscano Antonio Marcos Vieira Sanseverino – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Quinze homens sobre o baú do morto... Io-ro-ro, e uma garrafa de rum! Beba, pois o diabo levou a nau do porto... Io-ro-ro, e uma garrafa de rum! (STEVENSON, 2014, p. 121) Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Amauri e Jurema, que me deram amor e todo o suporte para que eu chegasse a este ponto tão importante dos meus estudos. Também dedico à minha noiva, Krist Helen, que acompanha de perto este projeto desde a Graduação, sempre apoiando, torcendo e sendo uma companheira maravilhosa. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, primeiramente, à minha orientadora, professora Eliane Fleck, por ter abraçado a orientação deste trabalho no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Unisinos. Também, por ter se disposto, ao longo destes dois anos, a aprender junto comigo sobre o tema e por ter se dedicado a qualificar o texto em todos os sentidos, tanto através da indicação de leituras, quanto das discussões nos nossos encontros de orientação. Agradeço, também, aos outros professores vinculados ao Programa que estiveram sempre bastante dispostos a compartilhar seus conhecimentos nas disciplinas que ministraram, especialmente, ao professor Claudio Elmir, pela indicação de leituras e pelas conversas que enriqueceram o texto da dissertação. Agradeço aos professores Nikelen Witter e Cláudio Elmir, que, por ocasião do exame de qualificação, contribuíram com suas considerações e sugestões e, também, ao professor Antônio Sanseverino por aceitar fazer parte da banca de avaliação final. Também preciso fazer um agradecimento especial ao professor Carlos Renato, meu orientador da monografia do Curso de Graduação, por ter apoiado a ideia desta pesquisa e contribuído na elaboração do projeto de dissertação aprovado no processo seletivo do Curso de Mestrado no ano de 2014. Agradeço, também, as colegas que partilharam seus conhecimentos comigo durante o Seminário de Dissertação, Tarcila e Mariana. Os relatos do andamento da pesquisa à orientadora e as conversas que tivemos nesta disciplina foram de grande valia para que o processo de reflexão e de escrita da dissertação fosse um sucesso. Agradeço, também, a todos os outros colegas que prestigiaram as apresentações da minha pesquisa desde o exame de qualificação. Agradeço à Secretaria do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UNISINOS, por realizar com afinco e competência todas suas obrigações. Em especial, à secretária Saionara, por ser sempre muito solícita e atenciosa com todos. E, finalmente, agradeço à CAPES/FAPERGS, pela bolsa que recebi durante estes dois anos, que permitiu que eu me dedicasse exclusivamente à pesquisa e à escrita da dissertação, fazendo com que o trabalho fosse feito da melhor e mais qualificada forma possível. RESUMO Este trabalho se propõe a reconstituir e discutir o processo de construção do(s) estereótipo(s) dos piratas em obras literárias de ficção que foram escritas no século seguinte ao auge e ao posterior desaparecimento das atividades de pirataria nos mares do Caribe. Para tanto, reconstituímos esse processo gradual de desaparecimento, a partir da contextualização da situação política e econômica do século XVIII, principalmente das três primeiras décadas, que se caracterizaram por uma série de mudanças, sobretudo no comércio ultramarino, estabelecidas pelo Tratado de Utrecht, em decorrência da Guerra da Sucessão Espanhola. A discussão que realizamos partiu da obra A General History of the Pyrates , de Daniel Defoe, que consideramos o ponto inaugural da construção destes estereótipos, por apresentar dezenove biografias de piratas que conquistaram fama nas primeiras décadas do século XVIII. A narrativa de Defoe, marcada por traços de jornalismo sensacionalista, acabou por enaltecer as características desses piratas junto ao público leitor, provocando, assim, um efeito contrário ao pretendido pelo autor e, principalmente, pela Coroa inglesa, empenhada em difamar ao máximo a imagem dos piratas para facilitar seu processo de eliminação, que já vinha sendo realizado pela Marinha Real Britânica (Royal Navy). As obras literárias que selecionamos para cotejo e análise foram O Conde de Monte Cristo , de Alexandre Dumas, A Ilha do Tesouro , de Robert Louis Stevenson, Contos de Piratas , de Arthur Conan Doyle e O Garoto no Convés de John Boyne. Nelas, pudemos constatar, em maior ou menor grau, tanto apropriações das descrições feitas por Daniel Defoe, evidenciadas na caracterização que seus autores fazem de alguns personagens, quanto a criação de novas características (físicas e comportamentais), que contribuíram, desta forma, para encorpar, difundir e perpetuar o estereótipo dos piratas caribenhos do século XVIII. Palavras-Chave: Piratas. Caribe. Estereótipo. Ficção. Daniel Defoe. Sumário Introdução ........................................................................................................................ 10 Capítulo I: Contextos, Símbolos e Nomenclaturas .................................................... 24 1.1 O ato de pirataria dos amotinados do HMS Bounty em O Garoto no Convés e a literatura como fonte de pesquisa histórica ........................................................................ 24 1.2 Piratas e suas Nomenclaturas: Entre Corsários, Bucaneiros e Flibusteiros ........ 31 1.3 Bandeiras, Acessórios, Armas e Navios: Equipamentos simbólicos ou essenciais que acompanhavam os Piratas ............................................................................................. 35 1.4 Piratas do Caribe no XVIII: O contexto de um gradual desaparecimento .......... 45 1.5 Piratas de fora do Caribe: Os ataques de berberes no Mediterrâneo e nas costas europeias e africanas do Atlântico ....................................................................................... 58 Capítulo II: Relatos Intencionais e Ficções ................................................................ 64 2.1 A General History of the Pyrates: autoria, estrutura, objetivos e edições. .................. 64 2.1.1 O teor de Public History de A General History of the Pyrates e os objetivos de Daniel Defoe com a escrita ................................................................................................ 70 2.1.2 As biografias de piratas escritas por Daniel Defoe e o gênero biográfico na História 76 2.2 Para além de A General History of the Pyrates : os piratas nos romances dos séculos XIX, XX e XXI ....................................................................................................................... 81 2.2.1 A Narrativa ................................................................................................................. 89 2.2.2 O Tempo ..................................................................................................................... 96 2.2.3 O Espaço .................................................................................................................... 98 Capítulo III: Verdadeiros ou não: os Estereótipos dos Piratas Caribenhos ......... 102 3.1 Os Personagens na Ficção ............................................................................................. 106 3.1.1 Os Piratas Reais da Ficção ....................................................................................... 108 3.1.2 Os Piratas Ficcionais da Ficção ................................................................................ 127 3.2 Pernas de Pau, Olhos de Vidro, Astúcia, Carisma e os Tantos Estereótipos dos Piratas do Caribe ................................................................................................................. 131 3.2.1 O Estereótipo em Imagens e Descrições .................................................................. 132
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