RUT FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY.

too often assumed. He was one of the sion of a copy. Rutherford was at th« Commissioners from the General Assembly same time dejirived of his situation, hi" of the Church of to the West stipend conBscated, and himself cited to minster Assembly, where bis services were appear before the ensuing High Court of aeknowletlged by all parties to have been of ParUament to answer to a charge of liigh great importance. The other Commis- treason. Before the meeting of Parliament, sioners from the Scottish Church were per- however, he was called to appear at a mitted to visit their native country by higher bar. He had long been in bad turns, and to report the progress which was health, and seeing, as he thought, injury made from time to time in the work ; but coming u|>nn tliecOjurch, it broke his spirit, Rutherford never quitted his post till his and Ik- uuvur lailir.l. Of his last moments mission was accomplished. Mr Rutherford we c:in allonl spate only for a very brief e.Kerted himself to promote the cause he account. He seiuied to enjoy singular espoused, not only in the Assembly but elevation of spirit in the near praspect of also by means of the press in a variety of death. "I shall shine," he said, "I shall publications. All his productions are see Him as He is. Mine eyes shall see my highly honourable to the talents of their Redeemer." " I disclaim,'' he remarked at author, and place his industiy and fertUity the same time, " all that ever God made me of mind in a singularly favourable point of will or do, and I look upon it as defiled or view. Rutherford, in returning to St imperfect as coming from me, but Christ is Andrews, the former scene of his profes- my wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, sional and pastoral hibours, must have felt and redemption." To his surviving agreeably reUeved from the business and daughter he said—" I leave you upon the the bustle of a popular assembly, and hoped, Lord ; it may be you will tell this to probably, that now he might rest in his lot. others, that the lines are fallen to me in Far otherwiije, however, was the case. He pleasant places. I have got a goodly w:is in January 1C49, at the recommendation heritage." His last words were—"Glory, of the Commission of the General Assembly, glory dwelleth in Immanuel's land ;" and aiipointed Principal of St Mary's College, he expired on the morning of the 20th of which he was already Professor of March 16C1 in the sixty-first year of Ids Divinity ; and not long after he was elevated age. Mr Rutherford was unquestionably to the Rectorship of the University. An one of the most learned, able, and consistent attempt had also been made in the General Presbyterians of his age. In his " FamUiar A.ssembly of 1049 to have him removed to Letters,"published imsthumiiusly, he evinces the University of , which BaiUie a fervour of feeling and that, in other " Siiys Was thought to be absurd, and so curcumstances and otherwise exerted, would was laid aside." He had an invitation at have ranked him among the most successful the same time to the Chair of Divinity and cultivators of literature. Wudrow has Hebrew in the University of Hardewyrk in observed that those who knew liim best Holland, which he declined ; and on the were at a loss which to admire. Ids subUme 20th of May 1651 he was electetl to fiU the genius in the school, or his famUiar conde- Divinity Chair in the University of Utrecht. scensions in the puljiit, where he was one of Rutherford seems now to have been in some the most moving and affectionate preachers degree of hesitation, and requested sLx of his time, or perhaps iu any age of the months to advise upon the subject. At the Church. end of this period he wrote to the patrons of the College thanking them for the high honour they had done him, but informing them that he could not think of abandoning the Church of Scotland in the perilous circum- SAGE, The Right Reverend John, was in stances which she then stood. The whole bom in 1052 in the parish of Creich, in the of the subsequent life of Samuel Rutherford north-east of , where his ancestors had was one continued struggle. After King lived with much respect, but Uttle property, Charles' Restoration, when, though infirm for seven generations ; his father was a in_ body, Mr Rutherford's spirit was stUl Captain in Lord Dufius' regiment, which alive to the cause of Presbytery, he recom- was engaged in the defence of Dundee when mended that some of his own party (the it was stormed and taken by the Parhamen- Protestors) should be sent to the king to tary General, Monk, on the 30th August give a representation of the state of matters 1G51. Captain Sage's property was in the church, and when the Protestors di min ished in proportion to his loyalty, and applied to the other party (the Resolu- all the fortune he had to bestow on his son tionists) who preferred a moderate Episco- was a Uberal education and his own principles pacy to join them, they refused to have of loyalty and virtue. Young Sage received- anything to do with them, and the Com- the rudiments of his education at the school mittee of Estates, met at Edinburgh, of his native parish, and at a proper age was dispersed the Protestors, and threatened removed to the University of , them with imprisonment. The next act of where he remained during the usual course, the Committee was an order to burn Ruther- performing the exercises required by the ford's " Le.x Rex," and for lumishing all statutes of the Scottish Universities, and who should afterwards be found in j osses- here he took the degree of Master of Arts in ;

FIFESHIKE BIOGRAPHY. SAG the year 1672. He made letters his pro- of these assemblies. The Bishop delivered fession ; but, hia meaus being narrow, he also a charge to the presbyters at the open- was compelled to accept the office of paro- ing of these meetings, which, with the act chial school-master of Ballingry, in Fife, of the synodal or presbyterial meetings, was from which parish he was soon afterwards registered by the clerk, who was always one removed to the same office in Tippermuir, of the most eminent of the diocesan clergy. near Perth, In these humble stations he In all this period there were neither liturgy, often wanted many of the necessaries and nor forms, nor ceremonies, nor surphces, all the comforts of life ; yet, he prosecuted nor black gowns, nor any mark whatever his studies with such unwearied diligence, by which a stranger, on entering a parish that he imbibed the seeds of several diseases, church, could discover that any difference in which afflicted him through the whole of worship or external appearance existed be- his life, and, notwithstanding the native tween the Established Episcopal Church vigour of his constitution, tended ultimately and the tolerated Presbyterian Chapel ; and to shorten his days. To the cultivated mind we believe it is an estabUshed fact, that so of such a man as Sage, the drudgery of a much were the minds of the moderate Pres- parish school must have been an almost in- byterians reconciled to Episcopacy, that tolerable slavery ; he therefore readily almost all the indulged ministers, with their accepted the offer, from Mr Drummond of congregations, took the communion at the Cultmalundie, of a situation in his family parish churches with the Episcopal clergy to superintend the education of his sons. towards the latter end of the reign of Charles He accompanied these young persons to I [. Mr Sage continued to officiate as Clerk the Grammar School of Perth, and after- of the Diocese, and as a parish minister in wards attended them in the same capacity , till the Revolution in 1688. In of tutor to the . execution of the duties of his pastoral office, At Perth he acquired the esteem of Dr he gained the esteem and affection not only of Eose, who was afterwards Bishop of Edin- his own p.arishioners but even of the Presby- burgh, and one of the most distinguished terians ; so much so, that when the common men of his age ; and at St Andrews he ob- people took the Reformation of the Church tained the friendship and countenance of all into their own hands, and with no gentle the great Uterary characters of the period. means turned the Episcopal clergy of the In 1684 the education of his pupils was western shires out of their churches and completed, and he was again thrown on the Uvings, he was treated in a manner which world without employment, without pro- was considered as comparatively lenient spects, and without any means of subsistence. and humane, being warned privately " to His friend, Dr Rose, however, having been shake off the dust from his feet, and with- promoted from the station of Parish Minis- draw from Glasgow, and never venture to ter at Perth to the Chair of Divinity at St appear there again." Many of his brethren Andrews, did not forget young Sage at were trimmers both in ecclesiastical as well this moment of indecision and helplessness. as political affairs ; they had been Presby- He recommended him so effectually to his terians and Republicans in the days of the uncle, Dr Rose, then Archbishop of Glas- Covenant, and when, from the sign of the gow, that he was by that prelate admitted times in the short reign of the infatuated into priest's orders, and presented to one of and ill-advised James, a change in the Es- the city churches. At the period of his advancement in the church he was about thirty-four years of age ; his knowledge of suddenly became all gentleness and the Scriptures was very great, and he had descension to the Presbyterians, whom they studied ecclesiastical history with the writ- now courted and caressed. Sage's conduct ings of early aU the fathers of the church ; was the reverse of this ; he was heartily and he was thorough master of school divinity, from conviction an EpiscopaUan and and had entered deeply into the modern a Royahst ; and in all his discourses in controversies, especially those between the pubUc and private he laboured to instil Romish and the Protestant Churches, and those principles into the minds of others. also into the dispute among the rival churches To persecution for difference of opinion of the Reformation. He was in consequence he was always steadily opposed, not from very highly esteemed by his brethren, and any indifference to all opinions, but from a was soon after appointed clerk of the spirit of perfect charity, for he never tamely Diocesan Synod of Glasgow, an office of betrayed through fear what he knew it was great responsibility. During the establish- his duty to maintain, notwithstanding hia ment of Episcopacy in Scotland, from the indulgence to the prejudice of others. Thus Restoration of Charies II. till the year 1690, expelled from Glasgow, he sought shelter in the authority of the Bishops in the Govern- Edinburgh, carrying with him the synodical ment of the Church was exceedingly limited books, which, it would appear, he had de- they possessed indeed the sole power of or- livered to Bishop Rose, for, after the death dination ; but their government was shared of that venerable ecclesiastic, they were by presbyteries and diocesan synods, in found in his possession, and dehvered by which they presided as perpetual modera- his nephew to the Presbytery of Glasgow. tors, having only the insignificant preroga- These books h.id been repeatedly demanded tive of a negative voice over the deliberation by the new Presbytery, but had always FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY.

been refused from a hone still lingering in Sage's mind that a seconu restoration should

take place ; but aa the captivity of the Jews

the braes of Angus, the Countess of i lander offered him an asylum, with the pal Church of Scotland. Partly to contri- appointment of domestic chaplain for her bute towards that restoration for which he family, and tutor for her sons. Here he ardentlv longed, and partly to support him- continued for some time, and when the Belf under that destitution to which he was young gentlemen intrusted to his charge now reduced, he commenced a polemical were no longer in want of his instructions, writer, to the infinite annoyance of his he accepted an invitation from Sir John adversaries. The following is a list of Ins Stewart, of Grantully, who desired the works, which are now scarce, and chiefly to assistance of a chaplain, and the conversa- be found in the libraries of those who are tion of a man of letters. In this situation curious in such things. 1, " The Second he remained till the necessities of the church and Third Letters concerning the Persecu- required the episcopal order to be preserved tion of the Episcopal Clergy in Scotland,'' by new consecrations. The mildness of his printed in London in 1689. The first letter manners, the extent of his learning, and his was written by the Rev. Thomas Merer, experience, recommended him as a fit per- and the fourth by Professor Monro. 2. son on whom to bestow the episcopal char- " An Account of the Late EstabUshment of acter. He was accordingly consecrated a Presbyterian Government by the ParUament bishop on the 25th Januojy 1705, when no of Scotland in 1C90." London, 1693. 3. temporal motives could have induced him " The fundamental Charter of Presby- to accept an office at all times of great re- tery." London, 1095. 4. "The Prin- sponsibility, but at that time of pecuUar ciples of the Cyprianie Age, with re- personal danger. His consecrators were, gard to Episcopal Power and Juris- John Paterson, the deprived archbishop of diction." London, 1695. 5. " A Vindica- Glasgow; Dr Alexander Rose, deprived tion of the Principles of the Cyprianie archbishop of Edinburgh ; and Robert Age." London, 1701. 6. " Some Remarks Douglas, deprived archbishop of Dunblane. on a Letter from a Gentleman in the City Soon after his promotion, this illustrious to a Minister in the Country, on Mr David man was seized with that illness, the seeds Williamson's Sermon before the General of which had been sown in the difficulties Assembly." Edinburgh, 1703. 7. "A and privations of his youth. After patiently Brief Examination of some things in Mr lingering a considerable time in Scotland Meldrum's Sermon preached on the 6th without improvement, he was induced to May 1703 against a toleration to those of try the efficacy of the watei-s at Bath, in the Episcopal Persuasion." Edinburgh, 1709. But this also failed him, the seat of 1703. 8. "The Reasonableness of a Tole- his disease lay deeper than medical skill ration of those of the Episcopal Persuasion, could reach. He remained a year at Bath inquired into purely on Church Principles." and London, where the great recognised, 1704. 9. " The Life of Gawin Bouglas." and the learned caressed and courted him, 1710. 10. "An Introduction to Drum- and where it was the wish of many distin- mond's History of the five Jameses." guished persons that he should spend the Edinburgh, 1711. He left besides several remainder of his life. The love of his country manuscripts on various subjects that are and of his native church, overcame all en- mentioned in his life by Bishop Gillan, and treaties, and he returned to Scotland in which were published at London in 1714. 1710, with a debilitated body, but a mind On his retirement to the metropolis he as vigorous as ever. Immediately on his began to officiate to a small body who stiU arrival, he engaged with uudimiuished adhered to the displaced Church ; but ardour in the publication of Drummond's peremptorily refusing to take the oaths to works, to which Ruddiman, whose friend- the Revolution Government, such was then ship he had for many years enjoyed, lent the rigour of the officers of State and the his assistance. Worn out with disease and violence of the populace, that he was ere mental anguish. Bishop Sage died at Edin- long compelled at once to demit his charge burgh, on 7th June 1711, lamented by his and to leave the city, his person being no friends, and feared by his adversaries. His longer deemed safe. In this extremity he friend Ruddiman always spoke of him as a was received into the family, and enjoyed companion whom he esteemed for his worth, the protection and friemlship of Sir William and as a scholar whom he admired for his Bruce, then Sheriff of Kinross, who ap- learning. Sage was unquestionably a man proved of his principles and admired Ins of great ability, and even genius. It is to virtues. Here he remained till 1696. On be lamented, however, that his life and the imprisonment of his patron. Sir Wdliam, intellect were altogether expended in a who was suspected of disaffection to the wrong position, and on a thankless subject. Government, he ventured in a clandestine All the sophistical ingenuity that was ever to convince manner to visit him in Edinburgh Castle ; exerted, would have been unable but his persecutors would give him no the great majority of the Scottish people, respite ; he was obliged again to flee for his that the order of Bishops was of scriptural life to the Grampian HLUs, where he lived institution, or that the government of the — ;

SCH FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SCH two last male Stuarts, in which a specimen Bumet, Minister at Moniemusk, in Aber- of that order had so notable a share, was a deenshire, of the ancient and honourable humane or just government. He was a family of Bumet. He was bom about the man labouring against the great tide of year 1746, went to sea early in life, and was circumstances and public feeling; and, ac- for some time in the merchant service. This cordingly, those talents, which otherwise was formerly the case more than at present might have been exerted for the improve- for some of our ablest commanders of for- ment of his fellow creatures, and the fulfil- mer times, and even some of those who are ment of the grand designs of providence, yet living were so bred. In the jfear 1757 were thrown away, without producing im- Mr Schanck served for the first time in a mediate or remote good. How long have man of war, the Elizabeth of 74 guns, com- men contended about trifles—what ages manded by the late Su: Hugh PaUiser. This have been permitted to elapse uselessly officer, notwithstanding the odium attempted how many minds have been lighted up, and to be attached to his name in consequence quenched —before even a fair portion of of his disputes with Admiral Keppel, was a reason has been introduced into the habits man of much worth and discernment ; and of thinking, and the domestic practice of while he possessed great merit himself, he the race. appeared always ready to distinguish and SANDERS, Geokge, miniature painter, to reward it in others. He was appointed was bom at Kinghom in 1774, and educated at this time to cruize between Cape Clear

in Edinburgh. Having evinced great apti- and Cape Finisterre ; and when he after- tude for drawing, he was apprenticed to wards removed to another ship, Mr Schanck Smeaton the coach painter, a man of con- accompanied him in the capacity of master's

siderable taste ; and after leaving him, was mate ; a station that implies some previous employed principally in painting miniatures, knowledge in nautical affairs. "We next and teaching drawing. He also, at an early find Mr Schanck in the Emerald frig.ate, period of his career, painted a panorama of Captain (afterwards Sir Charles) Douglas, Edinburgh, taken from the guardship in with whom he went to the North Cape of Roads. Sanders practised his pro- Lapland, in order to observe the transit of

fession in Edinburgh till about 1807, when, Venus ; an intention, however, which the having gone to London, he occupied a dis- prevailing gloominess of the weather pre- tinguished position there as a miniature vented. About the year 1771, our officer painter, being exclusivt joined the Princess AmeUa of 80 guns, fitting highest people in the land, for the flag of Sir George B. Rodney, who had 1812 he seems to have turned his attention recently been appointed to the command on almost entirely to painting life-size portraits the J .-imaica station. Previous to this, he in oil, and in this department his works appears to have had the good fortune to were, for a -time, in great demand. His save the fife of Mr Whitworth, son of Sir forte, however, was miniature painting, and Charles, and brother to Lord Whitworth, the oijinions of his brethren in art being who was overset in a small boat in Ports- more in favour of his miniatures than his mouth Harbour. Mr Whitworth was after- other works, he was piqued, became wards lost in America, while serving under estranged from the general body of the pro- Lord Howe. Mr Schanck was also for some fession, and declined being a candidate for time a midshipman on board the Barfleur. academic honours. In the cataldgue of the In the month of June 1776, after a laborious E.\liibition by the Royal Scottish Academy service of eighteen years' continuance, Mr of October 18G3, Nos. 375, 37G, 377, are Schanck was promoted to the rank of works of Sanders. He died in London in lieutenant, and appointed to the Conceaux, 1846. an armed schooner, employed on the river SCHANCK, John, Admiral of the Blue, St Lawrence. This command he nominally

and F.R.S., a brave and scientific officer, retained for a considerable time ; we say who distinguished himself both in the civil nominally, for almost immediately after the and in the military service of the Navy, commencement of the war in Canada, the was descended from a very ancient family late Admiral Vandeput, with whom he had

in Mid-Lothian ; a branch of which settled served as a midshipman in , and who at Kinghom, in Fifeshire, and obtained had conceived a just idea of his talents, re- lands there in the reign of Robert Bruce, commended him as a proper person to fit anno 1319. The Schanoks, or Shanks, are out a flotilla, to act agaiust the revolted supposed to have been originally Norwegians, colonists on the Lakes ; in consequence of who haying landed during some predatory which he was appointed Superintendant of exjieditionon the north-eastern coast, settled the Naval Department of St John's, and in there. Tliis we believe frequently occurred, the year following received a second com- in respect to all the maritime parts of the mission, nominating him to the elevated island bordering senior officer of the naval depart- on the Deucaledonian sea ; station of and the curious reader has only to turn to ment in that quarter. In fact, he might Buchanan, in order to learn the fluctuatmg have been truly called the Civil Commander- nature of the population of Scotland during in-Chief, aU the conjunct duties of the Ad- the middle ages. Admiral Schanck was a miralty and Navy Board being vested in son of Alexander Schanck, Esq. of Castlereg, him. The force under his direction was

Fifeshire, by JMary, daughter of Mr John considerable ; no less than four ditferent 39U ; :

SCH FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. flotiUas, or squadrons of small vessels, being haps unprecedented. at one time His this subject to his direction in the occasion were civd not solely confined hne. His exertions and merit were so naval department. When General" conspicuous, aa to draw forth Bu"r- the highest goyne ari-ived from England, and encomiums from the admiral commanding placed himself at the head of a formidable on the station, particularly on army account of by means of which, in the celerity and co-operation witli expedition with which he other assistance, constructed it was expected that a ship of above 300 tons, called Amenca would the be suddenly and completely Inflexible, the very presence of which subdued Lieutenant Schanck's talents vessel on the Lakes struck were with uusur- agam called into exertion. mountable terror In a country so the whcjle American fleet, tivqnently inttmected by creeks, rivulets, and compelled it to seek for safety in stivaiiis, :vn.l rapid rivers, the progress Ignominious flight, after liavin" of held out a troops was liable to an vain boast of many endless variety of months' continuance', obstructions. It that the IS usual in Europe to first appeai-ance of the British make use of pontoons on similar occasions - flotilla would be the certain forerunner of but these were not always to Its immediate destruction. be obtained The Inflexible m America, and even was originally put when procured be- on the stocks at Quebec came cumbersome and her floors were inconvenient in a all laid, and some tunbers forest, as they in were to be carried through ; the whole, namely, the floors, keel, stem, swamps and woods, sometimes and stern, were then taken impervious down and carried to waggons. To obviate up to St Lawrence the inconvenience to Chamblais, and thence to which General to bt John's. Burgoyne was subjected Her keel was laid, for the on this account. second Lieutenant Schanck became tune, on the morning of the 2d Sep- not only the inventor, but the constructor tember ; and by sunset, not only the above- of several floating bridges, mentioned parts were by which the laid and fixed, buta con- progress of the siderable army was materially aided, quantity of fresh tunber was, in the and without which it would have been in aU course of the same day, cut out, and formed probability totally impeded much sooner intofuttocks, top- timbers, beams, planks, &c. than It reaUy was. They were so con- On the 30th Se])tember, being twenty-eight structed as to be capable of navigatin.^ days from the period when the keel was laid, themselves; and were not only the Inflexible w.as equipped launched ; and on the with mast and sails for that purpose, evening of the 1st October but, she actually haymg been built at sailed, the distance of seventy completely manned, victualled, and miles from equipped Crown-Point, were actually con- for service. In ten days after- veyed thither without ditficulty, for the pur- wards this vessel was engaged with the pose enemy of forming a bridge at that place. The ; so that it may be said, without unhappy result of General Burgoyne's the smallest exaggeration of ex- Lieutenant pedition for the subjugation bchanck s merits, that he of the colonies built, rigged, and is too well known; and it is almost un- completed a ship, which fought and heather necessary to remark, that the enemy, m less than six weeks from floating the bridges, hke the army destined commencement of her to pass over construction. Amon.' them, were but other ciinous too soon m the power of particulars relative to thS the enemy. extraordinary Such services as these could circumstance, it was no un- not but be followed by correspondent re- common thing for a number of trees, which wards; and we accordingly find Lieutenant were a,ctually growing at dawn of day, to Schanck promoted, first to form difterent parts the rank of com- of the ship, either as mander, and then planks, beams, to that of post-captam or other timbers, before the latter event occurred Aug. 15, 1783. It night. Few professional men, and metho- might naturally have been expected, that dical shipwrights, would, perhaps, credit the mterval of pubhc tranquility that this fact, were it not established ensued beyond all after the contest, which possibility of controversy. ended in the com- Exclusively of plete emancipation of the armaments which he our trans-atlantie had fitted out and colonies, would prove some bar, if not equipped for service on the lakes, to Ontario the expansion, at least Ene, Huron, and Michigan, to the display of Lieutenant Capt.ain Schanck's ingenuity bchanck had the direction and nautical of four difterent abilities ; this, however, dock-yards at the was by no means same time, situated at the case He invented, or, it may rather St Johns, Quebec, Carletnn Island, and be said, he improved, a former invention Uetroit. In all these multifarious of branches his own, relative to the and divisions of pubUc construction of duty, his dUigence vessels, pecuUarly and zeal were adapted for navigating in equalled only by the strict shallow water. attention which These were fitted vrith sUd- he paid on all occasions to ing keels, worked by mechanism. "WTiile the economical expenditure of the pubHc in America, our officer became known money; a rare and highly honourable to ex- Earl Percy, the late Duke of ample, particularly at that Northumber- time of day, land and it was when peculation ; during a conversation with and plunder were charges that nobleman, by no means uncommon, that the idea of this new and when the construction appears ' opportunities which he to have been first possessed of enrich- ehcited. His Lordship, who ing himself, without danger discovered a of incurring taste for naval architecture, complamt, or amidst the de- risking discovery, were per'- vastations of civil war, and the various 391 ";

SCH FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY.

operations of a land army, happened one number, &c. Thus, then, it appears that a day to observe, "That if cutters were built vessel drawing eight feet of water only, flatter, so as to go on the surface, and not keels and all, may be made to keep as good draw much water, they would sail much a wind, or be as Httle liable to be driven to faster, and might still be enabled to carry leeward, as the sharpest-buUt vessel of the as much sail, and keep up to the wind, by same length, drawing fourteen, nay twenty, having their keels descend to a greater or upwards; and if a few more keels are depth; and that the flat side of the keel. added at the same time, that she would be little more resisted in moving the line of the keek than a vessel drawing sLx feet of water hold the water better, than on a construction only. These keels besides would strengthen whereby they present only the circular sur- the vessel considerably, would render her face of the bod^ to the wave." MrSchanck more steady, and less liable to be overset, immediately coincided in this opinion ; and and thereby enable her to carry more sail. added, " That if this deep keel were made Such were the principles on which the Trial moveable, and to be screwed upwards into cutter was constructed. After makin^ a a trunk, or well, formed within the vessel, number of experiments with her, all her so that, on necessity, she might draw Httle ofiicers certified, on the 21st February 1791 : water, all these advantages might be ob- — "Th.at with her three sUding keels she tained." Accordingly, in 1774, he built a did tack, wear, and steer upon a wind, sail boat for Lord Percy, then at Boston ; and fast to windward, and hold a good wind. she was found to answer aU his expectations. They also certified, that they never were in After many years' applicati any vessel of her size or draught of water, quence of a favourable report from the Navy that sailed faster, or carried a greater press Board, two vessels were at length ordered of saU, or made such good weather. " She to be built at Deptford, of thirteen tons w.as inspected again, in 1792, by orders from each, exactly similar in all respects. the Admiralty Board ; and the report, which in regard to dimensions ; one being was very favourable, fstated, tha he had formed on the old construction, and the outsailed the Resolution, Sprightly, and other flat-bottomed, with three sliding keels. Nimble cutters, as well as the Salisbury, In 1790, a comparative trial took place; in Nautilus, and Hyana sloops. The Cynthia the presence of the Commissioners of th sloop of war, and the Lady Nelson, were Navy, on the River Thames, each vessel buUt on the same principle. The latter, having the same quantity of sail; and al- although only sbtty-two tons burthen, and though the vessel formed on the old model called by the sailors, in derision, " His had lee-boards, a greater quantity of ballast, Majesty's Tinder-box," made a voyage to and two Thames pilots on board, yet Cap- New South Wales in 1800, under the com- tain Schanck's beat her, to the complete mand of Lieutenant Grant, and weathered satisfaction of all present, one half the whole some most severe storms in perfect safety. distance sailed. This experiment proved After the commencement of hostilities with France, consequent to the French Revolu- tion, Captain bchanck's abilities were con- on the same plan; and Captain Schanck sidered far too valuable to be neglected was requested to superintend her comple- and he was accordingly appointed to be tion. This vessel was launched at Ply principal agent of transports in the expedi- mouth, in 1791, and named the Trial "The tion sent to the West Indies, under the bottom of the vessel," says Captain Schanck, orders of Admiral Sir John Jervis, and in a paper on the subject, " should be formed General Sir Charles Grey. This fatiguing quite flat, and the sides made to rise perpen- and important service he executed, not only dicularly from it, without auy curvature, with the strictest diligence, but with an at- which would not only render her more tention to the national finances, uncommon, steady, as being more opposed to the water, and perhaps unprecedented. * He remained in rolling, but Ukewise more convenient for some time at Martinico, after the capture of stowage, &c., while the simplicity of the that valuable island. So conspicuous was form would contriljute greatly to the ease his assiduity in the preceding service, that and expedition with which she might be when the reverses of war compelled the fabricated. Though diminishing the draught British troops to quit Flanders and retire of water is, ceteris paribus, undoubtedly into Holland, whither they were followed the most effectual method of augmenting by the armies of the French Convention, the velocity with which vessels go before Captain Schanck was appointed superin- the wind, yet as it proportionally diminishes tendent of all the vessels employed in the their hold of water, it renders them ex- various' services of conveying either troops, tremely liable to be driven to leeward, stores, or property, from one country to the and altogether incapable of keeping a good wind. This defect may, however, • During the West India campaign in 1794, 46 be remedied in a simple and effectual roasters of transports, and 1100 of thelrmen.died fever. On manner, by proportionally augmenting of the yellow board one vessel the disease raged vrith such violence, that the mate, of the keel, or the depth as so large the only survivor, was obliged to scull his boat a keel would be inconvenient on many on Bhore, to fetch off negroes to throw the dead accounts, proportionally increasing their overboard ; and be himself died soon after. SCH FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SCO

other ; and his exertions tended at least to whom he had a daughter, wlio married, in reduce disaster within its narrowest possible 1800, Captain John Wright, E.N., and limits. The acquisition of coast gained by who died 6th May 1812, leaving a younj; the enemy, and the general complexion of faniily. On the 6th of March 182:5, Ad- public affairs, causing an apprehension that miral Schanck died, at Dawlish, in Devon* anattempt might bemadeto invade Britain, shire, in the 83d year of his age. We a new and formidable system of defence cannot close this memoir of him more was, by the orders of the Admiralty Board, satisfactorily than with the following just projected, arranged, and completely carried eulogium on his character, which appeared into execution, under the direction of Cap- in several of—the public prints soon after tain Schanck. In short, the defence of the his decease : " All to whom Admiral whole coast, from Portsmouth to Berwick- Schanck was personally known, have lost a upon-Tweed, was confided to him ; and friend not likely to be replaced ; the middle few commands have ever been bestowed of class, for miles round his abode, a kind more magnitude and importance, or re- adviser in all their difficulties ; the poor, a quiring more extensive abilities. The hospitable benefactor, who never heard objects he had to attain were intiuitely more their tale of woe without administering to multifarious than generally fall to the lot their wants. Like a great philanthropist, either of a laud or of a naval oflicer ; for he the late Dr Jenner, he spumed at private •was not only under the necessity of con- aggrandisement, and, without ostentation, triving and constructing a variety of rafts, gave the results of his mechanical genius and vessels of different descriptions, capable and fertile mind for the public good. From of receiving cannon, but he was also com- his loss of sight, he had for some years re- pelled to fit and adapt for the same purpose tired from public life ; but nature appeared the^ greater part even of the small boats to have compensated for this privation by a which he found employe

' moveable slides, for firing guns in any knighted ; and, in 1290, appoointed one direction. He likewise fitted the Wolverine of the Ambassadors sent to Norway sloop with the inclined plane in her gun- bring over the infant queen, Margaret, carriages, which is justly considered as the styled the Maiden of Norway. He died at greatest modem invention in gunnery. an advanced age in 1292, and his magical Admiral Schanck married Miss Grant, the books are said to have been buried with him in sister of the late Master of the EoUs, by Melrose Abbey. Some curious traditionary 393 ";

SCO FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY.

' " notices o£ this ' wizard of dreaded fame him we owe the publication ot the Delitice ' will be found in the notes appended to ' The Poetarum Scotorum, xmdertaken with the Lay of the Last Minstrel." His own pro- assistance ot Arthur Johnston, and to ductions are, " De Procreatione, et Homi- superintend the printing of which he took nis Phisionomia," also printed under the a voyage to Holland, and disbursed " a title of "De Secretis Naturae;" a chemical hundred double pieces. " In this work are tract on the transmutation of metals into to be found, as was natural enough, some gold, styled " De Natura SoUs et Lunse ; poems ot his own, but not quite deserving and " Mensa Philosophica, " a treatise re- of the high compliment which has been jiaid lating to the visionary sciences of chiromancy him by critics on their account, -viz. :— and astrology. " That he shines among the other poets of the , SCOT, Sir John, Scotstarvet, was whose works .ire contained there as a moon son ot Robert Scot, and succeeded his among stars." Sir John performed a still grandfather in 1592. He was appointed more important service to his country. A Director of Chancery shortly afterwards, on general survey of Scotl.and was first at- the resignation of Mr William Scot. In tempted by Timothy Pont (the son of Mr the year IGll he obtained a charter of the Robert Pont, one of the Lords of Session), lands of Tarvet, in the County of Fife, and, under the auspices of Scotstarvet, but he imitating the example of the former pro- unfortunately died before it was completed. prietor, named them Scotstarret, which Sir John interfered, however, and rescued afterwards continued to be the designation his pajjers from destruction, and urged and of his family. He had the honour of excited the celebrated Robert Gordon ot knighthood, and of a seat in the Privy Straloch, and his son James Gordon, to

Council, conferred on him by King James complete the task ; and their joint labours VI. in 1617. Sir John was appointed an compose the Tlieatrum Scotite given to the extraordinary Lord of Session on the 14th world by John Bleau, in the sixth volume January 1629, in place of the Master of ot his celebrated atlas published in 1662,

Jedburgh, deceased ; but retained the oflBce and dedicated, as was most meet, to Sir for a short time only, being displaced to John Scot of Scotstarvet. Sir Johii being make room for Sir John Hamilton in No- anxious that the maps of the different vember 1630. He succeeded Sir Alexander countries delineated should be accompanied Morrison, of Prestongrange, as an Ordinary by correct topographical descriptions, Lord, on 28th July 1632. Sir John was one petitioned the General Assembly that these of four Judges ot the Court, who, in 1639, might be furnished by some of the ministers refused to take the King's covenant when in every Presbytery, But though this re- tendered by the Royal Commissioner, in re- quest was acceeded to as reasonable and spect he did not conceive the innovations proper, yet very few complied with the which had been introduced into the church order, and the descriptions were most of since 1580 could subsist with the covenants them furnished by Sir John and his friends. then subscribed, of which the present was a So anxious was he as to the publication of copy, and that it belonged to the General this great and important work, that he Assembly to clear doubts of this nature made a second visit to HoUand for the pur-

and he was appointed one of the Committee pose of superintending it ; and, according of Estates estabUshed for the defence of the to Bleau the publisher. Sir John spent whole country in 1640. He was, on the 30th July days in his house at Amsterdam writing 1641, ordered to attend upon the Parliament the descriptions of the counties ot Scotland then sitting, together with Lords Craighall from memory. Sir John Scot appears to and Durie, and was, in November of that have been a man ot great learning and year, reappointed a Judge ad vitam aut talent—a statesman far in advance of the

eulpam by the King, with the consent of age in which he lived ; he seems to have in- the estates. He was named one of the herited part of the rare intellect which dis- Commissioners of the Exchequer, 1st Feb- tinguished his great progenitor. Sir Michael ruary 1645, and a Member of the Commit- Soot, and also to have transmitted a por- tee of War in the year 1648 and 1649, and tion of his genius and virtues to his posterity, was fined £1500 sterling by Oliver Crom- viz., the Cannings and Bentincks of our well in 1654. At the Restoration, however, own day, the grandsons of General Scot he was not thought sufficiently loyal. His of Balcomie, whose names are so honourably office of Director of Chancery was given to connected with the govermnent of our great Sir William Ker, a younger son of the Earl Indian Empire. of Lothian, who, being a dexterous dancer, SCUTT, The Rev. George, minister of " danced him out of his office," and Charles the parish ot Dairsie, was born in Berwick- II., in his turn, fined him £6000 Scots. He shire in 1811, and died at Dairsie Manse in died in 1670, in the 84th year of his age. 1862, after a lingering illness of more than Sir John Scot is best known as the author a year, but which, notwithstanding, seldom of the "Staggering State of Scots States- prevented him from attending to all the men," pubhshed by Ruddiman in 1754. He duties of the parish. Mr Scott was well lias, however, other and more powerful known in for the Last twenty-seven claims to the gratitude of his countrymen years, having come there in 1833 as Classical than the production of that severe satire on Master in the Academy. After leaving the the mutability ot human affairs. It is to Academy, he became editor of the Fifeshire SCO FIFESHTRR BIOGRAPHY. SCO

Journal^ which he left in 1841 for the chap- —he mastered their contents with great lainship of Glasgow Prison. From Glasgow facility, and brought from theu: recesses he was removed to the pastoral charge of nuxny interesting circumstances not acces- the Mariners' Church, in Leitb, ercctuil by sible to common readers, and even to anti- the late Sir John Gladstone, from whence iiuarians of no ordinary research. With the he was translated to Dairsie. Mr Scott view of extending his sphere of operation was a distinguished scholar. He was not and rendering his information as accurate only an excellent Latin, Greek, and Heb- as possible, he personally visited nearly 800 rew scholar, but was critically acquainted parishes in Scotland, examined the Kirk- with French and ItaUan, and could read Session, Presbytery, and Synod Records, and translate German with the greatest and made extracts. This was the true way reivdiness and ease. He was deeply versant of obtaining accurate information, and must also with the science of theology. He was enhance its value in any shape in which it a regular contributor to the Christian In may be promulgated. It was, however, structor, when under the editorship of Dr procured by means of great industry and A. Thomson, and was on terms of intimate perseverance—the more so as the call (jf friendship with that eminent man up to hi duty to other avocations only permitted Mr death. We know that he wrote for other Scott to devote a limited portion of his time theological works, but to what extent we to the work. The knowledge thus labori- are unable to say. Mr Scott not only knew ously collected, it is understood, is now the service of his profession as a clergyman, reduced into a short notice of every cler^- but he felt it in all its fulness and practical man holding office from the Reformation in value. He was strictly orthodox in his Scotland down to the present time, accom- creed, and yet without the slightest tinge of panied with the recital of incidental circum- exclusive or sectarian bigotry. He was a stances, calculated to add interest to the man of great good nature, of the utmost narrative. The work is noiv in the press, evenness of temper ; so much so that he and a portion of it may be expected shortly was never heard say an improper or unbe- to appear. It will supply a material want coming word of any one, or use a bitter ex- now felt by giving the succession of pression even in cases in which he had not the incumbents in the Church of Scot- been very handsomely treated. He was land, and greatly interest those whose really and essentially a good man—his only ancestors have filled office in the church, drawback being a modesty which bordered especially in its time of adversity. Be- on bashfulness, and checked everything in sides a thirst for antiquities, MJ Scott the shape of display. We have often been has relished, in no ordinary degree, his surprised at the ease and rapidity with calling, and had a desire to be useful in it. which he composed and wrote. On Satur- He accordingly, m the course of his pere- day appUcation would be made to him to grinations, made it the rule always to do preach for a clergyman in bad health in an duty when asked in the paiish where he adjoining parish. He had preached there happened to be, and in this way he has so often before, that he had no sermon at preached in upwards of three hundred hand for the morrow, so he would begin at different parishes, embracing more than five o'clock and have his next day's work one-third of the entire number in Scotland written out by eleven. So excellent was his (uot leckooing quoad sacra parishes recently memory that, after reading one of his own erected), a proportion, it is believed, greatly sermons over a number of times, he would exceeding that in which any minister, either deliver it almost without a reference to the in past or present times, has officiated. Mr manuscript. Mr Scott left a widow to Scott was Uceused as a preacher by the mourn the loss of a kind and affectionate Presbytery of Haddington, and after husband, and three children to feel the want officiating as a licentiate for several years, of an exemplary and indulgent parent. The he obtained ordination in the year 1829, Cupar Presbytery, in Mr Scott, lost one of with the view of enabling him to fill a situa- its most scholarly and attentive members, tion abroad connected with the Establish- and one who, perhaps as much as any other, ment ; but about the same time other pro- was free from those angularities which ren- spects opened up to him, and he remained der otBcial intercourse less agreeable than it in this country. He was successively assis- might be. tant to the ministers of Garvald, Ladyku-k, SCOTT, The Rev. Hew, minister of Cockpen, and Temple ; and on quitting Anstruther-Wester. —The subject of this Cockpen, the heritors and parishioners, to notice was born at Haddington towards mark their sense of his services, presented the end of the last century. He under- with a valuable copy of the Bible, gold went the usual curriculum of educa- watch and appendages. In 1839 Mr Scott tion of eight years to fit him for was presented to his present living of An- a parish clergyman in the University of struther-Wester, the duties of which he has Edinburgh. In his early studies he ex- since discharged with exemplary abihty hibited a taste for inquiry into the history and assiduity, being rarely absent from of his country, and especially its ecclesiasti- his own pulpit, a regular attender at Church cal department. Having acquired a com- Courts, and a strict disciplinarian in his petent knowledge of the handwriting, he parish. During the whole period of his in- took i^leasure in diving into ancient records bency (nearly twenty-seven years), there SEL FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SEL has been only two Sundays in which he has modem times, have sung the praises of soli- not been employed in ministerial duty, and tude—Byron, Foscolo, and Chateaubriand these exceptions were once owing to illness have set it forth as the sphere of imagina-

and once when in London. Although Mr tive pleasure ; Zimmerman has dilated on

Scott's attention to parochial duties neces- its claims ; St Pierre and Humboldt have sarily prevent him from prosecuting his indicated how much it enhances the enjoy- antiquarian researches to the extent he did ment of nature. But in these and several when a probationer, he has nevertheless instances the idiosyncractf of the writers, zealously pursued his favourite studies, and and not human nature in general, is alive to any little absence has been occupied in the experiment. Defoe gives a practical obtaining information. It is to he hoped solution to the idea. He describes the that the pubUcation of the result of his physical resources available to a patient and labours will be so favoured as to show that active hermit. He Vrings man into direct they are not unappreciated. contact with nature, and shows how he, by SCOTT, Thomas, of Pitgormo was the his single arm, thought, and wUl, can sub- second son of Sir WUHam Scott of Balnery. due her to his use. He places a human On the 19th November 1532 he was ap- soul alone mth God and the universe, and pointed an Ordinary Judge of the Supreme records its .solitary struggles, its remorse, Court, in room of his father. The—record its yearnings for companionship, its thirst of his admission is as follows : " The for truth, and its resignation to its Creator. Clerk Registrar presented a letter from the Robinson is no poet, mystic, or man of King, bearing that His Grace had chosen science, but a Scotchman of average mind

Thomas Scott, of Pitgormo, ane of the Lords and ordinary education ; and on his desert in place of umquhile WilUam Scott, of Bal- island of Juan Fernandez he never losses nery, Knicht, lately deceasit, his father, and his nationahty. Fertile in expedients, prone desiring the Lords to admit him yrto, and to domesticity, fond of ramble, mindful of take his aith for administration of justice. the Sabbath, provident, self-reUant, sus- The said Lords, at the King's command, tained by his Bible and his gun—he is a hes admitted the said Thomas to the said philosopher by nature, —a utilitarian by in- Bession, and to be yr colleague in that behalf, stinct, accustomed to introspection, serious quhilk hes sworn in there presence lately to in his views. Against the blank of soHtude administer justice after his knowledge and his figure, clad in goat skins, stands out in conscience, and to keep all statutes maed bold relief, as the moral idea and exemplar hereupon of before." He was a great of his nation and of his class. At the favourite of King Jame-s V., by whom he mouth of the water of Kiel is the small vil- was appointed Justice-Clerk in 1535. He lage of Lower Largo, noted as the birth- died in 1539, and under peculiar circum- place of Alexander Selkirk. This extraor- stances, if we may credit the following dinary man was born in this village in the legend related by John Knox. " How year 1676. He was the son of a thriving terrible a vision the said prince saw lying country shoemaker, named John Selkirk, or in Linlithgow that night that Thomas Selcraig. Though he displayed some apti- Scott, Justice-Clerk, died in Edinburgh, tude at school, especially in learning navi- men of good credit can yet report, for, gation, yet he was a restless youth, of a afraid at midnight or after, he called somewhat irritable temper, and often en- allowed for torches, and raised all that lay gaged in frolics and mischief. His father beside him in the palace, and told that was one of those strict disciplinarians who Thomas Scott was dead, for he had been at formerly abounded in Scotland, whose him with a company of devils, and had said severity in punishing trivial faults, and unto him these words. Woe, woe to the day want of liberal feeling in restraining_ even that ever I knew thee or thy service, for from innocent indulgences, produced in his serving of thee, against pod, against His son very different effects from what he ex- servants, and against justice, I am adjudged pected. Alexander Selkirk was a favourite to endless torment. How terrible voices with his mother, on account of his being a the said Thomas Soott pronounced before seventh son born without the intervention of his death men of all estates heard, and a daughter. The boy's own wish was to go some that yet live can witness his voice ever to sea, iu which he was encouraged by his \fasjusto dei justifio condemnatus sum. mother, while his father's desire was to SELKIRK or SELCRAIG, Alexander, keep hira at home as an assistant in his own mariner, Largo, the subject of Daniel trade. One day he couunitted an assault TJefoe's celebrated novel, "Robinson on his brother Andrew, for which he was ' Crusoe. " ' Robinson Criisoe"is athoroughly brought before the kirk-session of his native British romance. The very problem of the parish, and the following extracts from the book—that of a human being thrown entirely session books are curious, as giving the on his own resources— is one remarkably particulars of the quarrel, and also showing adapted to the genius of a Scotchman, and the pertinacity with which kirk-sessions in la wrought out with equal significance. those days followed up any subject they had it :— Solitude has been made the basis of novels once taken in hand " 1701, Nov. 25. The

lied memoirs in many notable instances ; session mett. John Selcraig, elder, com- but how difltrentthe treatment from that of peared, and being examined what was the Defoe? Poets, the most eloquent of occasion of the tumult that was in his house, ;

SEL FIFESHIRE BIOGBAPHY. SEL

he said he knew not, but that Andrew Sel day seems so strange for such an offence, craig having brought in a canful of salt and his submitting to be pubhcly rebuked, water, of which his brother Alexander did when he might have declined to attend, or take_ a drink by mistake, and he laughing have left the place for a time, imphed, that at him for it, his brother Alexander came he was sorry for his misconduct, and had and beat him ; upon which he ran out of resolved, not trusting in his own strength, the house and called his brother John. but in the strength of a higher Power, to John Seloraig, elder, being again questioned lead a new hfe. In these circumstances, what made him to sit on the floor with his and after mature consideration, he thought back to the door ? said it was to keep il the best course he could take was to go to his son Alexander, who was seeking to go eea, which he did ; and after some years' up to get his pistole, and being inquired service he, in 1703, became sailing master what he was going to do with it, he said he of the ship Cinque Ports, bound for the could not tell. Alexander Selcraig com- South Sea ; and was put ashore on the peared not, because he waa at Coup.ar. uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez John Selcraig, younger, being questioned by the brutal commander. Here, then, concerning the foregoing tumult, declared, was a single human being left to pro- that he being called by his brother Andrew, vide for his subsistence upon an unin- came into Us father's house, and when he habited and uncultivated isle, far from entered his mother went out, and he seeing all the haunts of his kind, and with but his father sitting on the floor with his back slender hopes of ever .again mingling with at the door, was much troubled, and offered his fellow-creatures. Vigorous as the mind of to help him up and to bring him to the fire, Selkirk appears to have been, it sank for at which time he did see his brother Alex- some days under the horrors uf his situa-

ander in the other end of the house casting tion ; and he could do nothing but sit on off his coat and coming towards him his chest, and gaze in the direction of the whereupon his father did get betwixt them, receding ship, vainly hoping for its return. but he knew not what he did otherways, On partly recovering his equanimity, he his head being borne down by liis brother found it necessary to consider the means of Alexander, but being Uberated by bis wife, prolonging his existence. The stores which did make his escape. Margaret Bell, wife had been put ashore consisted, beside his of John Selcraig the preceding witness, de- clothing and bedding, of a firelock, a pound clared, that Andrew Selcraig came running of gunpowder, a quantity of bullets, a flint for her husband John, and desired him to and steel (for there were no lucifer matches

go to his father's house ; which he doing, in those days nor for long after), a few the said Margaret did follow her husband, pounds of tobacco, a hatchet, a knife, a and coming into the house she found Alex- kettle, a flip-can, a Bible, some books of ander Selcraig gripping both his father and devotion, and one or two on navigation, and her husband, and she labouring to loose his mathematical instruments. The island

Alexander's hands from her husband's head he knew contained wild goats ; but being and breast, her husband fled out of doors, unwilling to lose the chance of a passing and she followed him, and called back again, sail, he preferred for a long time feeding ' You falseloun, will you murder your father upon shell-Csh and seals, which he found ? and my husband both ' November 29. upon the shore. The island, which is Alexander Selcraig compeared, and con- rugged and picturesque, but covered with fessed that he having taken a drink of salt luxuriant vegetation, and clothed to the water out of the cann, his younger brother tops of the hiUs with wood, was now in all

Andrew laughing at him, he did beat him the bloom and freshness of spring ; but upon twice with a staffe. He confessed also that our dejected islander its charms were spent he had spoken very ill words concerning in vain. He could only wander along the his brothers, and particularly he challenged beach pining for the approach of some his eldest brother John to a combate, as he friendly vessel, which might restore him called it, of dry neiffells, which afterwards under however unpleasant circumstances to he did refuse and regret ; moreover, he said the company and converse of human beings. several other things—whereupon the session At length the necessity of providing a, appointed him to compear before the pulpit shelter from the weather suppHed him with against to-morrow, and to be rebuked in the an occupation that served in some measure face of the congregation for his scandalous to divert his thoughts. He built himself carriage. November 30. Alexander Sel- two huts with the wood of the pimento tree, craig, according to the session's appoint- and thatched them with the long grass ment, compeared before the pulpit, and which grows upon the island. One was to made acknowledgment of his sin in dis- serve him as a kitchen, the other as a bed- agreeing with his brothers, and was rebuked room. But yet every day, for the first in the face of the congregation for it ; he eighteen months, he spent more or less time promised amendment in the strength of the on the beach watching for the appear- Lord, and so was dismissed," After this, ance of a sail upon the horizon. At the there is reason to believe Alexander Selkirk end of that time, partly through habit, and kept bis promise, and became quite a differ- partly through the influence of religion, ent kind of man. Indeed, his appearing which here awakened in full force upon before the congregation at aU, which in our his mind, he became reconciled to hia 337 SEL FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY.

Bituation and circumstances. Every morn- when it appeared that the two vessels, ing, after rising, he read a portion of called the Duke and Duchess, formed a Scripture, sang a psalm, and prayed to privateering expedition xmder the command

Almighty God ; speaking aloud, in order to of Captain Woodes Roger. He was then preserve the use of his voice. He after- brought on board the Duke, with his prin- wards remarked, that during his residence cipal effects, and was engaged as a mate. on the island he was a better Christian than A few weeks after leaving the island, he had ever been before or would probably Selkirk was appointed to the command of a be a^ain. He at first lived much upon prize which was fitted out as a , turtles, which abounded upon the shores, and in this situation he conducted himself but afterwards found himself able to run with a degree of \ngour and prudence that down the wild goats, whose flesh he either reflects credit on his character. The busi- roasted or stewed, and of which he kept a ness in which Alexander Selkirk was small stock, tamed, around his dwelling, to engaged was certainly one by no means be used in the event of his being disabled calculated to give play to the more amiable by sickness. As a substitute for bread he quaUties of human nature ; but ever in the had turnips, parsnips, and the cabbage captures and expeditions which for months palm-tree, all of excellent quality, and also formed hia chief employment, our hero raddishes and water-cresses. Every physi- seems to have mingled humanity in as high cal want being thus gratified, and his mind a proportion as possible with the execution soothed by devotional feelings, he at length of his duty. At the beginning of the began positively to enjoy his existence, ensuing year, viz., 1710, the vessels began often lying for hours musing on his beloved their voyage across the Pacific, with the Sophia, in the dehcious bowers which he design of returning to England by the had formed for himself, abandoned to the East Indies, and in this part of the enter- most pleasing sensations. Selkirk was prise Selkirk acted as sailing master ; and careful during his stay on the island to by his steadiness of conduct, becoming measure the lapse of time, and distinguish manners, and religious turn of mind, Sunday from the other days of the week. proved himself an acquisition to Captain He several times saw vessels passing the Woodes Roger, and was accorilingly much island, but only two cast anchor beside it. valued by him and his officers. The ships Afraid of being taken by the Spaniards, who did not reach Britain, however, till October would have consigned him to hopeless cap- 1711, when Selkirk had been absent for tivity, he endeavoured to ascertain whether eight years from his native country, and his these strangers were so or not before making share of prize money seems then to have himself known. In both cases he found amounted to about £800. In tlie spring of them enemies ; and on one of the occasions, 1712 Selkirk returned on a Sunday forenoon having approached too near, he was ob- to Lower Largo, and finding tb.at his friends served and chased, and only escaped by were at church, went thither, and for some running up and taking refuge in a tree. At time sat eyeing them without being recog- length, on the last day of January 1709, nised, a suit of elegant gold laced clothes four years and four months from the com- perhaps helping to preserve his incognito. mencement of his soUtary life, he had the At length his mother, after gazing on him unspeakable satisfaction of observing two for some time, uttered a cry of joy, and British vessels a|)proach, evidently with the flew to his arms. For some days he felt intention of touching at the island. The pleasure in the society of his friends, but in night having fallen before they came near, time began to pine for other scenes, his he kindled a large fire on the beach, to mind still reverting with regret to his lost inform the strangers that a fellow creature solitude in his romantic island home. It was there. During the night, hope having would appear, indeed, that his long absence banished all desire of sleep, he employed from society had in some measure now himself in killing goats, and prepai'ing a unfitted hun for the enjoyment of it. He feast of fresh meat for those whom he tried solitary fishing in the beautiful bay of expected to be his deUverers. In the Largo, celebrated in song— built a bower morning he found that the vessels had hke that of Juan Fernandez in the garden removed to a greater distance ; but, ere behind his brother's house, and wandered long, a boat left the side of one of them, for days in the picturesque solitude of and approached the shore. Selkirk ran KeU's Den, beneath the brow of Largo joyfully to meet his countrymen, waving a Law. But nothing could compensate for linen rag to attract their attention ; and the meditative life which he had lost. having pointed out to them a proper land- In 171 7 he once more went to sea. Nothing ing-place, soon had the satisfaction of elss is known for certain respecting him, clasping them in his arras. Joy at first except that he died in the situation of lieu- deprived him of that imperfect power of tenant on board the ship Weymouth, in the utterance which soUtude had left to him, year 1723, leaving Sophia Bruce his widow, and the strangers were so surprised by his who afterwards realized his patrimony at rude habiliments, his long beard, and Largo, consisting of a house and garden. savage appearance, as to be much in the The house in which he was born is well same condition. But in a little time they authenticated, and remains in much the were mutually able to make explanations, same primitive condition in its form as when SEL FIFESHIEE BIOGEAPHY. SEL built. The firelock, his clothes chest, and Selkirk, addressed to the editor of the Fi/b drinking cup used on the island, were Herald, which lately appeared in the brought home by him to his native village, columns of that newspaper:—"In the and all of which the writer has seen and summer of 1856, there arrived at Largo two handled ; and with the exception of the strangers, ladies, one of whom gave her firelock, now at Lathallan House, the seat name as Mrs W from Yorkshire, of Mr Lumsdaine, near Colinsburgh, the intimated that the object of her visit was to rest remain in the house in which he was make inquiries respecting the descendants bom. The house, nominally at least, is, or of the family of Alexander Selkirk. They lately was, the property of Mrs Gillies, .a poor took up their residence in the house where widow, and was tenanted by her ; she was Alexander Selkirk was bom, and which is the daughter of John Selkirk, grand-nephew still in the possession of one of the descend- of Alex. Selkirk, and was upwards of eighty .-ints of the family. The story told by Mrs years of age at her death, and had been the W , who seemed to be the principal mother of a large family, nine of whom pre- actor in the affair, was as follows :—A con- ceded her to their long home. Widow Gillies siderable time previous to her visit, she had was the last survivor of the family to which seen an advertisement in the public papers Selkirk belonged, and her circumstances wanting heirs to a large amount of property were such that she was dependant on the then lying in the Court of Chancery, which benevolence of those who visited herinterest- had been left last century by a natural son ing cottage, and the relics of her far-famed of Alexander Selkirk, who had died in India. predecessor. Visitors, it must be admitted, This son had bequeathed by will his whole were not few; some of them persons of estate to the descendants of his father's distinction ; amoEg them not the least brothers. Mrs W stated that she memorable was the master spirit of the had traced her pedigree, and found that she north. Sir Walter Scott, and his publisher, was descended from one of those brothers. Mr Constable, the latter of whom, in con- Her maiden name was Lithgow, which was sequence of the notices recorded respecting the same iu England as Selkirk in Scotland, Selkirk in the parish registers, re-bounJ and she had already put in her claim and them handsomely at his own expense ; the spent £100 m various ways with the view of upper side of each volume being inscribed : substantiating her title to said property. — "Re-bound for preservation at the ex- She had come to Largo on purpose to ascer- pense of Archibald Constable of Balniel, tain if any of the descendants of the Sel-

1820." The drinking cup, formed of a kirks were still there ; and Mrs W small cocoa-nut shell, having been the work expressed herself highly gratified that she of AJexander Selkirk, is three inches and a had found others who had an equal if not quarter deep by two and a-half inches greater right to the vast amount of property diameter. Mrs Gillies states it had formerly unclaimed. She searched the parish records, a foot and stem, but that her father and called upon the parish clergyman telling had dispnsed of it. Wanting that append' him the same story as she had told to others. age. Sir Walter and Mr Constable took it After a short sojourn among the good folks to Edinburgh, where the present foot and of Largo, exciting hopes and raising golden stem of rosewood, nearly three inches high, visions in the midst of the parties interested, was added, making the whole about half i Mrs W took her departure, leaving foot in height. They also added the silver her address, promising that her friends would band or fillet that encircles the outside— of hear very soon from her. The lady seemed the cup, bearing this inscription : "The in real earnest about the mission in wliich cup of Alex. Selkirk, whilst in Juan Fer- she was engaged. Weeks and months nandez, 1704-9." The clothes chest, desig- passed away, but no communication was nated by the family in Mrs Gillies' youth, received from Mrs W . At last one " the cedar kist," from the top or Ud being of the parties interested WTote to her, and made of cedar wood, is two feet deep, in return received a letter, of which the fol- eighteen inches wide, and three feet Ic lowing is a copy, inclosing a transcript of At one end is a small drawer or *' lock the advertisement to which reference has

with a rudely ornamented Ud . The asp of the been made :—7th February 1857.—Sir,— In lock was a coarse sort of fastening, now reply to your letter of the 28th of January, less. Upon the top of the slightly rounded I beg to say that the money was left by a

lid are the letters A. S. , and the figures relative of mine. Hector Lithgow, and when denoting the number of the chests on board in Largo I was wishful to know if at any Captain ' ship at the time time any of the Selkirks married Lithgow,

was homeward bound ; also four angular but I did not trace it. I have sent you a

marks, equi-distant, all scratched with i copy of the advertisement, which you can sh.arp instrument. The contents of the return. I am in want of a few registers, chest, as may be supposed, are few—the and if you could be of any service to me, I drinking cup, a copy of Defoe's novel of should be glad to recompense you for your Robinson Crusoe, and the rusted key, long trouble. Hector's mother's name was Pope, since past use, are all it now contains. In and one of the Carmiohaels of Upper Largo conclusion the writer thinks it may not be married a Miss Pope, a relative of his is uninteresting to add the following letter in mother ; and at the present time there a reference to the descend.-mts of Alexander Mr Carmichael, a writer In Dundee, who " ; —

SHA FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SHA has been married twice to a relative ot the time. Here he became known to several of Pope's and he has some of the money. The the Scottish nobility, and particularly to will mentions a little left to a John Barclay John Leslie, Earl of Rothes, who patronised of East Wemyss in Fifeshire, and several him on account of merits and acquirements, others. I shall be glad to hear from you and procured him a Professorship in St soon. I am, yours, &c." The— advertise- Andrews. With his brethren in the Uni- ment referred to is as follows : " Next of versity Sharp stood on high ground, and at kin to Hector Lithgow, formerly commissary the request of James Bruce, minister of of Ordonance in the service of the United Kingsbarns, he was by the Earl of Craw- Company of Merchants of England trading ford presented to the church and parish of to the East Indies, on the Bengal estabUsh- Crail. On hii appointment to this charge ment, his last will, dated Calcutta, 23d of Mr Sharp acquitted himself of his ministry June 1784, after giving certain legacies, be- in the most exemplary and acceptable queathed the residue of his property to his manner. He also began to take a decided sons John and Hugh Lithgow, then of Nova part in favour of law and good government Scotia. The testator died at Cunar in tjy doing everything in his power to revive India about the year 1784, and two of the the fainting spirit of loyalty, and keeping executors in India obtained probate of the up a correspondence with Charles, his said will in the Supreme Court of Judicature exiled Prince. His rapidly increasing at Fort WiUiam in Bengal. Now, notice is popularity in a short time procured him a hereby given that if the party interested in call to be one of the ministers of Edin- said estate wiU apply to Dr Walter Ross, burgh, but his translation was refused both manor of Calcutta, or iVIessrs Paxton, Cocke- by the Presbytery of St Andrews and reU, TraU, & Co., PaUmaU, London, they Synod of Fife. It was afterwards ordered, will hear something to their advantage. The however, by an Act of the General Assem- testator is supposed to have been a native bly, but the invasion of an EugUsh army of Caithness, Sutherlandshire, Scotland. under Oliver Cromwell prevented its being SHARP, jAiras, Archbishop of St carried out. About this time, and after the Andrews, the tragical victim of religious unfortunate battle of , the Covenant- fury and enthusiastic zeal, was the son of ing Presbyterians in Scotland spUt into two William Sharp, SherifF-Clerk of the shire of parties. The spirit of intolerance in each Banff, and of Isabella LesHe, daughter of raged with great violence. The Privy Leslie of Kininvey. He was born in Banff Council estabhshed in the country could not Castle in the month of May 1613. His restrain it, and therefore they referred the parents were industrious and respectable matter to Cromwell himself, then Lord his father following his profession with Protector. These parties into which the diUgence and fidehty, and his mother, kirk was divided were called public Resolu- though a gentlewoman by birth, assisting tioners, to which party Sharp belonged ; and his means, by setting up a respectable Protestors or Remonstrators, which was brewery at Dun, which she conducted headed by Mr Guthrie, a famous Presby- creditably and profitably to the day of her terian. Cromwell having appointed aday for death. The subject of this memou- having hearing the two agents at London, Sharp given early jiroofs of a masterly genius, he and Guthrie repaired thither. Mr Guthrie was, probably with a view to the Cliurch, spoke first ; but his speech was considered through the patronage of the Earl of Find- so tedious that when he ended the Protector later, whose kind friendship the family had told Mr Sharp he would hear him another long enjoyed, sent to the University of time for other business was approaching. Aberdeen. The learned men of this semi- But Mr Sharp begged his lordship to hear nary having no favour for the Scots League him then—promising to be very short. and Covenant made in 1638, suffered many Permitted thus to speak, he in a very few insults and indignities. Among these was well ordered words urged his cause so well Mr Sharp, and on that account he took a as to incUne Oliver to decide the question in journey into England, in the course of favour of Sharp and the Resolutioners, which he visited the Universities of Oxford upon which the Lord Protector, with much and Cambridge, where he was in a fair way pleasantry, remarked to the bystanders ot obtaining preferment from the acquaint- " That gentleman, after the Scotch fashion, ance and friendship he had happily con- ought to be styled Sharp of that Ilk." Mr tracted with Doctors Sanderson, Hammond Sharp having succeeded in this important Taylor, and many other of the most eminent affair returned to the discharge of his English divines. But he returned to his ministerial duties at Crail, where his hand- native country on account of the disputes writing is still shown in the Records of the between King Charles I. and his Parliament Kirk-Session. His conduct at London and the civil war which followed, and also before CromweU highly enhanced the on account of the bad state of his health. opinion of his talents and piety, and was Happening on his way to Scotland to fall not improbably the frundation upon which into company with the generous Lord Oxen- his future greatness was built. In the ford, that nobleman was so pleased with his troubles which so shortly followed. Sharp, amiable manners and learned conversation along with several other ministers and some that he carried him to his own mansion of the Scottish nobility and gentry, was house and entertained him for a considerable surprised at Ehe in Fife by a party of the SHA PIFESHIEE BIOGBAPHY. «HA

English, and sent up a prisoner to London, the month of May they proceeded to con- but was soon after set at liberty. After the secrate their ten brethren, the Parliament death of Cromwell, and when the English having delayed to sit till they should be General, Monk, advanced to Loudon, Mr really to take theur seats. A few of the Sharp was sent to attend him, to acquaint more rigid members of the Church of Scot- him with the unhappy state of aflaars in land, sullen and enthusiastic men, who were Scotland, and to remind him of what was resolved never to conform, took up a bitter necessary—iu short, to use his best endea- hatred and malice against Sharpe, which, it vours to secure the freedom and privileges came to appear, nothing but his blood could of their established judicatories, and to satisfy and appease. In 1608 an unsuccess- represent the sinfulness and ofiensiveness of ful attempt on his Ufe was made by James the late toleration, by which a door was Mitchel, a field or conventicle preacher. As opened to many gross errors and practices he was going into his coach in day light, in the church. The Earl of Lauderdale and he was fired at with a pistol loaded with a

Mr Sharpe had a meeting with ten of the brace of buUets ; but his life was saved by chief Presbyterian ministers in London, Honeyman, Bishop of Orkney, who, lifting who all agreed uponthe neces.sity of bringing up his hand to step into the coach after him in King Charles IT. upon Covenant terms. at the time, received the shot in his wrist. At the earnest desire of General Monk and Mitchel was executed for his criminal attack he leading Presbyterians of Scotland he some years afterwards. We now approach was sent over to King Charles at Breda to the violent end of the Archbishop. It was solicit him to acknowledge the sober party. characteristic of the excess of iniquity which He returned to London on the 2Gth May, prevailed at this period, for, in the whole and acquainted his friends " that he f< course of national discord which preceded, the King very affectionate to Scotland, and an action of poUtical assassination without resolved not to wrong the settled govern the colour of any human law, does not stand ment of their church ; but he apprehended on record. A few of the more bloody- they were mistaken who went about to minded and uncompromising Presbyterians, settle the Presbyterian Government, wandering on Magus Muir, near St And- Sharp's best endeavours were not wanting rews, on the 3d of May 1679, in search of to promote the Presbyterian interest ac- the Sheriff of Fife, whose activity as a cording to the Covenant, but finding that friend of the Archbishop had roused them cause unsupported and wholly given up to violent intentions, fell in with the Pre- and lost, and the gale of popular favour late. Their evil passions dictating to them blowing strongly for the Prelatic Party. that they had what they termed a call from Finding also that the Committee of Estates, God to put him to death, they followed this which sat down at this time, had resolved suggestion with cu:cumstances of the utmost to establish Prelacy, notwithstanding all his barbarity. Having cut the traces of his efforts to the contrary, and that such emi- carriage, they commanded him to come nent men as Padrfoul, Hamilton, and the out, or they would do harm to his daughter, saintly Leighton had given in their adher- who was sitting beside him, one wounding ence to the proposed new order of things, him meanwhile with a pistol shot, and and were to be appointed to the Sees of another with a small sword. He composedly Glasgow, Galloway, and Dunblane—con- opened the door and came forth, and sidering also that the Kin^ would establish together with the prayers and tears of his Episcopacy whether he (Sharpe) would or daughter, besought them to spare his life, not—and that by accepting of office he and save themselves from the guilt of shed- would keep it out of more violent hands, dmg innocent blood. But finding them in- and might be able so to moderate and con- exorable, he begged that they would suffer ciliate matters that good men might be liim to die peacefully, allowing him a few saved from a storm that otherwise could not minutes to recommend his soul to God. fail to break upon them. For these reasons While he was in the act of lifting up his he resolved at last to yield to a Liturgy and hands in prayer, they fired upon him, and a moderate Episcopacy, and to accept, if afterwards slashed him with their swords, offered him, of the Primacy of Scotland. mangling his head and body with twenty- When Prelacy was established by royal two wounds, and leaving him a lifeless proclamation in August 1661, Sharpe was corpse on the king's highway. Thus accordingly appointed to the Archbishopric [>erished in the sixty-first year of his age, by of St Andrews, and was called up to assassins, an eminent Scotchman, a man of London, along with Bishops Fairfoul of learning, and great virtues, of wonder- Glasgow, Hamilton of Galloway, and fulsobrietyandthemostextensive charity; a Leighton of Dunblane, to receive Episcopal munificent patron of learned men, and a ordination. All four were on the 16th constant, grave, and persuasive preacher. day of December 1661, in presence In Trinity or 'Town Church, St Andrews, of a great concourse of Scottish and English is the tomb of Archbishop Sharpe. It was nobility, in the Chapel of Westminster, executed in Holland at. the expense of the ordained preacliing deacons, then Presby- Prelate's son, Sir WiUiam Sharpe of Scots- ters, and at last were consecrated Bishops. craig and , and erected within In the month of April following they re- the church also at his expense. It is of turned in great state to Scotland, where in black and white marble, and is enclosed No. LI. 401 — ; ;

FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SHI with an iron railing, and is an imposing studying divinity, he was employed in and chaste mural erection. The following teaching some of his fellow students the is a translation of the inscription on the elements of mental philosophy, and amongst urn : others, the celebrated John Brown of Had-

To God, the greatest and the best. dington was one of his pupils ; and at an This lofty mausoleum covers the most after period he used to say to Mr Brown, precious remains of who was appointed to the Professorial a most holy Prelate, most prudent senator, Chair in 1768, " Mind, man, though you and most holy Martyr are a Professor now, / taught you logic." ; For here lies all that is left under the sun of Mr Shirra entered upon the sacred work the most committed to him with deep impressions of reverend father in Christ, its solemn responsibilities. He had not James Sharpe, B.D., Archbishop of St been long a probationer when he received a Andrews, Primate call from the Associate congregation of .of all Scotland, &c. ; Linktown, Kirkcaldy, to the settled dis-

whom charge of ministerial duty ; and all the the TJhiversity as a Professor of Philosophy exercises prescribed as "trials" having

and Theology ; the been gone through satisfactorily, Mr Shirra >Church as an Elder, a Teacher, and a Ruler was ordained at Kirkcaldy on the 28th Scotland as a Prime Minister, both in her August 1750. At the time of his settlement civil life, and ecclesiastical aSkirs ; and during hLs whole Mr Shirra devoted Britain himself with the most zealous and laborious as the Adviser of the Restoration of King industry to the faithful discharge of his Charles II., sacred office. He wrote his discourses with and of monarchy much care, and bestowed great attention to ; the Christian world as the Restorer of the all other departments of psistoral work. Episcopal religion Besides regularly preaching his stated dis- and good order in Scotland, courses every Sunday, Mr Shirra visited_ all saw, acknowledged, and admired. his people annually in his pastoral capacity. Whom He was also very assiduous in his visits to all good and faithful subjects perceived to the sick and afBicted, and that not always be a pattern of of those confined to his own congregation, piety, an angel of peace, an oracle of wisdom, but to all of every denomination who wel- e.Karaple services. ecclesiastical policy, an of dignity ; comed his In and all the enemies of God, of the King, and he was a staunch Presbyterian and Seceder of the Church, in the original sense of the term, as denoting found the implacable foe of impiety, of an indi\'idualseparated, notsomuchfrom the treason and of constitution of the Establishment, either as schism a church or an establishment, as from the and whom, policy and control of the dominant party in notwithstanding he was endowed with such the church judicatories. His public pra3'ers great and excellent qualities, a band of nine were liberal and catholic ; and he always assassins, through the fury of fanaticism, in showed the strongest affection for evangeli- the light of noon day, and in the close cal ministers and true Christians of every vicinity of his own metropolitan city, cruelly name—reckoning, in fact, the agreement put to death with many wounds from extensive and important, and the difference pistols, swords, and daggers, after they had of religious sentiments small, between a wounded his eldest daughter and domestics, professedly staunch Presbyterian and a weeping and imploring mercy, and whilst truly conscientious Episcopalian, if they he himself had fallen on his knees to im- both cordially believed the doctrine of God's plore mercy for them also, on the 3d of May free grace reigning to men's eternal hfe, 1679, in the Cist year of his age. through the merits, oblation, and satisfac- SHIRRA, The Rev. Robert, an eminent tion of Jesus Christ our Lord. Mr Shirra, divine of the Secession Church of Scotland, aU his Ufe, was a consistent and loyal sub- was born at Stirling in 1724. His parents ject of the reigning monarch, a faithful lover were members of the Rev. Bbenezer of his country, and we have seen from his Erskine's congregation, before he seceded past history that he was a learned and pious from the EstabUshed Church, and they left Christian minister ; and if ever there was a with their minister and joined the Associate time, it was at that period, when loyalists, congregation, which was formed under his patriots, and Christian men of all ranks pastoral superintendence. Mr Shirra was were required to come boldly forward and carefullyinstructed in the different branches avow their sentiments, and to endeavour to of literature and philosophy. " I spent stem the tide of anarchy, rebellion, and two years," he says, " on the study of Latin confusion which was setting in with a strong and Greek, being somewhat grounded before current on our favoured island. Two years

in the first language : two years in the study of philosophy, and three years in the study tion broke out in Franc nng was of divinity, under the inspection of the Rev. Ebenezer Erskine." During some part of the time that Mr Shirra was engaged in SHI riFESHIRE BIOGKAPHY. scene of discord, anarchy, and bloodshed. imagined, very grateful to all the friends of For a considerable period the scaffold government, but to those members of his smoked with the blood of the best citizens congregation who sympathised with "the of France, including that of their unfortu- friends of the people," his strongly expressed nate monarch, Liiuia the XVI., who was conservative opinions were exceedingly dis- of File, who beheaded on the 21st of January ; whilst tasteful. Mr Boswell, Sheriff men, or rather demons in the shape of men, was afterwards a|ipointed one of the Lords void of principle or hvimauity, held the reins of Session, and took the title of Lord Bal- of power. They abolished the observation muto, publicly acknowledged Mr Shirra's of the Lord's day, suppressed Christianity services in preserving the peace of the itself, desecrated the Temples of God, and county. He was appointed by the Lord substituted m the place of our blessed Re- Lieutenant of the county to the office of deemer a strumpet dressed in the form of a chaplain to a regiment of volunteers, and Pagan divinity. With the most furious was presented with a beautiful copy of the and enthusiastic zeal, at the same time, they Bible, as a testimonial of their admiration made war against Britain, and with amazing and gratitude, by the constitutional society success combated the united efforts of the of Edinburgh. When the revolutionary principal powera of Europe. Such was the mania first began to affect the operatives in situation of this country at the time of our large manufacturing towns, and when it which we now write. It was threatened by was seriously proposed among them to over- a dangerous faction at home, and opposed turn all existing institutions, and estabhsh by a powerful and violent enemy abroad. liberty and equality on the French model, Mr Shirra, Uke every right-minded and the Rev. Mr Shirra was called upon by well-iuformed person, was anxious that each some members of his congregation who in his station should contribute in some de- wished to know his opinion on the subject. gree to eradicate from the minds of the Mr Shirra, pretending to be taken unawares, common people those French principles told them he could not answer them off with respect to civil government which hand that day, but he would take the were then too prevalent among the great matter into serious consideration, and on body of the people, and to teach them to the following Sabbath would give them his distinguish between the ideal equality of sentiments publicly from the pulpit.^ On rights maintained by a visionary theorist, the congregation assembling, Mr Shirra namely, Tom Paine, and that rational went on with the usual services without liberty which is alone practicable among a making any allusion to the matter until the Christian population. These views of the close, when he expressed himself somewhat authority of civil governors, as they are as follows:—"My friends, I had a call obviously suggested by the Mosaic history from some of you the other day wanting to of the first ages, so they are confirmed by know my opinion about hbertyand equality, the precepts of the gospel, in which, if any when I told you if you would come here to- thing is to be found clear, peremptory, and day I would let you know it. Now, since unequivocal, it is the injunction of submis- that time I have travelled in the spirit all

sion to the sovereign authority ; and in over the world, and I shall just tell you monarchies, of loyalty to the person of the what I have seen in my travels. I have sovereign. "Let every soul," says the travelled over the earth, its frozen and burn- apostle St Paul to the Romans, " be sub- ing zones, mountains and valleys, moist ject to the higher powers," and of whom was places and dry, fertile lands and deserts, and St Paul speaking to his Christian converts ? I have found grown men and children, big in whom was the supreme power vested in and little, strong and weak, wise and ignor- Rome at that time? It was the bloody ant, good and bad, powerful and helpless, Emperor Nero— the persecutor of the rich and poor—no equality there. I have Christians. St Paul's reasons for the in- travelled through the seas, its deeps and junction may have been, that although the shoals, rocks and sandbanks, whirlpools and sovereignty is sometimes placed in unfit eddies, and I have found monsters and hands, and abused to the worst purposes, worms, whales and herrings, sharks and yet no king, however he might use or abuse shrimps, mackerels and sprats, the strong authority, ever reigned but by the appoint- devouring the weak, and the big swallowing meut of God's providence. There is no the Httle—no equality there. I have such thing as power except from God. To ascended to Heaven, with its greater and him whatever powers, good or bad, are at lesser lights, its planets and comets, suns

any time subsisting in the world, are sub- and satellites ; and I have found thrones

ordinate ; He has good ends of his own, not and dominions, principalities and powers, always to be foreseen by us, to be effected angels and archangels, cherubim and sera- by the abuse of power as by other partial phim—no equality there. I have descended

evils ; and to his own secret purposes he into hell, and there I have found Beelzebub, durects the worst action of tyrants, no less the prince of the devils, and his grim coun- than the best of sober, righteous, and godly sellors, Moloch and Belial, tyranizing over princes. That submission to civil authority the other devils, and all of them over wicked is a duty binding on all Christians there men's souls—no equality there. This is cannot be any reasonable doubt, and Mr what I have found in my travels, and I Shirra's zeal for order was, as may be think I have travelled far enough ; but if 403 ; ;

FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SHI

" I said in my haste all men are liars," he remarked :—" It would seem, David, that liberty and equality yourselves, you may in saying this you were hasty or ill-advised, find them if you travel somewhere I have and you seem to think your saying it calls not visited. You need not travel the same for an apology ; had you lived in our day road as I have done ; 1 can tell you posi- you might have said it at your leisure, and tively you will not find them on earth, made no apology about it." Quoting on neither in the sea—not in heaven, neither in another occasion these words from the 119th hell. If you can think of anywhere else Psalm, " I will run the way of thy com- you may try. Meanwhile, 1 have given mandments when thou shalt enlarge my you all the information 1 can. It rests with heart ; " he said, " WeU, David, what is you to make a proper use of it." At one your first resolution? I will rim. Hun time he was on a visit to his son, Mr John away, David, who hinders you ? • What is Spears Shirra, at Dalkeith, and was invited your next ? I will run the way of thy com- to drink tea at Mr John Wardlaws, a friend mandments. Better run yet, David ; what of his. In going thither he had occasion to is your next ? I will run the way of thy pass the town jail, where, at that period, a commandments whe)i thou, shalt enlarge my military guard was regularly stationed. It heart. No thanks to you, David ; we could happened to be an English regiment of all run as well as you with such help. '* At militia that was then quartered at Dalkeith another time Mr Shirra having had occa- ** and as Mr Shirra was then walking with sion to quote Philfipians iv. and Ilth : I some state down the street, on a fine sum- have learned, in whatsoever —state I am, mer afternoon, in full clerical costume, therewith to be content," said : " Ay, Paul, carrying his cocked hat in his hand, and ye have learned well, ye have got far on displaying a powdered wig of no small "but let us be thankful, we're at the school." dimensions, the officer on duty observed the Mr Shirra was a fearless and unmerciful phenomenon, and imagining it could be reprover of aU manifestations of a disorderly nothing less than a Lord Bishop of the or inattentive spirit in the house of God. Church of England proceeding towards Seeing a young man asleep in the gallery Dalkeith Palace, the seat of His Grace the one warm Sunday afternoon, he called to Duke of Buccleuoh, instantly ordered his the people who were sitting near the sleeper

guard to turn out and present arms. Mr to awaken him ; for, said he, if he fall down Shirra graciously received the honour, and dead as the young man did in St Paul's talked of the circumstance with great glee time, he may lie dead for me ; I am not

during the evening ; but we beUeve the able like Paul to raise him to Ufe again. On officer who committed the mistake had no another occasion, an individual belonging little raillery to encounter after it was dis- to a regiment of volunteers was reproved in covered that the recipient was only a humble a very sharp manner by Mr Shirra, Com- though a noble-looking minister of the ing into church dressed in the uniform of Secoession Church of Scotland. The fol- his corps, he attracted much attention, lowing anecdote is illustrative not only of which he was desirous of prolonging more his ready acquaintance with the language than was at all ple.^ing to the minister. of scripture, but also of the eccentricity of After he had walked about a good deal his character. One Sunday the precentor longer than was necessary in quest of a seat, intimated in the church of Kirkcaldy, just he was compelled to sit down in a hurry at as Mr Shirra was about to begin morning last by Mr Shirra's saying to him, "Sit service, that the prayers of the church were doon, man ; We'll see your new breeks

soUcited in behalf of David —, a mem- when the kirk skails." After Mr Shirra ber of the congregation. Mr Shirra, who had retu:ed from the scene of his public had not iireviously heard of the indisposition labours, and was spending the evening of of the person mentioned, looked over the his days in StirUng, he still continued to pulpit and said to the precentor, " Henry, preach occasionally in the town and else- " is David very ill ? Having been answered where ; and on a Saturday afternoon, of a in the affirmative, he immediately said, beautiful day in summer, the .^ed and " Weel, weel, let us pray for him," and venerable minister was wending his solitary forthwith began his address to the Almighty way from his ancient and castellated home, in the words of the first verse of the 132d to the sweet and sequestered village of Psalm, " Lord, remember David and all his Doune, where he had been requested to afllietions." His short comments on scrip- assist in the administration of the Holy ture texts, or glosses, as he himself called Sacrament of the Lord's supper next day. them, were often of a very quaint character, Before he had left home the day was ah:eady and were strikingly indicative of the eccen- on the decUne, and the sun was now setting tricity by which he was distinguished. Not behind the hills of that wild and wondrous

unfrequently he employed the form . and region —which has now been made classic language of a dialogue with the sacred pen- ground by the pen of a modern author—and man. Instances of this are to be found in the rugged masses of Benlomond, Benledi, his published discourses, and numerous and Benvoirlich, now so famihar even to well authenticated anecdotes to the same southern ears as household words :— effect might be narrated. Having occasion one day to quote the saying of the Psalmist, 404 "

SHI PIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHV. SHI \A hile pursuing his way, aud occaaionally for the youngest minister to do this, but all pausing to gaze on the magnificent scene were inclined to give way to Mr Shirra, and before him, which, whUe it arrested the his request was at once granted. Early next eye of the aged and heavenward pilgrim, morning, beneath a clear and cloudless sky in could not fail to suggest to him thoughts June, crowds of people might be seen collect- and images of the " delectable mountains," mg from aU quarters round the tent, which the gates of pearl, the walls of jasper, the stood on a beautiful green knoll on the streets of gold, and the battlements of banks of the water at Teith, near the sapphire of the an- celestial city he expected cient castle of Doune. Seldom soon to had there enter ; he was roused from his been a lovelier morning, and seldom at the reverie by the. sound of approaching foot- Doune preachings had there been a migh- Btepa. After a few remarks on the beauty tier gathering. Punctual at the hour, of the evening, the Mr magnificence of the Shirra was in the tent. Castmg scenery, and the his eve splendour of the heavens, slowly and searchingly over Shirra, the congrega- Mr addressing his fellow-traveller, tion, he :— discovered in the midst of it his said '' I see you are stepping westward : friend and fellow-traveller the and as I am on pedlar. The my way to Doune, if you l)sahn and opening prayer are being ended, Mr going that length, and if you have no Shirra rose and gave out his text, which objection to the company of an old man, we was in Eevelations xix. and 8th -" And to niay continue our journey ' together." To her was granted that she should be this projiosal arrayed the stranger readily and m fine hnen, clean and white ; for the fine coui-teously consented. He was a much l"?fn 13 the righteousness of saints." younger man than Mr Shirra, but he had a Whether the pedlar had by this time recog- burden to cariy which made the difference msed hk friend and fellow-traveller less in the m his favour. " May I ask," said minister Mr is uncertain ; it was not long, how- bhirra, what manner of occupation you ever, till there was no ground left on this are of ? " " Please your honour," replied point for uncertainty. After the stranger, " some intro- I am a pedlar ; or, as I am ductory remarks, Mr Shirra said he had sometimes called, a travelling merchant." come there to open the market of tree grace I am glad to hear that," said ^ Mr Shii-ra, —that he was a merchant, a commission- fori am a travelling merchant myself. , merchant, commissioned by a great and Indeed,' replied the stranger, "I should rich king—the King of heaven,— scarcely have that the thought that from your ap- article he was there, pearance in his name, and by ; may I speir whatyou deal in ?" his appointment, to dispose of, was "fine I deal," said Mr Shirra, "in fine hnen, Hnen," which was the righteousness of and am on my way to Doune, where I hope Christ. After explaining its nature and to dispose of my goods to-morrow." " To- illustrating its properties, and commending morrow!" replied the stranger; "J am and lauding its worth and value, and thinking ye hae show- forgotten that the morn's ing that there was " nothing in the world for the Sabbath." No, no," said Mr Shirra, worth or for beauty to be equalled, or, in I have not forgotten that ; it is, however, his expressive diction, to be the sacramental evened to it, he occasion ; there will be proceeded to counsel his hearers to put preaching at the tent, and a gathering from themselves in possession of it, or, in the Galgarnock, Kincardine, and Kippen, and language of Scripture, "«o buy it." " When some even from Stirling; with some of " folk went," he said, to a market, it was whom at least 1 expect to do business to- with the intention to buy. If they did not, morrow." " Weel," said the pedlar. "I it was generally for one of two reasons have been a long time in the line, but I ; am either they did not need the article, or they happy to say I never did business on the had no money. Of this article he showed L,ord s-day yet, and I never saw any guid they had all instant, urgent, absolute need. follow those who did ye're an ; old man There was no coming to the sir I Lord's table, ; would advise you as a friend to gie there was no getting into Heaven without np the practice of seUing on the Sabbath." It. But they might say they had nothing If ye will not sell,'' continued Mr Shh-ra, to buy with. To this he said they were not ye may perhaps buy." " Na, na," said asked_ for anything that if the pedlar " ; they had to ; if it's sinfu' to sell, it's as come in the way of giving value for it, they sinfu' to buy; I'll wash my hauus o' the might well despair, for the business wealth of the entirely ; I'll neither sell nor buy Indies would not equal it ; but it on the was not Lord's-day." "Then ye'll maybe to be bought in this way ; it was to be had come to the tent," said Mr Shirra. " That without price ; it was to be had freely it I wiU," said the pedlar ; or travelling mer- was to be had for the taking. Such was chant. Our two travellers had now come the gospel sense of 'buying,'" He then to the bridge of Teith, where they parted, concluded— "And wiU no man buy this Mr bhurra repairing to the manse, and the fine hnen ? Must I go back and say, Lord, pedlar to his lodgings in the town. In Lord, there were many at the tent, many arranging with the ministers what share he at the preaching, many in the market, but was to have in the services of the commg none would beUeve, none would buy ? day, Mr Shurra And signified, that if agreeable, must 1 go K " back with this report 1 and will yjj jj,.g jQ preach the first sermon ye came—poor and wretched. the tent. it was the practice, to be smre, miserable and blind aud | naked ? I put it 405 FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SI] to you again, will no man buy ?" He then Balgonie, Fifeshire. He was bom in 1641. paused. There was an old grey-haired man Bower, in his " History of the University at the foot of the tent, who, with his hands of Edinburgh," says that he was a native of clasped and tears in his eyes, was heard that city. He began to learn Latin in the saying to himself, " I'll buy—I'U buy. I'U Bjrgh School of Cupar in 16.50. The fol- take Christ and his righteousness." Mr lowing year his parents removed with him Shirra hearing him said, " The Lord bless to Dundee, in which town they were when the bargain ! There is one man at least it was taken by assault by General Monk, here to-day who has gotten a great bar- after a stout resistance long and stubbornly gain ; and aa for you, my fellow-traveller, maintained by the inhabitants. During my brother merchant, come, oh ! come, ere this memorable siege, the subject of this the market close, and buyilikewise. If you notice had a very narrow escape for his Ufe, and his father was severely wounded. In the pillage which followed, the family were touching appeal had on the pedlar, tradi- robbed of everything they possessed by the tion does not say. But whatever we may English soldiery, and had to walk to Cupar think of such preaching in our days of pro- from inability to pay for any conveyance. gress and refinement, it cannot be doubted Afterwards, young Sibbald became a that it suited the times in which it occurred, student in the , and the hearts of the people to whom it was where he remained for five years. He addressed. That Mr Shirra, when in the applied himself to the profession of physio, prime and vigour of life, was an impressive in which his uncle, Dr George Sibbald, of and rousing preacher, there can be no ques- Gibhston, had attained some eminence. In tion. Mr Aitchison says of him, " Nobody March 1660 he went to Holland, and for a exceeded him in the art of speaking. He year and a-half studied anatomy and surgery was a master of eloquence. He easily dis- at Leyden, then the most celebrated school covered where lay the strength or the weak- in Europe. He took his doctor's degree there in 1661—his inaugural dissertation on the occasion being published under the title However discordant might be the passions of " De Variis Tabis Siieciebus." On of his audience, he could manage them to leaving Leyden he went to Paris, and after-

his own purpose ; if his subject did not ad- wards to Anglers, where he remained a year, mit of much argument, he carried his point pursuing his studies with great assiduity. by popular illustration and the use of figur- He next repaired to London, and, in Octo- ative language. In ordinary conversation ber 1662, returned to Edinburgh, where he he displayed the same power over the affec- commenced the practice of medicine. About tions which he so often demonstrated in the 1667, he and Dr, afterwards Sir Andrew, pulpit. He was remarkably strong and Balfour, who had been long in Prance, healthy, majestic in his walk, and inclining formed the design of instituting a botanical to corpulency. His eyes were piercing and garden in Edinburgh, and for this purpose fuU of fire. His voice was sonorous and they procured an enclosure " of some forty vehement when once fuUy raised. His feet every way," as he takes care to tell us, bearing noble, bis countenance commanding, in the north yards of the Abbey, which they his gesture natural, his oratory bewitching. stocked with a collection of 800 or 900 jJants. He was lively and animating amidst the Other physicians in Edinburgh now joined strokes of his eloquence, but never ceased to them, and subscriptions were raised for the carry about with him the becoming mantle support of the garden. From the Town of humility." Towards the close of his Council they afterwards obtained a lease of ministry, his manner in the pulpit was the garden belonging to Trinity Hospital, more quiet and subdued, and his language and adjacent ground for the same object.

familiar and more mixed with Scotticisms ; It was prmcipally through the instrumen- but even at this period he sometimes de- tality of Dr Sibbald that the Royal College livered portions of his discourses with such of Physicians of Edinburgh, of which he energy and effect, as to remind his earher was one of the original members, obtained hearers of the power and efficiency displayed their charter of incorporation. The great by him in his prime. That Mr Shirra was seal was appended to it, 30th November a man of extensive learning and of profound 1681, being St Andrew's Day. In 1682 he

thought, we shall not contend ; but accord- was knighted by the Duke of York, then ing to undoubted testimony—that of his High Commissioner in Scotland. By the own writings, and of those whose intimate encouragement of the Earl of Perth, Sir acquaintance with him enabled them Robert had, with his other pursuits, begun judge—he was an amiable and deeply pious to make collections for an accurate geo-

man ; an accurate theologian, a bold and graphical andstatistical account of Scotland, effective preacher, a true-hearted patriot, a with a description of the natural history of dutiful and loyal subject, and a zealous and the kingdom. Through that nobleman he successful minister of the Gospel. was appointed by Charles II., by patent, SIBBALD, Sir Robert, an eminent dated 30th September 1682, Geographer physician, naturalist, and antiquary, was £ Royal for Scotland, and he got another younger son of David Sibbald, of Ran patent to be his physician there. At the keillour, a descendant of the Sibbalds of same time he received His Majesty's com- 406 SIB FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SIB mands to publish the natural history of the ly into his room, they searched his bed, country with its geographical description. and not finding him, went away, after having " "This,'' says Sir Robert, in his autobio- sworn that they would Rathillet " him. graphy, '* was the cause of great pains and He went for a time to London, where the very much expense to me in buying all the conduct of the Jesuits with whom he came books and manuscrijits I could get for that in contact, and the evil influence they exer- USB, and procuring infoi-matious from all cised over the mind of the King, so struck ' parts of the country, even the most remote him that, as he says, ' I repented of my isles. I employed John Adair for survey- rashness, and resolved to come home, and ing, and did bestow much upon him, and return to the church I was bom." He is paid a guinea for each double of the maps also said to have been disgusted with the be made. Ho got much money from the rigid discipline and extreme fastings of gentry, and an allowance from the public po])ery. Having compiled a catalogue of it to the magis- for it ; but, notwithatanrling the matter was his museum, he dedicated recommended by a committee of the council, trates and citizens of Edinburgh, as a testi- and my pains and progress in the work re- mony of his gi'atitude for the honours con- presented, yet I obtained nothing except a ferred upon him. In 1697 be presented it patent for £100 sterling of salary from King to the University of Edinburgh, under the James VII., as his physician. I got only modest title of "Anctarium Musaei Bal- one year's payment." In 1682 he had pub- fouriani e Musaeo Sibbaldiano," as if it had lished an advertisement relative to his geo- only been an appendix to Dr Balfour's. The graphical work, with queries, which were catalogue was printed at the expense of the distributed all over the kingdom. The fol- University, and contains 216 pages in 12mo. lowing year he issued, in Latin and in Eng- It is divided into four classes : —1. Fossils, lish, an account of the projected work, minerals, stones, metals, and marine sub- stating what had been effected, and what stances. 2. The more rare vegetable sub- required to be done, with proposals for stances taken from plants, their roots, bark, printing it. In 1684 he published his timber, and fruit ; also marine plants. 3, principle work, entitled, " Scotia lUustrata, 'The more rare productions from the animal sine Prodromus Historias Naturalis Scotiae," kingdom. 4. Works of art connected with folio, seventy copies of which, he says, he the v.arious arts and sciences, to which are gave away in presents. Of this work Dr added manuscripts and some rare books. Pitcairn published an anonymous review in The following portraits of eminent men were 1696. "Sibbald." says Bower, "had con- also bequeathed by him to the University, demned the medical system of Bellini, Pit- viz. :-Charles I., Charles II., James VII., cairn's great master, and this was the cause the Earl of Perth in his robes as Chancellor, of no mercy being shown to his Prodromus. and Sir George Mackenzie, Lord Advocate, He laughs at him for giving credit to the re- founder of the Advocate's Library. The port that there were in Scotland ' wild oxen only original portrait of Drummond of with manes,' and ' badgers like swine,' Hawthomden is in the same collection. In ' beavers,' &o. Quotations are given, from 1706 Sir Robert proposed to teach natural which his ignorance of natural history, history and medicine during spring in pri- botany, zoology, and geography, is proved, vate colleges, a phrase which implies that as well as his plagiarism from Ray, Suther- his lectures would be delivered in his own land, and others. It must be confessed that house. An advertisement of his in Latin the criticism is most unreasonably severe." appears in the Edinburgh Courant, 14th To this charge of ignorance and plag February, of that year. In it he modestly ' styles himself ' Philiatris,' that is Studiosus of Medicine,' and we are informed that he

Sootiae," &o. , in which he gives some account had successfully practised medicine for forty- of his early years and studies. In Decem- three years. 'Those who attended his class ber 1684 Su- Robert was elected President were to be well acquainted with the Latin of the Royal College of Physicians, and and Greelc languages, all philosophy, and while filling that office, the Dispensatory or the principles of mathematics, and certifi- Pharmacopoeia for Edinburgh was com- cates from the different professors under pleted. In the following March he was ap- whom they had studied were to be produced. pointed by the Town Council the first Pro- The lectures, according to the universal fessor of Medicine in the University of practice, were delivered in Latin. Two Edinburgh. He had been educated in editions of his " History of Fife "were pub- Episcopalian principles, and associated con- lished in his life-time, the most correct of stantly with those who were opposed to the which appeared in 1710. An edition of it, Covenant. In this year (1685), by the per- with notes and illustrations, and an accurate suasion of the Earl of Perth, then Chancellor list of his writings, was published at of Scotland, he became a convert to the Cupar in 1803. To a rare species of plants Roman Catholic religion, and was, in con- discovered by him among the indigenous sequence, very nearly assassinated by a mob plants of Scotland, Linnaeus gave the name who surrounded the house in which he re- of Sibbaldia. The period of Sir Robert sided, in Carrubber's Close, Edinburgh. Sibbald's death is not known, but from the They broke into it, while he with difficulty last of his pubUshed works being dated 1711, •escaped by the yard behind. Forcing their it is supposed to have been in 1712. la 407 SIN FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SIN

1722 a catalogue was printed at Edinburgh of Douglas, on his romantic expedition of " The Library of the late learned and in- with his master's heart to the holy sepulchre genious Sir Robert Sibhald of Kipps, doctor at Jerusalem. Their crusade was attended of medicine," to be sold by auction. Many with aU the circumstances of royal pomp of the manuscripts and printed books were and solemn chivalry, and their gallantry purchased for the Advocate's Library. alone caused them to fall short of their ST CLAIR of Rosslyn, The Family of. pious and loyal purpose, for, passing through —No family in Europe beneath the rank of Spain on their way to Palestine, the Scottish royalty boasts a higher antiquity, a nobler knights could not resist the ardour which illustration, or a more romantic interest impelled them to join the chivalry of Spain than that of St Clair. The St Clairs are in the battle against the Moors ; and both the descended from a noble Norman race, and Lords of Douglas and of Rosslyn perished on came into Scotland in the days of King the bloody field of Theba in Andalusia in Malcohn Canmore. William St Clair was 1330. The son of this crusader, who was the son of a great baron in Noi-mandy, also called Sir William, may be said to have whom tradition has stjrled " Count de St founded the grandeur of the Sinclair family Clair;" and his mother is said to have been by a most illustrious alliance. He and his a daughter of Richard, Duke of Normandy. ancestors were, it is true, among the

He obtained a grant of extensive estates in greatest of the feudal nobUity ; but, in con- Mid-Lothian, and was seated in the Castle sequence of his marriage with Isabella of Stralheme, he and his descendants became for several generations little less than of the name settled in the neighbouring princely. ThLs lady was the eldest daughter counties of Mid-Lothian and East-Lothian and heiress of MaUse, seventh Earl of Strath- of equal antiquity, but between whom we erne, and Earl of Orkney and Caithness, are unable to trace any connection by blood. and she inherited the right to her father s St Clair of Rosslyn was distinguished by great Orcadian earldom, which she trans- more splendid affiances and larger posses- mitted to her -son. The illustrious race of sions; but St Clair of Hermandston can Scandinavian Earls, of which Isabella was scarcely be said to have been behind it in the representative, was founded in the ninth ancient nobUity or martial prowess. During century by Earl Rogenwald, a great Nor- the days of the great struggle for national wegian chief, the common ancestor of the independence, the Lords of Rosslyn were Earls of Orkney and the Dukes of Nor- distinguished for their patriotism. In 1303, mandy, who were descended from the two Sir Henry St Clair was one of the principal brothers Eynar and Rollo, so that William leaders of the gallant band of 8000 men, the Conqueror and his contemporary, who, issuing from the caves and romantic Thortin, Earl of Orkney, were cousins in no glens of Rosslyn, defeated three EngUsh very remote degree. The Earls of Orkney armies successively in one day, though they boasted the intermixture of a large share of each mustered 10,000 strong. He, or his royal blood. Earl Sigard II., who was sou, Sir William, obtained from King Robert killed at the battle of Clontarf in 1014, was Bruce a grant of all the royal lands in married to one of the daughters and co-

Pentland in 1317. It is probably in relation heiress of Malcolm II., King of Scotland ; to this acquisition that the romantic story so that the subsequent Earls of Orkney and is told of the hunt of Pentland, where St their representatives are joint co-heirs with Clair is said to have wagered his head that the reigning family of the ancient Scoto- his hounds " Help" and " Hold" would kill Pictish monarchs. Earl Paul, who began to a stag that had often baffled the king's reign in 1064, married the grand-daughter favourite dogs before it could cross the of Magnus the Good, King of Norway, who March Burn. King Robert took him at died in 1047. Margaret, Countess of Orkney, his word, and staked Pentland against his daughter and eventual heiress of Earl head. The stag was actually in the March Haco, in 1136 married Madoch, Earl of Bum when " Hold" stopped it, and Athol, a prince of the royal race of Scot- "Help" turned it, and then they killed it, land, being a nephew of King Malcolm and saved their master's life, and got him III ; and her descendant. Earl John, in the an estate. Sir William St Clair of Rosslyn year 1300 married a daughter of Magnus, was the companion in arms of King Robert King of Norway, who died in 1289. The Bruce, and he had a worthy competitor for son of this marriage. Earl Magnus, whose renown in his namesake and neighbour. reign commenced in 1305, had the same Sir William of Hermandston, who fought rank and dignity conceded to him in 1308 so bravely at the battle of Bannockburn by Haco, King of Norway, that belonged that King Robert bestowed upon him his to the princes of the royal family. His own sword with which he had won that daughter Isabella carried the earldom of

to Malise , of glorious day. It was long possessed in the Orkney VI. Earl Stratheme ; house of Hermandston, and was inscribed and her son Malise, the seventh Earl, was with the French motto—" Lb Roi medoune, father of another heiress Isabella, who St Clair me porte." When King Robert wedded WilUam St Clair. Thus the died. Sir William of Rosslyn had the honour princely earldom of Orkney came to be of being one of the Scottish lords who were inherited by Henry St Clair, Lord of selected to accompany Sir James, the Lord Rosslyn, who, in 1379, had his rights fully* 408 ; ; ! ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

SIN FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY.

listen, listen, admitted by Haco VI., King of Norway, O ladies gay ! invested No haughty feat of anils I tell and was by him with the earldom ; Soft is the note and and his dignity of earl was immediately sad the lay, That mourns the lovely Eosaljella. after recognised and confirmed by his native

sovereign, Robert II., King of Scotland. — *' Moor, moor the barge, ye gallant crew ! Tradition says that this Henry Clair And, gentle layde, St deign to stay I married Florentia, a lady of theroj-al house Rest thee in Castle Ravensheuch, of Denmark. The son and grandson of Nor tempt the stormy Firth to-day. Earl Henry, successively Earls of Orkney " The hlackening wave is edged with white and Lords Sinclair, married ladies of royal race—the grand-daughters of two Scottish kings—Egidia, daughter of William Doug- las, Lord of Nithsdale, by Princess Egidia, " daughter of King Robert II., and Eliza- Last night the gifted Seer did view A wet shroud swathed betli, Countess Dowager of Buchan (widow round ladye gay Then stay thee, Fair, in Ravensheuch : of the Constable of France), and daughter of " Wliy cross the gloomy Firth to-day ? Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas, Duke of Torraine, by the Princess Margaret, " 'Tis not because Lord Lindesay's heir daughter of King Robert III. The St To-night at Roslin leads the baU, Clairs continued to be EarLs of Orkney, But that ray layde-mother there Sits lonely in vassals of the crown of Norway, and recog- her castle-hall. nised as Scottish Earls by their native

monarchs until 1471, when the Orkney and And Lindesay e Shetland Isles were annexed to the Scottish But that my sire the wine will chide. crown on the marriage of King James III. If 'tis not fiUed by RosabeUe."— with Princess Margaret of Denmark. The O'er EosUn all that dreary night object of that monarch was to humble the A wondrous blaze was seen to gleam pride, and to diminish the overgrown power 'Twas broader than the watch-fii'e Ught, of Wilham, thii-d Earl of Orkney, of the And redder than the bright moon-beam. line of St Clair. He accordingly compelled him to exchange the lordship of Nithsdale It glared On Roshn's castled rock, It ruddied all the for the earldom of Caithness, and the earl- copse-wood glen 'Twas seen from Dryden's groves of oak, dom of Orkney for the great estates of And seen from caverned Ha^vthornden. Dysart and Ravensheugh, with the castle of Ravenscraig, in the county of Fife. In Seemed all on fire that chapel proud. full zenith of his power, William, third Where Roslin's chiefs uucofiined lie Earl of Orkney, united in his own person Each Baron, for a sable shroud. Sheathed in his ii'on panoply. the highest offices in the realm ; for he was Lord Admiral, Lord-Justice-General and Seemed all on fire within, around. Lord Chancellor of Scotland, and Lord Deep sacristy and altar's pale Warden of the three Marches. He built Shone every pillar foliage-bound. and endowed the beautiful chapel of And glimm ered all the dead men's mail. Rosslyn, which is still admired as the archi- Blazed battlement and tectural gem of Scotland. He also greatly pinnet high, Blazed every rose-carved buttress fair- enlarged his Castle of Rosslyn, where he re- So still they blaze, when fate is nigh sided in princely splendour, and was waited The lordly line of high St Clair. on by some of the chief nobles of the laud as officers of his household— Lords Dirleton, There are twenty of Roslin's barons bold Borthwick, and Fleming, and the Barons of Lie buried within that proud chapelle Each one the Drumlanrig, Drumelyier, and Calder. The holy vault doth hold- But the sea holds lovely RosabeUe daughter of this great potentate was wedded to prince a of the blood, Alexander, Duke And each St Clair was buried there, of Albany, sou of James II. The marriage, _ With candle, with book, and with knell however, was dissolved, and the sole issue, g, and the wild winds sxmg, a son, was made Bishop of Dunkeld, in The dirge of lovely RosabeUe order to cut short his succession. There is As the Family of St Clair had attained to a curious tradition connected with the its highest power of eminence in the person Chapel of Rosslyn in relation to the noble of William, third Earl of Orkney, it may race of its founder. Immediately before the also be said from him to date its decline. We death of one of the family, the beautiful have already stated that, after the posses- building appears to be brilliantly illuminated. sion of the Orkney and Shetland Islands for This superstition Sir Walter Scott con- nearly a century, this Earl was compelled jectures to be of Scandinavian origin, and to resign them to the Crown in 1471, having to have been imported by the Earls of the previously resigned his great Lordship of house of St Clair, from their Orcadian Nithsdale. For these he obtained the very principality to their domains in theLothians. inadequate compensation of the Earldom of The many generations of Barons of Roslyn Caithness and the estates of Dysart and are buried in the vaults beneath the chapel Ravensheugh, in the county of Fife. The pavement, each chief clothed in complete Earl died in 1480, enjoying the titles of Earl armour. of Caithness, together with the inferior title NO. LU. 409 SIN FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SIN of Lord Sinclair (which had also been held taste. From WiUiam, the youngest of the by his father, Henry, along with hia Earl- three, who had the higher title of dom),_and possessed of very great estates, Earl of Caithness, is descended the long of which the principal messuages were Iloss- fine of holders of that Earldom, together lyn Castle, in Mid-Lothian, and Eavens- with theirnumerousyoun.Lter branches ; and craig Caatle, on the coast of Fife. At the it is a very remarkable fact that this title close of his life, the Earl made settlements has never been long held in any one direct of his large possessions, which were still line, but has gone four times to very remote more destructive to the prosperity of his collaterals—the most distant of all having family than the oppression at the hands of been the grandfather of the present Earl. the Kin^, of which he had been the victim. The second son. Sir Oliver, was the ancestor By spliting his estates into fragments, he of the Baron of Rosslyn, of whom we are speedily broke down the grandeur of his about to treat. The eldest son, WiUiam, race ; but it seems uncertain whether this the disinherited Master of Orkney and was done under royal coercion or from mere Caithness, was the ancestor of the long line parental caprice. By his first marriage of Lords Sinclair, concerning whom it may with Elizabeth Douglas, Countess of Buohan, not be improper to say something before we grand-danghter of King Robert III., he proceed with the later Rosslyn lins. On had a son Wilham, who, while his father his death in 1488 his son Henry was re- held his two Earldoms, was styled " Master cognised by the King and Parliament of of Orkney and Caithness," according to Scotland as Lord Sinclair. He was in Scottish usage, as heir to both, although, in reahty the fourth Lord, although he is im- fact, he succeeded to neither. His father, properly reckoned the first of the family during his lifetime, gave him the estate of who held that title alone. He fell at Newburgh, in Abardeenshire, and nothing Flodden in 1513. His daughter, Agnes, more at his death. By his second wife, Countess of Bothwell, was the mother of Marjory Sutherland, the Earl had a large the third husband of Queen Mary, who, family, and particularly two sons, between when raised to ducal rank, selected the title whom, in 1476, he most unjustly divided his of Orkney from regard to his maternal an- whole inheritance, to the exclusion of his cestry. William, second Lord Sinclau', eldest sou. To the elder of the two, Sir was the leader of a romantic expedition, Ohver, he gave the ancient family estate of which he undertook in conjunction with his Rosslyn, and aU his great possessions in the relation, John, Earl Caithness, in 1529, Lothians and in the counties of StirUng and during the stormy minority of King James Fife. To his younger son, named like his v., with a view to recover the Orkney first-born, William, he conveyed the Earl- Islands as his family inheritance. He was dom of Caithness, with the King's consent, so vanquished and taken prisoner, and the that W'hen his father died, he succeeded to Earl was kUled. The Lords Sinclair kept that title with the estates annexed to it. up the dignity of their former greatness by This arbitrary arrangement has been a great high alliances, as their successive intermar- puzzle to antiquaries. It is evident that the riages were with daughters of the Earl of Earl meant entirely to disinherit his eldest Bothwell, Earl Marischal, Earl of Rothes, Earl of son J but why the second, though most twice over. Lord Lindsay, and splendidly endowed, was left a mere Baron, Wemyss. John, seventh Lord Sinclair, not a Peer, while the youngest was made an died in 1676, without male issue, and with Earl, is matter of curious speculation. his affairs in considerable embaiTassment. Some have conjectured that this arose from He was under great pecuniary obhgations partiaUty to the third son, while others have to Sb John St Clair of Hei-mandston, a surmised that Oliver was the real favourite, rich and ambitious man, the head of a very because he obtained by far the most valu- ancient family, but of an entirely different able portion of the heritage, for the estates stock, having the engrailed cross blue instead annexed to the Caithness Earldom were in of black, and being in no respect descended a remote country and comparatively poor. from any of the Lords Sinclair. A marri- "WiUiam, the disinherited eldest son, became age was arranged between this gentleman's Lord Sinclair, a title which had not been eldest son, and the seventh Lord Sinclair's surrendered to the Crown, and which had only d.-iughter and heiress. Both husband been held by three previous generations of anil wife predeceased their respective fathers, the family. His life was spent in a struggle and their son, Henry St Clair, was heir with his younger brothers, and he forced apparent both to his maternal grandfather, Sir OUver to disgorge all the Fifeshire Lord Sinclair, and his paternal, Shr John estates, while he was solemnly acknowledged St Clair. On the death of the former he by him and the Earl of Caithness to be inherited the Sinclair peerage, as eighth their oliief and the head of their house. He Lord in right of hii mother ; and although died very soon after this family arrange- the undoubted heir male of the family, John ment was concluded in ] 488. From these Sinclair of Balgreggie, lived four and thirty three brothers are descended the three great years after, he never claimed the title, be- branches of the House of Sinclair or St cause it went in the female line. Young Clair, for the two forms of the name are in- Lord Sinclair, then a youth of seventeen, different, and have been used arbitrarily by under the control of his paternal grandfather different fa^milies of the name as a matter of and uncles, obtained through their means, 410 ; —

SIN FIFESHTEE BIOaRAPHY. SIN

a new patent of his peerage in 1077 from for these unpatriotic men refused to fight Bang Charles II., which totally changed under him, and preferred the disgraceful the ancient line of succession, cutting out alternative of a surrender to the enemy. the female heirs of the hody of the vounj The tidinM of this shameful catastroi)he Lord, and settling the title on the family ol broke the— King's heart. He continued to St Clair of Hermandston. Henry, eightl exclaim " 0, fled Oliver ! Is Oliver taken ? Lord Sinclair, died in 1723. His two sons, All is lost !" and he only lived to hear the the Master of Sinclair and General St further disappointing news, that the Queen Clair, a distinguished diplomatist, had had given birth to a daughter—the unfortu-

issue ; and his daughters were passed over nate Mary. Oliver Sinclair was taken in consequence of the new patent which prisoner to London, and soon released. He was obtained in favour of the family of feU into obscurity, but his line continued for Hermandston, and according to which the some generations, until its last female prc'SL-nt L.n-,1 Sinclair holds the jK-erage. descendant carried the blood of Oliver, the He the King's imhappy minion, into the house of original huuily, oiiu is ua cnmpk-tf a stranger Dalhousie, and he is hneally represented by to tilt' old l^nrds .Sinclair as if be were an the ex-Governor-General of India. Sir entii-ely ditfercut name. According to the Oliver had another son, who was Bishop of Scottish saying, " He is not a drop's blood Ross, and a man of some note. It was he to them," although he holds their title by a who began the long feud with Lord Borth- capricious remainder in the new patent. wick, ms neighbour, which endured during But it should be observed that when that four generations. Tradition says that he new patent of the title was obtained, the threw one of the Borthwick family over the

original peerage was not resigned to the drawbridge of Rosslyn Castle after dinner ! crown, so it is presumed stiU to e.xist, although The quarrel thus inhospitably commenced dormant. Henry, eighth Lord, had several was continued about some lands which daughters. The eldest was the ancestress of Lord Borthwick held of Rosslyn as a vassal. Jlr AnstrutherThomsonofCharleton.whois Sir Ohver was succeeded by his son Sir heir-generaland representative of the ancient William, who, in the civU wars of Scotland, Karls of Orkney and Lords Sinclair. The espoused the party of the Queen Dowager second daughter was the ancestress of Sir and Regent. He died in 15.54, and the

James Erskine, Bart. , on whom the Sinclair family difficulties began in his time, and estates of Dysart and Rosslyn (which had went on increasing during the next two been purchased from the last of the later centuries, until they ended in the aUenation Barons of Rosslyn by the Master of Sinclair) of the Castle and Chapcl.of Rosslyn, aU that

were settled by a special entail ; and who, at length remained of the princely estates, moreover, became second Earl of Rosslyn on to the elder line of Sinclair. Sur William's the death of his maternal uncle, the Lord son of his own name was appointed Lord- Chancellor Wedderbume, Lord Lough- Justice-General of Scotland in 1559 by borough, who had been created Earl of Francis and Mary, and in 1568 he fought Rosslyn, with remainder to his nephew, the gallantly for the Queen at Langside, for

heir of Rosslyn Castle. Thus the succession which he was forfeited ; and although hia of the Sinclair family is curiously appor- estates were afterwards restored to him they tioned. The heirship of blood and lineal were so deeply involved that he was com- representation of the Lords Sinclair belong pelled to sell one of the best of them to Mr Anstruther Thomson, as descendant Herhertshire, near Stirling. A romantic of the eldest daughter. The succession to adventure happened to Sir William, which the estates of Dysart and Rosslyn has been introduced the future Barons of Rosslyn to conveyed by special destination to the Earl singular allies. One day when he was of Rosslyn, the descendant of the younger riding from Edinburgh to Rosslyn Castle he

daughter ; and the title of Lord Sinclau- has rescued a gipsy from the gibbet, and restored been claimed and awarded to the actual him aUve and well to his own people. This holder of that dignity, who is of a totally excited the lasting gratitude of the wander- different family, and not even remotely ing tribe, and they placed themselves under connected with the original Lords. We the special protection of the Barons of must now toUow the fortunes of the later Rosslyn, who do not seem to have shrunk Barons of Rossbm of the cadet branch. Sir from the connection. When the whole Oliver inherited his father's splendid domain in Scotland acknowledge in 1480, and as Lord of Rosslyn Castle, and their patron he allowed all the great estates annexed to that princely at certain seasons, to come and nestle under manorial, he made a great figure among the his wing, and he had two of the towers of Barons of Scotland, and held a prouder Rosslyn Castle allotted to them. About place than most of the Lords of Parhament. this time, also, commenced the connection His younger son, UUver Sinclair, was the of the Barons of Rosslyn with the renowned favounte of King James V., and was called fraternity of Free Masons, which lasted as his "great minion." The king utterly long as the race continued to exist—a St disgusted all liis principal nobles by suil- Clair of Rosslyn being always at the head of denly raising Oliver to the command of the Scottish Free Masonry. During the time, army for the invasion of England in 1542, of liis son. Sir William, who Uved in the and the most lamentable disasters ensued end of the sixteenth century, considerable 411 (ItN FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SIN

additions were made to the ancient Castle fine architecture, and its vaults are still the in buildings erected in the style of that last resting-place of the members of some period. He had a eon, Sir William, who, branches of the family Alexander St Clair being a Roman Catholic, was persecuted by and Wilh'am St Clair were the two last the Presbyterians, and fled to Ireland. Barons of Rosslyn. Their affairs were in a Other motives have been assigned for his pre- very embarassed condition. The estate had cipitate departure, for, though he had a wife gradually dwindled to nothing, and all that and numerous family, he carried off with remained to the last Lord of Rosslyn was him in his flight a beautiful girl of the lower the site of the splendid castle which con- ranks. Father Hay, who was the stepson tained the halls of his fathers, and that of of one of the subsequent Barons of Rosslyn, the elaborately adorned chapel which at- thus writes:—"His son (the son of the tested their munificence. WUliam St former Sir WilUam) Sir WiUiam died dur- Clair, the last Rosslyn, was weighed down ing the troubles, and was interred in the by so heavy a loa,d of debt from the old Chapel of Rosslyn the very same day that encumbrances, which pressed upon him, the battle of Dunbar was fought. When that while yet in the prime of life in 1735 my goodfather (that is, father-in-law or he was obliged to sell the last remnant of stepfather) was buried Su' William's corpse his noble inheritance. He lived nearly seemed to be entire at the opening of the forty years afterwards, and was a very well

door of the vault ; bat when they came to known member of Scottish society until the touch the body it fell into dust. He was year 1772, when he died without issue. lying in his armoar, with a red velvet cap on With him expired the whole male line of his head onaflatstone. Nothing was decayed Sir Ohver St Clair, the founder of the later except a piece of the white furring that went family of the Barons of Rosslyn. There round the cap, and answered to the hinder exist, however, collateral representatives of part of the head. All his predecessors, the the family in the female line. But Rosslyn former Barons of Rosslyn, were buried in the Castle, although it was aUenated by the last same manner in their armour. The late Baron of the juuior line, is still possessed

Rosslyn, my goodfather (father-in-law), was by the family ; and, in fact, it reverted in the first that was buried in a coffin, against 1735 to the eldest branch of the original the sentiments of King James VII., who house, who had been so unjustly deprived was then in Scotland, and several other of it in 1476, two hundred and fifty years persons well versed in antiquity, to whom before. When William St Clair of Rosslyn my mother (the widow) would not hearken, sold his ancient castle in 1735, it was pur- thinking it beggarly to be buried in that chased by John, Master of Sinclair, and the manner. The great expense that she Hon. General St Clair, sons of Henry, at in burying her husband occasioned the eighth Lord Sinclair, and grandsons of the sumptuary laws which were made in the heiress of the rightful elder line, which was following Parliaments." The Rosslyn disinherited by their common ancestor in was buried after this royal fashion was order to enrich his favourite younger son. James St Clair, a member of the Church of Rosslyn was then joined to Dysart as part Rome, who had hved a great deal in France and parcel of the Sinclair estates, and is where he enjoyed considerable distinction, now the property of the Earl of Rosslyn, His widow endeavoured to obtam redress who is the Uneal descendant of the Master from King James II. for the great losses of Sinclair's younger sister, while John which the family had sustained on account Anstruther Thomson of Charleton is the of their loyalty to Charles I. But she had lineal descendant of the elder. The Earl very little success, as the powerful minister, of Rcsslyn had added some adjacentproperty the Earl of Melfort, was against her. She, to this most picturesque possession, and the however, obtained considerable sums from castle and chapel are preserved by him, in Parliament for the woods that had been excellent repair, as a noble monument of destroyed. During the minority of her son fallen greatness. Alexander, while this lady managed the SINCLAIR-ERSKINE, James Alex- family affairs, a very valuable seam of coal ander, Earl of Roslyn.—This branch is of was discovered on the estate, which had, the noble house of Erskine, Earls of Mar, however, no permanent effect in arresting springing from the Honourable Charles the ruin of the falling house. About this Erskine, fourth son of John, 7th Earl, who time, 1688, the beautiful Chaiiel at Rosslyn married, on 3d May 1638, a daughter of Sir was defaced and desecrated by the Presby- Thomas Hope, Bart., of Craighall, and was terians. The fabric is now put in good succeeded by his eldest son, Charles Erskine, order, considerable sums having been spent Esq. of Alva, who was created a Baronet of in its restoration by the present Earl of Nova Scotia, 30th AprU 1666. Sir Charles Rosslyn, who has got it licensed by the maiTied Christian, daughter of Sir James Bishop of the Diocese as a private chapel, Dundas, of Arniston, by whom he -had four and the Earl having appointed the Rev. sons and one daughter ; James, his succes-

Robert Cole, M.A., to be his domestic , killed at the battle of Louden 1693, died chaplain, the ancient and beautiful budding unmarried ; John, successor to his brother ; is now occasionally used for pubUc worship. Charles, Lord Justice-Clerk, under the title It is at the same time the never-failing of Lord Tinwald, father of James Erskine, obiect of intense aduiir.ation to all lovers of also a Scottish J «dge, by the title of Lord 112 SIN FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMA

patent, creating him Baron Loughborough Alva ; Robert, M.D., Physician to the Czar of Loughborough, in the county of Surrey, of Russia ; Helen, married to John Haldane ot Glen Eagles. Sir Charles was succeeded with remainder, in default of male issue, to by his eldest son Sir James. This gentle- his nephew, Sir James St Clair-Erskine, man, dyin;,' unmarried, the title devolved and after him, to John Erskine, Esq., the upon his brother Sir .Tohn, who married brother ot Sir James ; and, 21st April 1801, Barbara, second daughter of Henry, seventh advanced to the dignity ot Earl the of Mid-Lothian, with Lord Sinclair ; and dying in consequence of , in county a fall from his horse in 1739, was succeeded the same remaindership. His Lordship by his eldest son Sir Charles, who fell at the married, first, in 1767, Betty-Anne, daughter ot Esq. of Morley, battle of Laffeldt in 1747 ; and dying un- and heiress John Dawson, married, the baronetcy devolved upon his in the county of York, and second, in 1782, brother Sir Henry, a Lieutenant-General in Charlotte, daughter of William, first Vis- the army and a Colonel ot the Royal Scots, count Courtenay of Rowderham Castle, but who married Janet, daughter of Peter Wed- died without issue, 3d January 1805. (Hia derburn, Esq. ot Chesterhall (a Lord of remains were interred in St Paul's Cathedral), Session, as Lord Chesterhall, and descended en the original Barony of Loughborough from Walter de Wedderbum, one ot the Leicester expired, while that of Lough- great Barons ot Scotland wlio swore fealty, borough ot Surrey and the Earldom of in 1296, to Edward I. ot England for the Rosslyn devolved, according to the limita- lands he possessed in the county of Ber- tion ot the patent upon his nephew. Sir James St Clair-Erskine, Bart., as second Earl. His Lordship was a General Officer, John, Comptroller of Army Accounts, born Colonel ot the 9th regiment ot Dragoons, 10th February 1781, married, in 1802, Mary, and a Knight Grand-Cross ot the Bath. He daughter of Sir John Mordaunt, Bart., married, in 1790, Henrietta Elizabeth, eldest late Honourable which lady died 17th July 1821 ; Henrietta daughter of the Edward Maria, who obtained by sign-manual in Bouverie, and by her, who died August 1801 the rank and precedency of an Earl's ISIO, had issue, James Alexander, present daughter, and died, unmarried, Ifith Feb- peer. The Earl, who was a Councillor of ruary 1802. Sir Henry died in February State to the. King in Scotland, and Lord- 1765, and was succeeded by his eldest son Lieutenant of Fiteshire, died 18th January 1837. ROSSLYN, Eakl of (James Alexander Wedderbum (eldest son of the above-men- St Clair Erskine), in the county ot Mid- tioned Peter Wedderbum, Lord Chester- Lothian, Baron Loughborough of Lough- ball). This eminent person was born at borough, in the county of Sui-rey, and a Chesterhall, 13th February 1733, and was Baronet of Nova Scotia, also a Colonel iu early distinguished by those powers of reason the army, was bom on the 15th ot February and eloquence which ultimately raised him 1802. He married, on the lOth of October to the highest dignity ot the state. Well 1826, Frances, daughter ot the late Lieuten- adapted to the legal profession by great ant-General Wemyss, of Wemyss, and his natural talents and indefatigable persever- issue, James Alexander, Lord Lough- ance, he was called to the Scottish Bar borough, in the 2d Life Guards, born on the when only nineteen years of age, and was 10th May 1830, and other children. His coming rapidly into notice, when an illiberal Lordship ot Rosslyn succeeded as third Earl attack from the bench, disgusting him with at the death ot his father, on the 18th Janu- his own country, determined his seeking a ary 1837. wider sphere for his professional pursuits. SMALL, Andeetv, The Rev. (commonly He became a member of the Inner Temple called Dr Small), Abernethy, was born at in 1753, under the tuition of Macklyn, en- Netherton, a farm west from the village and deavoured, with more than doubtful success, in the parish of Abernethy, on the Slst to lose his national accent. He was called December 1766. His baptism is recorded to the English bar in 1757, and by his tal- in the register of the U.P. Church there, ents soon won the applause of Lord Camden, bearing the date of 4th January 1767, and and the assistance of Lords Bute and Mans- it was the third last administered by the Rev. pleading in the Douglas and Hamilton Matthew Moncrieff, son of the Rev. Alex. field, " cause, and successfully defending Lord Moncrieflf, of Culfargie, one of the Four Clive. He was appointed Solicitor-General Brethren" who formed the nucleus of the 26th January 1771, promoted to the Attor- Secession from the Established Church in the ney-Generalship in 1778, and elevated to the earlier part of the last ceuturj'. Andrew was bench as Lord Chief-Justice of the Court ot the eldest of eight children. His father, John Common Ple.TS in 1780, when he was created Small, was of the class of respectable tenant Baron Loughborough ot Loughborough, in farmers of those days—a staunch adherent the county ot Leicester (14th June 17S0). ot the MoncrieSs, and an elder in the In 1793 his Lordship was appointed First church as his father had been. J olm's wife, Commissioner for keeping the great seal, Margaret Buist, could tell her grand- and, 27th January 1793, constih-ited Lord daughter, stillUving, of havingseen Culfargie church- High ChanceUor of Great Britain. On 31st (the elder Moncrieff) come up to the when October 1795, the Chancellor obtained a new yard gate, give it three knocks, and —

SMA FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMA he found himself barred out, turn and walk circulation and influence at the time, gradu- off to the new church followed by the ally met with severe criticism. It was pub- people, of whom she was one, like a flock of lished by subscription, and His Majesty, sheep. Netherton was a rendezvous for George IV"., appears at the head of the list visitors at the Abernethy sacraments for five copies. Whether Mr Small had not sometimes no fewer than fifty from different been duped as to that subscription we can- parts of the county were accommodated on not say. There can be no doubt he was the premises and enjoyed the hospitality of often duped afterwards; and as appears the tenant. The subject of this notice in the following extract, bearing on this received his early education at the school point, from one of his latest works, he was connected with the Secession congregation, susceptible of adulation, and was evidently and in the room which is at present occupied desirous —of not incurring loss by his publi- as a session-house. That school he himself cations : " It must be well known, to sub- afterwards taught for a short time, hut, scribers at least, that his late Majesty, according to his mother's statement, " the George IV., became a subscriber for it (the bairns were like to gang 0( above work), and stands at the head of the ing that he was indulgent His father list for five copies. I got one superbly bought the estate of Pitmiddcn, in the bound, and sent it up along with the other county of Fife, but in the parish of Aber- four, directed to His Majesty's Uljrarian. I nethy, and removed thither from Netherton. soon received an answer from the then At his father's death Andrew succeeded to librarian, but who is now the Bishop the property. That he had the advantage of Winchester, informing me that he of a fair literary education, and of excellent had duly received aU the copies of the moral and religious training cannot be work, and that he had laid one of doubted. His published works would, in them before His Majesty ; but how it was the present day, be pronounced (apart from received I would have remained entirely what is afterwards to he noticed) not only ignorant of had it not been for a pleasing frequently quaint, but often incorrect in accidental circumstance that happened soon style and construction. Still they display after, and as it contains a pleasing anecdote, such an acquaintance with our own as well .as the honom of Scotland, and also language, with classical literature, and with as the discovery of a Roman town is con- comparatively modem speculations, that it nected with it, I shall here give it. In the would be hard not to acknowledge, con- summer immediately following, happening sidering the period to which he belonged, to be at Pitcaithly Wells, and lodging in that he had benefitted by favourable culture. the large inn at Bridge of Earn, a Mr Lums- His piety all along -was undoubted. He den, of Auchindoir and Clova, a very re- studied for the ministry, was duly Ucensed spectable landed gentleman in the north, as a preacher in connection yith the Anti- ha]ipened to arrive the same day with me, Burghers, and received two calls—one to and being near each other at supper, as is the congregation of Whithorn, and the usually the case with new comers, we hap- other to a congregation in the north. His pened to be speaking about things in gene- health failed while he was a preacher, and ral, as strangers. He happened to say that on that account he declined both calls. He one of his intimate acquaintances and sold Pitmidden, went to reside in Edin- neighbours (a Sir James Gordon), and also burgh, and married about 1807 Miss an intimate acquaintance of His Majesty, Hannah Potter, a lady belonging to Glas- had lately arrived from London, aud had gow, whose acquaintance he made while been telling him that His Majesty had said she was in Edinbm-gh attending a boarding to him, ' I have got a book lately sent up to school. After four years of wedded life she me from Scotland, on Roman and other died, leaving him without any family. Antiquities, with which,' says His Majesty, From Edinburgh he removed to Edenshead, ' I am highly gratified. I have not been so and afterwards to Abernethy, where he well jileased with a book from Scotland this died and was buried in February 1852. At longtime.' I never yet spoke. He added, both places he devoted himself to the study ' All our literati are now mostlyin Scotland of antiquities, particularly those of Fife, together.' I then gave a laugh, and said, and in 1823 he published a work bearing the ' Do you know who is the author of that :— ? ' ' following on its title page "Interesting book ' No, ' he said. What would you Eoman Antiquities, recently discovered in think if he is sitting on your left hand just ? Fife, ascertaining the site of the great now ' At which he was struck with de- battles fought betwixt Agricola and lightful astonishment, and as I had brought Galgacus; with the discovery of the a considerable number of copies with me to position of live Eoman towns, and of the serve any gentleman that might wish them, site and names of upwards of seventy he at once not only engaged to take one,

Koman forts : Also observations regarding but had influence also on several others to the ancient palaces of the Pictish Kings in take one, so that I soon got all that I had the town of Abernethy, and other local with me disposed of. His factor also next antiquities, by the Rev. Amlrew Small, summer took one, and also had influence on Edenshead." Even the length of this title several other of his acquaintances to take does not exhaust the contents of the volume one, so that it was a fortunate meeting frr which, though not without considerable me with this amiable gentleman." It is 414 —

SMA FIFESHIEE BIOGEAPHY. SMA

proper to add that he wtoie the above dis- north base of the west Lomond hill—that claiming egotism, inasmuch as against an Tacitus "had mistaken Mons Loraundus

opponent he was only showing that he had for Mons Gram plus . . . theGrampian received honour from jjersons in the highest Hills are well known to be a ridge of high positions. His work, in various parts of it, mountains running nigh through the whole abounds in anecdotes of the olden time breadth of Hcnthuid. Had the iiattle, then, serious, superstitious, tragic, and comic in taken place tl.cre an.l he (Tacitus) had their character—greatly contributing to the written cnneetly ab.ait it, it would have interest with which many perused it. In- been at the font of the Jlontes Grampii, in deed, there is a whole chapter of "Anecdotes the plural number, and not like a detached

• of King James V. , the Gudeman of Bal- hill as Mons Lomundus is, and would have lengeigh,' when about Falkland and its required to be written in the singular num- vicinity. " As the author extended his anti- ber." We may smile at the explanation quarian researches over alindst all Fife and which our autii|uarian gives of the Mons other districts, there is ].laceil before the Grainpiiis of Tacitus—that the historian reader such an amount of'information re- gave this name not to any of tlie Grampians, garding the sites of ancient camjts, forts, but to the West Lomond " from the top of and cairns, and the localities iu ivlucli urns, it resembhng the semicircular tumble that vessels, coins, war-like implements, &c., the Grampus or great fish gives in the &c., had been found, together with specula- water," still there are antiquarians who tions on all, that it is obvious those who consider Mr Small's views as to the site of possess the book, now out of jirint, will the battle plausilile, and we must not— fail to attach not a little value to it. Its criticism add what he himself has recorded " The will not nufrequently be found at fault, and famed Dr Chahners after reading of, and its derivation and meaniug of certain names also visiting the field of battle along with myself, even ludicrous ; yet tliere are facts in abund- gave it the full meed of his approval, ance, and besides there is a degree of lore as being the site of that great and interest- entitling its author to great credit for his ing battle." We cannot even sketch the abiUties and industry. He laid himself open •arguments of the writer, bound up as they to severe handling, and he received it, not, arewithmultitudes of incidents, and opinions however, without sharp retahation. With upon historical facts and local discoveries, one who wrote on the Topography of the but, agreeing with him or not, knowing Basin of the Tay, he aigues at some length, that he Hved and laboured amid ancient though the " basin '' of the writer he regards relics, every one wUl sympatliise with him as " a basin of thin, meagre brown soup, or as he thus congratulates— himself when rather hotch-potch, industriously collected residing at Edenshead : " It has been my from all quarters .... several articles destiny hitherto to be generally stationed pilfered from ray own larder." He is particu- amidst Roman forts—these venerable ruins ' larly irritated on understanding, ' from good of antiquity. I was born in the vicmity of authority, that one of the name of Swan one erected_ to guard the passage of the

. . . . has most unceremoniously made Earn ; and in the sight of other six or seven, a foul and rude attack ujjon my work on along with the view of the Pictish Kings' ' Boman Antiquities,' and with one fell two palaces or castles, without changing swoop consigned it to perpetual oblivion; position. I was brought up for a time or, in a manner, as unworthy to be taken betwixt two of far famed and illustrious any notice of." And again he speaks of names, and in view of other four or five, and " the baleful influence of the tail of that now reside in the very midst of the camp pestilential comet as yet sweeping through occupied by Agricola, after fighting the the Kingdom of Fife, not properly belonging interesting and far famed battle of Merals- to the constellation of Cygnus, the Sw^an, ford, or the Lomond Hill, so long and but rather to that of Anser, the Goose. anxiously sought after ; also iu the immedi-

. . . . I understand there is also one of ate view of a Roman town, and surrounded the name of Leighton in company with him, th thirteen or fourteen Eoman forts, upon whom, no doubt, part of the either in sight or within less than three blame ought deservedly to ligjd on. " Every miles distance. It must surely have been in allowance will be made for what is really virtue of this last place of residence, that I as much the humour as the temper displayed had been inspired with the desire, and had in these extracts. The discovery on which been aided in attempting to put matters to Mr Small specially rested his fame was that rights iu this point of view, in a manner of " the site of the battle fought between Gal- never hitherto attempted." In 1843 he gacus the Caledonian King and General, and pubhshed three works in one closely printed Agricola the Boman general." In old age, volume, bearing the following on its title and with other subjects on hand, as we page :—"Hidden Things Brought to Light. shall see, causing no small amount of con- In reference both to the Upper, Middle, and ti-oversy, it is no wonder he manifested Lower W orlds, or the True MiUenuium, only considerable feeling when it was attempted to be enjoyed in the New or Eenovated to wrest from him the very foundations of Earth, in answer to eight objections of the what he accounted his reputation as an Eev. Dr Wardlaw, against the First Eesur- antiquarian. He contends that the above reotion and Millennium. Also New Dis- battle was fought at Meralsford, near the coveries in Antiquities, with Ulustratioas of —'

SMA FIKESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMA

those formerly discovered, together with a manacles himself, whenever he felt the fits truly Interesting Narrative of a man under coming on him." Dr Small tried to be an Demonaical Possession, with the discovery exorcist. He found the teacher answered of a Remedy for the Nightmare, By the some of his questions, and the evil spirit or Eev. Andrew Small, LL.D., Abernethy, demon other questions from the teacher's author of Roman Antiquities." From the lips. All this with the doctor was a matter second of these works, that on Antiquities, of religious concern, and the following we have already quoted, and it is unneces- quotation is necessary in order to show that sary that we should resume the subject. some degree of superstition or of mono- We shall first advert to the last named mania, call it what we may, is compatible treatise, because it is in reality the next in with reverence for God's Word. " It (the order to his former volume on antiquities, evil spirit in Mr Ure), looked broad in and in some good degree contemporary my face,— and in the slow halting manner with it. A man, whom no one in the began 'Mr S., you are a good man, and present day would consider other than a one that fears God—and you received Kcense lunatic, under the influence of morbid to preach the Gospel— and that license was religious feelings, seems to have never taken from you—so you are still a regarded by some of his nearest friends, and minister of the Gospel— therefore you should

especially by our author ( whom we must now tak* the Bible and tak' off yer' hat (now courteously call Dr Small—see the my hat being off at the time made it more title), as "possessed." The " possi observable), and then put yer' finger upon was the more remarkable that the a verse of the Bible that ye think maist of, was truly a good man, a teacher, and and then it there made a pause.' I said for those days one of some eminence. ' And then what shall I do then— ? It drew With aU his excellence in gifts, acquire- back its head as if it had said ' Oh, I leave ments, and piety, he was sorely troubled. that to yourself—the only time that it used Says Dr SmaU—"The case aUuded a sort of ghastly smile. ' Well,' I said, ' if to happened a great many years ago it were to be referred to you what verse of the with a Mr James Ure, schoolmaster, Bible would —you fix upon ?' It then immedi- Strathmiglo, who, as he told me, had gone ately replied ' First chapter to the Romans, several times to converse with and console 3d, 4th, and .5th verses.' I then took a a man in the place who had once been in Bible, and looked at these verses—3d, the army, and who was subject frequently 'Concerning his son Jesus Christ our to fits of uttering the most shocking blas- Lord, which was made of the seed of phemy ; and one night Mr Ure, when pre- David accordmg to the flesh. 4th, sent with him, felt something press upon And declared to be the Son of God and envelope his head, and like a strong with power, according to the spirit of holi- current of air rushing down his throat, ness, by the resurrection from the dead. sucking his breath down after it, and ever 5tli, By whom we have received grace and after, at times, he had an irresistible im- apostleship, for obedience to the faith pulse to blaspheme ; the other man soon among aU nations for his name.' I said to recovered, and wrought at the roads. those present, ' There is something here very Living in the vicinity at the time, I was remarkable, for there is not only in these frequently sent for when he was seized with verses a summary of the whole New Testa- these fits of blasphemy. It appeared to me ment, but there is also contained in them a as if the man had been possessed of two Trinity of three persons in the Godhead. souls, the one always complaining of and What would you say if it be that evil spirit accusing, as well as tyrannising and con- compelled to tell us, out of its own mouth, demning the other, and in a voice quite how, or in what manner, it is to be cast different from the man's usual voice, and as out ?' Whenever it observed what I said, if it would have leapt out of his eyes. He, in order to divert my attention, it says

' ' as himself, was never allowed to speak a Read a' that chapter. ' No, ' I said, word but when he was appealed to by name. ' there is something in the end of that The man told me, in his lucid intervals, that chapter that would suit you.' It says a ' he happened, very injudiciously, to pro- third time—' Read a' that chapter. ' No, nounce, or once to mention, that most I said, ' I'U notread that chapter just because shocking blasphemous expression, but the you bade me do it.' It struck me after- demon had never power to speak out of him wards that it had been those very verses for a considerable time, till one evening, at that the Apostles had read, and in the name his night-school, a young man happened to of the Holy Trinity, by which they had cast mention that blasphemous expression in his him out ; had it occurred to me at the time hearmg, and from that moment it had power I believe I shoiUd have asked him, and I over him, and cried out in the most out- fully beheve it would have told me, as it rageous and ferocious manner ; he was seemed to be very communicative at this obliged to be bound that very night, and time. I said to it—' You told me last day though but a thin, slender man, yet it re- that you loved me as a man but not as a quired four or five men generally to bind Christian. Now, that is the very language him, being four times stronger than usual, of a demon, for James Ure loves me as a until they found out an easier way ; and Christian because he is a Christian.'— It the man learned to put on handcuffs, or then says in a barking manner ' Well, I —'

FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SMA

love you as a Christian but not aa a man. like bats ; sometimes they attacked singly,

' ' O, you great liar, ' I said, I do not believe sometimes in countless numbers, filling a

one word of that.' I caused him again to read room ! The Doctor's social position and the 17th chapter of St John, though it -was character were both good, he was educated, as backward as before, and in the time of he was an antiquarian, and it could hardly reading I sUpped out and went home." We have happened that even the gravest com- shall not follow the Doctor in his details pany he met would not, though at the respecting this case. The poor teacher after risk of confirming liim in his pecuHar a time removed to the south coast of Fife notions, desire to hear sympathetically the : — uncured. " It was never so ferocious after, description of his conflicts " I may but the clergyman that he was under told mention a striking incident that took place me he was quite of my way of thinking, for on the Monday after the celebration of the when he at any time went to see him, it Lord's Supper in 1825 at Auchtermuchty, —would say to him in a half-threatening way and before more than a dozen of witnesses, ' I am James Ure's conscience, and you . . . After dinner, when taking a glass darna pray for him, for if you do I'll tear of toddy, one of the company happened to you.'" As Tjre apparently had been say something about the nightmare. I infected by the soldier so was Small by XJre, remai-ked that I had lately been often or, at aU events, the benevolence of the attacked with it, but I have now found out Doctor, then and afterwards, led to personal a cure for it. ' Oh !' says Mr W., 'if you and combined attacks upon him on the part could but give me that cure, for 1 am of " Belzie, " " Moloch," '* Imps," &c., &( dreadfully annoyed with it.' I was just He had seen many of them aa well as felt about to give it to him, and the very moment their power, and what he has -written and the first word was uttered, down fell my published comes far short of his experiences chair all in piece.«, so that if I had not taken and victories, as many who have heard him hold of Mr S. 's chair, nhich happened to be can well attest. His discoveries should be an elbow one, 1 would have gone to the viewed solely in reference to the injuries floor instantly. This naturally raised a the enemies inflicted corporeally, and thus laugh, which I was ready to join in, all it will be seen that in the orthodox doctrine ascribing it more in earnest than jest, to of spiritual temptations he might have been Satanic though invisible agency. _Mr B., as he really was, a true believer. It is, in particular, examined the chair very however, a melancholy thing to record his minutely, and then, says he, ' There is aben-ations—not peculiar, however, as something truly remarkable in this affair, they have been shared by great men, in there is more than an ordinary coincidence some measure even by Protestant Reformers. of things here, for there is nothing broken If he did not throw an inkstand at the in the chair, but entirely torn out of the

devils, he had his own way of dealing with mortices, ' being a strong mahogany chair them. They were particularly alarmed at which I had sat ujion all the time of his discoveries?, and his power over them. dinner, and only required to be glued afresh So he aflirms, and consequently he was when it was as good as ever. It had the subjected, as he tells us, to manifold annoy- desired effect intended, in preventing me re- ances. Tlie imps sometimes came down vealing the secret at this time. This not " in swaps" through his chimney—tore the only shows their amazing strength, being bed-clothes oflf him and threw himself on the superhuman, but also the jealousy of, and floor—he had one of them once in his lawther watching over the arcana of their kingdom box, a near approach to the " bottle imp." of darkness, and mixing with every com- These evil spirits could penetrate even by pany, which, by reason of their invisibility, the hole of a bell wire. He had seen they are fitted for doing, by which their "Belzie" in the form of aman—he had seen head, or chief, gains inteUigence of what- " " him with hoofs and mighty what horns ! er takes place either in the church or This latter manifestation was in a garden in state, by these innumerablfe emissaries of the suburbs of Edinburgh, where, doubt- his, sent out by him, bringing in intelli- less, the initiated had prepared the hide of a gence. " If the clergy could thus play upon huge ox, stuffed it for the occasion, and and endorse the Doctor's views, it was no sulphureously anointed and 6red it, for the wonder that his idiosyncrasies proved at- Doctor declared that on that occasion Belzie tractive to the literati of Edinburgh, with had a strong smell of sulphur, and there not a few of whom he was acquainted. He was a hJue lou-e. He has, however, gene- was proprietor of some houses at Dumbie- rally " a heavy earthy effluvia. Sir Walter dykes (the name seems appropriate to and Scott has said that his infernal majesty has suggestive of the antiquary), and at the half- a bad effluvia about him ; I do not know yearly terms he was over in person looking *' how Sir Walter learned this, but it is all too after the rents. He tells us of a hterary true ; and what is also observable, the lub, or society, that has existed for twenty- breath of the man under the possession had seven years, consisting of Professors, D.D.s, the same disagreeable effluvia when near LL.D.s, and M.D.s, with F.E.S.E.s and him." Time would fail us to describe aU Artists, thiit meets twice a year, obligingly the appearances and operations of the fore- suiting the time of meeting when I am over going enemies, now large, now small, some in Edinburgh." This club he sometimes as above described, some Uke rats, others calls ' The Canonmill Club ;' he introduces No. LIU. 417 —

SMA FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY.

U8 to some of ita membei'S, and sketches his panacea to the Secession Church, of some of its scenes. Suffice it to say, there which he was a member, through the wag ultimately no difference of opinion, Moderator of the .Synod. 'But the reader according to Dr Small, among this learned will be anxious to know what that panacea coterie as to the reality of " the possessions," was. With all the advantages we derive and the efficacy of the Doctor's remedy. As from his published statements and otherwise, moreover, lunacy, night-mare, and various we cannot give it in the brief form of a other complaints, chiefly nocturnal, were recipe. There is, however, one great prin- caused by evil spirits, that remedy was ciple prevading the remedy, and thatis/orce hailed as the great discovery of the age, —so true is it, the Doctor says, in reference fraught with inestimable blessiugs to man- to one of its applications, and with reverence " " " kind ; and the Club not the University for Scripture, Resist the devil and he wiU —unanimously conferred upon him, in a flee from you." The worthy man, like Ure, metrical form, the degree of LL.D. Nor felt at one time a pressure on his head, en- was this all. " A respectable gentleman, a veloping it and pressing it down to the ' member, made me, before the whole present, pillow. ' I was conscious at once that it was the handsome offer of £10,000 sterling for an evil spirit . . . and in an instant I the exclusive right to this important dis- felt like as a strong current of air had rushed covery. I certainly would have accepted down my throat, sucking my breath after it had I not intended making it a national it. ... I said, ' you shall not stay long concern ; but, alas ! in this I have been there,' at same time giving a stroke with my sadly baulked." When Sir Robert Peel hand on the place, ' else you shall have un- was first in office, the Doctor wrote to him easy quarters. ' Suffice it to say, it was offering to impart the discovery to him in obliged to relinquish its hold, and I was his official capacity ; but he, " in his usual entirely free before the next day's sun was cautious though in a polite manner, rather in its meridian altitude, being detected made declined it." Small afterwards tried the it more easily relinquish its footing. " Our Whigs, through their Home Secretary, but exorcist afterthis took the further precaution was shamefully used—no answer having of sleeping with his mouth shut, n'hich was been deigned. " True, indeed, in that of great advantage, particularly at twelve letter to the late Secretary, I happened to o'clock when assaults are generally made ! mention that offer that was made me by the One of the "diminutive imps" surprised him private individual, and, consequently, it one night, entered below the bed-clothes, was a great sacrifice I was thereby mak- and mercilessly lashed the sole of his right ing, at same time intimating, that it was by foot. To guard against a similar attack he no means intended as their standard to come kept on stockings in bed. But it came, up to, or a rule to walk by ; but if the dis- fussled down the interior of a stocking and coveries should be deemed any way worthy renewed the flagellation. The next night of a premium, I should be satisfied with it he secretly put under his pillow a garter and though it should not come up to the third of a whi]). The enemy renewed its efforts, and the foresaid sum. I certainly did expect a when it was do^wn the stocking, the garter small premium for ipiparting such a great was securely tied and the whip vigorously national boon, and also now become such a applied. 'This was successful ! Indeed, if great desideratum in our day ; especially the stocking have the garter on at first there that I might be the more enabled to leave is great relief, as a woollen stocking deadens

the effects of a blow from without ! If one stuff his chimney, the key-holes, and other small token of gratitude for his supporting openings, he may sleep "as safe as in a and countenancing me in that long and garrison." There is, however, the risk that awfully trying and interesting struggle, and the spirits may enter along with him into enabling me to comeofftriumphantly), or for the room ; to prevent which, it is only charitable purposes, for however unworthy necessary that on going to bed he undress I view myself of this distinguished honour, in another room, as if that were his sleeping yet if ever a guardian angel was sent to give apartment, and then switching them severely warning to man it was to me at the time with a towel, while he retreats backwards, formerly stated, and that served as a finish he can enter his dormitory in peace. We can by which I was enabled to serve, not only givenofurtherUghi on Dr Small's discoveries, their head or chieftain, but the whole of their save th.at when he wrote his book, he had, hellish fraternity with a hill of exclusion. by means of these, for sixteen years been To make them the more inexcusable, I wrote personally free from Satanic influences- a second letter, and to show that I n'as no corporeal. We can but shortly refer to his imposter, made a reference to an Under " Millennium," and our best preface to it Secretary who was a little acquainted «'ith will be that with which he commences his me, having been introduced to him as a " New Discoveries in Roman Antiquities." jiublic character. This, however, has been " A few years ago, the last time that I was nothing in my favour. He was too cunning in the metropolis, being in the house of an a Fox not to know that I did not belong to acquaintance one day when an English the privUedged class, but the tables will gentleman happened to come in, who was Boon be turned." In this extremity Dr well acquainted with Mr Moore, the great Small either offered or contemplated otfermg judicial Astrologer, he proposed that we 418 I;

SMA FXFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMA should go and give him a call, and he would ague conjecture without giving some sub- introduce me to him. Accordingly we aU tantial documents or evidences in support agreed to go, and fortunately found him^ in of my hypothesis, of its being a genuine dis-

' ' ' his house, aud had a long and interesting covery. Well, ' says he, there is certainly interview together, and found him an a great difference there.' I was afraid he astonishing man. Amongst otlier things, was going to rally me on account of my half he asUed me if 1 could tell him the particu- im]ieaching him with, in a manner purloin- lar day on which I was born. I said I ing the must remarkable of our Pictlsh could well do that, it being a very particular King's skulls, as stated in the appendix ; day, tlie last of the year (1766). He took however, he did not do it. But a gentle- out his Astrological Register and looked at man from Abemethy saw it lately in it a little, and then says, ' Well there is Abbotsford House, exhibited with the label something very remarkable here, for at that upon it, 'A Pictish King's Skull from period there was such a concentration or Abemethy.'" Sir Walter's honesty and prevalence of planetary influence (mention- kindness aa displayed in deaUng with Dr ing the circumstances more particularly, Small's discoveries would no doubt have been which I cannot now charge my me- equally apparent in any transaction he mory with), that it very seldom occurs, might have had with the sexton. The and it always indicates that those who Doctor came out after a sort in strength on are horn under similar circumstances the Millennium, thus fulfilhng the indica- are destined to bi-iiirj hidden thiwjs to Upht.' tions of those planetary influences under I then reiihed, ' 1 am really a good deal which he was born, and bringing to light struck at that, for 1 am tuUy convinced hidden things connected with the upper as that in some respects it is justly a]>posite or well as the middle and lower worlds. 'We belongs to me. I have lately made some do not propose to follow him in his dis- important discoveries, both respecting this closures respecting the "Upper World." world, and also connected with the infernal We only mention that in his opinion the world. I think I have now found out the Millennium will commence in the yejy: site of the great battle fought betwixt Gal- 2001—the first resuiTection wUl then take gacus and the Eoman General, Agricola, place, and Christ will reign with Hia that has so long been the inquisitive search saints on the renewed earth. Pre- of the antiquarian. "Very lately, also, I cisely at the end of the thousand years discovered a man under a demonaic pos- the second resurrection aud final judgment session, and connected with it, the real will take place. The treatise is a somewhat cause, as well as the sure remedy of the elaborate one, and displays about as much ' ' in night-mare. ' Well,' said he, I am very good sense and criticism as can be found glad of it, for this will not only be a benefit many of the works that have discussed to the human race, but it also confirms my those mysterious subjects. This, however, theory.' He then added, ' You have only be it observed, is not saying very much for now to make a discovery connected with it, either as a speculation or a criticism. In the upper world, and then all the three wi!l closing this notice it must be emphatically be included.' 'I should be very happy,' added (as has already been hinted) that the said, 'if I were enabled or destined to do Doctor's pecuUarities never interfered with that.'" The above maybe regarded as a his adherence to his vows as a preacher or fair specimen of the manner in which the his sincere Christianity. This may be one Doctor's weaknesses Were wrought ujion. of the most curious facts of his case, but it There is something like an amiable excep- is a fact. Tt will be endorsed by those who tion to this in favour of Sir Walter Scott, worshipped with him in the sanctuary and it is no digression to refer to it. Doctor, whose services he loved, by those who have then Mr Small, had in the appendix of his followed him as he led the exercise of first work on antiquities said, " I under- family worship in his own house or occa- stand Sir Walter Scott has very lately been sionally in the manse of his minister at paying a visit to this round tower (at Aber- Abemethy, by any surviving members of nethy) and has got away the most entire his " Club," who may have conversed with skull, but not surely without leaving an him there or on the streets of Edmburgh, equivalent in value to the sexton, as the when he might be pushing his way (perhaps showing it to visitors was a considerable from Dumbiedykes to Canonmills), with the source of emolument to the poor man." help of a cherished companion—Culfargie'a Referring to Sir Walter in his, the Doctor's, walking stick—and still more by those who latest pubUcation, he says, " Amongst the had the amplest opportunities of close and last times I had the pleasure of seeing him, friendly intercourse with him. Addressing was when coming down below the cross some friends who called on him, and to after shaking hands, he addressed me, whom he had been proving, as he thought, ' Well, Mr S., I have read your book with the doctrine of the second coming in 2001, great interest,^ but added, ' Perhaps a little he added, " However, we need not care, for

' " " sanguine, but,' says he, that's even allow- we won't see it." Oh, Doctor I said one able.' ' But,' said I, ' Sir Walter, you will of the company, "I am sorry you are so please recollect that the language of dis- despondent. " " How's that ? "rejoined the covery is quite different from the language Doctor. " Because you say," said his friend, of conjecture. I do not wish to deal in " the saints are then to be raised, and will 419 SMI FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMI " " " you not be among them ? Oo aye ! Donibristle he remained one year, and left said the Doctor, "that to be sure." In for Caley House, in Galloway, a distance of reality his Millennarian theories had never one hundred miles, which he travelled on disturbed his old practical belief, and un- foot. At this place he found better means questionably the same held true in regard to of studying plants ; but, after the lapse of a all his speculations. year, and through bis father's intimacy with SMITH, John, a celebrated botanist, was the late Mr M'Nab of the Edinburgh bom in the parish of Aberdour, in Fifeshire, Botanic Garden, then situated on the north on the 5th October 1798. His father was side of Leith Walk, he entered that estab- at that time gardener to Mr Stewart of lishment. Here he met with minds con- Hillside, which situation he left when the genial to his own, and made great progress subject of our sketch was about four years in a knowledge of botany, which was greatly old, to become the gardener of Thomas assisted by the privilege of attending the Bruce, Esq. of Grangemuir, where he Professor's course of lectures. It was at formed a new garden, and did much to con- this time that he first heard of the Natural vert a muirland acquisition into a valuable System of Botany, and obtaining from Mr and productive estate. When old enough, M'Nab the loan of "Jussien's Natural Mr Smith was sent to the parish school of System," he copied from it the chief Pittenweem, where he received the educa- characters of the Orders, and the names of tion usually given in the jiarish schools of the genera belonging to each. This, with the

Scotland ; and by paying extra fees he was examples of many exotic genera in the gar- instructed in geometry, mensuration, and den, did much to impress on his mind a land-surveying. His half-holidays and knowledge of the " Natural System." His harvest vacation were occupied in field acquaintance with native plants also became work, the proceeds of which contributed to much enlarged, especially with the Crypto- pay for his education. At an early period gamia ; and any leisure time he could pro- he resolved on being a gardener, and at the cure was occupied in long journeys collect- age of thirteen he left school and became a ing mosses and other rare plants. Although garden apprentice to his father, with whom at this time he was earning but nine shil- he. remained four years. During his ap- lings a week, he managed to purchase paper prenticeship he was seized with an affection for a large collection of specimens, and a of the knee joint, which for some time copy of Dr Smith's " Compendium of the This being in Latin, threatened to stop his career as a gardener ; British Flora." work but his fondness for the pursuit, and hLs garden with the aid of a borrowed Latin Dictionary, of native plants, which he had by this time and his previous knowledge of botanical collected, proved too much for the advice of terms, he soon mastered the botanical de- his friends, and he determined to follow out scriptions. In 1819 he returned home for the natural bent of his inclinations. His the winter, where he put himself under the early knowledge of botany was imparted to tuition of a country schoolmaster, who had him by his father, who also had a great great practice in land-surveying ; and thus taste for plants, and who had attained con- he obtained a practical knowledge of that siderable acquaintance with them, while necessary branch of a gardener's education. employed in the Edinburgh nurseries ; but In March 1820 Mr Smith returned to Edin- his craving for something more than his in- burgh, and being desirous of proceeding to etructor could communicate was so great London, he obtained from Mr M'Nab a that, with the aid of the vUlage bookseller, letter of introduction to the late Mr W. T. " a copy of " Lee's Introduction to Botany Alton at Kew. He was at once [ilaced in was procured from London. Mr Bruce the Royal Forcing Garden at Kensington, presented him with " Abercrombie's Gar- where he remained two years ; and although dener's Calendar, " and with what catalogues this branch of gardening was not in accord- of plants he could procure, he soon made ance with his previous studies, he, neverthe- himself acquainted with upwards of 400 species, and was enabled to givethe Linnsean class and order to which they belonged. At moved him to the Royal Botanic Garden at the age of seventeen Mr Smith left Grange- Kew, and in the following year he appointed muir Garden, and went to Eaitb, near him foreman of the propagating department, Kirkcaldy, a place at that time celebrated and of the new plant collections. The throughout Scotland for its collection of latter in those days consisted chiefly of the plants ; but, being the youngest journey- very numerous new plants sent home by man, the heavy work of the garden devolved Cunningham and Bowie from Brazil, New on him, and he had no opportunity of carry- Holland, and the Cape of Good Hope, and ing out his favourite pursuit. Here he re- the extensive collections of Dr Wallich mained for one year, and then went to from India. In 1826 Mr Smith was on the Donibristle, the seat of the Earl of Moray, point of leaving Kew, with the view of ob- which was also a celebrated school for young taining a more lucrative situation, but his gardeners. The pleasure ground extended services had already been so highly appreci- over twenty acres of short grass, to keep ated that Mr Aiton determinedly opposed which there were seven young men employed the step he was about to take, and induced in mowing during the summer season from him to remain by giving him a house in the {our o'clock till eight every morning. At garden, with an advance of salary. At this 420 ;"

FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. BMI period, aDcl for many years previously, there pointed Chief of tho Commission, and the tad .been few alterations or improvements report being in favour of the continuation of in tbe garden. It became necessary, how- the Botanic Garden under entirely different ever, to repair some of the houses, and Mr management, the expenses of the Garden Smith seized every opportunity for improv- were transferredjfromi the Queen's House- ing .and modernizing the structures, so as to hold to the Commissioners of Woods and Alton make them more conducive to the healthy Forests ; the retirement of Mr was Jackson condition of the plants. On the accession of effected ; and, in 1841, Su; WiUiam William the Fourth the garden was enlarged, Hooker was appointed director. Sir and in 183G the Grecian conservatory was WUliam, shortly after his appointment, Smith, erected ; and well is remembered the sensa- fully appreciating the worth of Mr tion which was created in the gardening used his best endeavours in obtaining world on the completion of that structure, him the appointment of Curator. is We need not dwell on the great addi- which, however, now far eclipsed by what _ have since been erected. About this period tions and improvements which followed considerable excitement took place m the this arrangement under Mr Smith's new garden with respect to naming the plants. management. Kew Garden is now worthy Mr Alton was strongly opposed to such a of the great nation to which it belongs course, and Mr Smith, much to his honour, and that nation may justly be proud of such was as strong in favour of it. His object an establishment. As a botanist, Mr Smith was to make the collection useful and in- is equally as celebrated as he is a gardener. devoted his time structive ; and, knowing the way along For a long period he has which he had himself travelled before, he and attention to the study of ferns ; and by acquired the position and knowledge he had, the year 1840 he had accumulated one of the and the hill of difficulties he had surmounted, richest collections of this tribe of plants he liberally wanted to diffuse that know- hich was to be found in this country. ledge he had acquired, so that it might be Ho drew up an account of the genera, beneficial to those who, hke himself, had to which was read before the Linniean Society " make their own way in the world ; and in in 1840, and pubhshed in Hooker's Journal no part of the management did Mr Alton of Botany" in the_ following year. He and he differ more essentially than in the also made observations on the cause of naming of the plants. Mr Alton's plan the disease called the ergot in rye and being to have them numbered, and the other grasses, which were pubUshed in names (with a corresponding number) in- "Transactions of the Linniean So- serted in a book. In 1828 Mr Smith re- ciety," of which he had been elected an arranged and corrected the collection of associate ; and in August 1853 he was chosen

grasses which was then very extensive ; and member of the Cesarese Leopoldiua- these he was allowed to name, with cast- Carolina Academiae Natuaje Curiosum, iron labels made on purpose, on which the taking the academical name of the late botanical names were printed at length, and celebrated pteridologist " Kunze." Pterido- these were the first ever used in the garden. logist, some may be glad to be told, is the The succulent plants he served in the same botany of ferns. Mr Louden in 1836, when way. Shortly after the accession of her remarking on the necessity of a change in present Majesty, the Botanic Garden came the management of the Botanic Garden,

under pubho censure as being unworthy of said : -"Whatever changes may take place the nation. It was then under the control we trust the merits of that able, modest, of the Lord Steward's department, and but most unassuming man and thoroughly who held the office at the time propounded scientific botanist and gardener, Mr Smith, a scheme for disposing of the botanical col- will not be forgotten. If Mr Alton resigm, lection, and converting tbe houses into Mr Smith is, we think, the fittest man in ; vineries ; and so nearly was the project England for the Kew Botanic Garden carried into effect, that instructions were and Sir WiUiam Hooker pays a just tribute given to prepare young vine plants. The when he speaks of the truly parental affec- Fates, however, fortunately decided otl tion cherished towards it by the Curator,

wise ; and, on the second day after Mr John Smith. This^distinguished man, order was given, a short but strongly whose name will for ever be honourablj' pressed letter appeared in the Times which connected with that of the Royal Botanic led to questions being put in both Hous Gardens of Kew, is about to retire from the Parhament, and which were answered by office he has so ably and for so long a period Government, denying that there was any fUled. No man hving, we behave, has such such intention of breaking up the Botanic a thorough knowledge of plants theoretically Garden. The writer of that letter deserves and practically, and of the methods of culti- well of this generation. The author is too vating them, as Mr Smith. It is not too modest a man to make a boast of it, but much to say that it is mainly due to the know he is no other than John Smith, indefatigable exertions of this gentleman stop being thus put to the vine-growing and that we now possess a garden where science garden-destroying project, in 1838 a C: is fostered under the care of the most mission was appointed to determine what learned men of our day. It is deeply to be was best to be done. Fortunately for regretted that his faihng health renders it botany as a science, Dr Lindley was ap- necessary for him to re.sign the important 421 SMI FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SMI task which he has so well performed. The education at the Subscription School of infirmity under which he chiefly labours is, BalmuUo. He is a gentleman of humble a gradual loss of sight, produced, doubtless, but respectable birth, is well educated, and in some measure by the close manner in is distinguished for gre.at energy and ability which he devoted himself to hia duties. Mr as a lawyer, joined with modesty of char- Smith is a link connecting us with the acter. Early left to his own resources, Uke times of the past. It is more than forty another self-made man, viz., Hugh Miller, years since he went first to Kew Gardens. he laboured as a stone mason until he was He received and propagated the plants sent about twenty years of age ; but being deter home by Sir Joseph Banks and Captain mined to rise to a higher sphere, although Cook, and of many other collectors since. He obliged in the meanwhile to submit to pri- was one of the first, if not the very first vations that would have appalled a less man, who succeeded in cultivating tropical courageous nature, he struggled on occupy- Orchids. His contributions to our scientific ing his leisure hours in studying EngUsh knowledge h.ave been numerous and valu- literature and mathematics, and trying to able. It was by his own exertions and learn a little Latin. In the end of the year those of his son, under the superintendence 1848 he entered the classes in the Mathe- of Sir ^yilliam Hooker, that the museum of matical and Classical Departments in the

economic botany was first formed ; the Madras College, St Andrews ; and next rapid growth of which is ouly equalled by year he succeeded in gaining, at a pubhc its utility. In short, the work of carrying competition at the United College there, a out all the improvements which have been bursary, and was thus partly enabled to made and are stUl making in these Gardens enter upon the curricidum of arts at that has primarily devolved upon him. We College. Here he pursued his studies for cannot close this sketch without giving an four sessions with dLstinguished success, excerpt from a Eeport on the Royal taking prizes in almost every class he at- Gardens at Kew, dated the 1st of January tended, aud at the close of the four years he 18(55, made by W. J. Hooker, Esq., the obtained the degree of M.A., aud also the Director, to the First Lord Commissioner of first Jliller prize (£20) for the fourth year. Her Majesty's Works— and Buildings, which A few mouths after graduation he was ap- is as follows : " The most important pointed one of the Mathematical Masters in change which I have to mention in this the Dundee Academy. He held this office department (Botanic Gardens), and indeed for two sessions, and resigned it in order to in many respects the most important that study for the Scottish bar. Careful, cautious, has occurred since 1841, when I was ap- and prudent, he had saved a little money, pointed Director, has been the reth-ement and attached to Uterature, as he studied (owing to an affection of the eyes) of our books, he observed men. His early diffi- able and highly valued Curator, Mr John cidties left their impression on his mind, so Smith, who, for upwards of thirty years, that, at twenty-five, he obtained a wisdom has superintended all departments of the beyond his years. In the end of 1856 he Royal Gardens, and whose services and was called to the bar, and in 1861 Mr Smith fidelity have been recognised by the Trea- became a candidate for the chair of Scots sury in granting him the highest scale of Law in the University of Edinburgh, vacant pension. Indeed, previous to my taking by the death of Professor More. On this office, Mr Smith's services to the Gardens occasion the testimonials Mr Smith pro- and to science were mentioned with appro- duced in support of his claim were of the bation by the Commissioners, whose report most favourable character, from which we on the condition of the Royal Gardens was cannot help making a few quotations. presented to ParUament in 1838, aud they Principal Tulloch says :- " Mr Smith was especially drew attention to tbe fact that to a most distinguished student at the United Mi Smith alone (then a foreman) was due the College here. His attainments even then credit of having named any of the plants, in phUosophy and science pointed him out whether for the interest of science or the as a man of great ability."— The late Pro- instruction of the pubUc. As may well be fessor Ferrier states : "I know his career supposed, it has been found impossible to has been one of the most strenuous intellec- obtain another Curator who combines, with tual exertion. At the University he earned the necessary amount of skill as a cultivator the highest distinction in all the departments aud eflSciency as a general manager, that of learning .... his Hterary and knowledge^ of rare, curious, and useful scientific training has been most thorough plants, which oiu: late Curator so eminently and complete. " From eight fellow students, possessed." Mr Smith wiU carry with him all now clergymen— of note, we find it thus into his retirement the respect aud best set forth : " Mr John Campbell Smith was

wishes of all who knew him ; and in the our fellow student at the University of St future anuals of British horticulture wt Andrews. We discovered that he had may be sure his name will occui)y a con forced his way into the privileges of a college spicuous place in the historian's pages. in the face of diflioulties before which almost SMITH, John Campbell, advocate, every other mind would have fallen back in Edinburgh, was born at Wellfield, in the despair. At that time he was generally re- Parish of Leuchars, in Fife, on the 12th garded, both by his professors and his class day of December 1828, and received his early fellows, as the most remarkable student that 422 SMI FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SMI had appeared at the University for many a remained at home with his mother. In da^. His thirst for linowledge was never 1748 he fixed his residence at Edinburgh, satisfied, and his force of mind was intense, where, during that and the following years,

unflagging, and indomitable. . . Among he read lectures on rhetoric and belles lettres, competitors of unusual abiUty he gained under the patronage of Lord Karnes. At in the long run the very foremost place. We what particular period his acquaintance need only state that he won the gold medal with Hume the historian commenced does for Mathematics, the first place in Natural not appear, but it seems to have speedily Philosoiihy and iu Anatomy, and the ripened;d into a lasting friendship. In 1751 Miller prize, which was the highest reward elected Professor of Logic in the for learning at the United College." Al- University of Glasgow ; and the year fol- though Mr «mith did not obtain the chair lowing, on the death of Mr Thomas Craigie, for which he was a candidate, yet he was the immediate successor of Dr Hutcbeson, well and ably supported in his candidature, he was removed to the chair of Moral and he lost no dignity in giving way to a Philosophy in the same University. In gentleman who was upwards of twenty years this situation he remained for thirteen years. his senior at the bar. Never neglecting the In 1759 he published his " Theory of jloral culture of his mind, Mr Smith's taste for Sentiments," to the second edition of which literature continued to increase, but he has he ajipended a treatise "On the Origin of rendered it subservient to the practice of his Languages.'' He had previously contri- profession. As a reporter of cases decided buted to the first Edinburc/h Review, which iu the Court of Session, he has few equals. was begun in 1755, but only two numbers Since he beg.an to attend the Parhament of which were published, a Review of Dr House, he h.as made the acquaintance and Johnson's Dictionary of the EngUsh Langu- become the friend and companion of many age, and some general observations on the young men of genius, who at this time (1865) State of Literature in the different countries do honour to the northern capital. He is of Europe. In 1762 the Senatus Academi- still eng.aged in laborious practice at the cus of the University of Glasgow unani- bar, as all readers of newspaj^ers know from mously conferred upon him the degree of the reports of his speeches in cases which Doctor of Laws. Towards the close of excite interest, and those speechi 1763 he received an invitation from Mr sidered no mean displays of forensic elo- Charles Townsend, who had married the quence by those well able to judgjudge. In Duchess of Buccleuch, to accompany her snort, Mr Smith may be regarded as Grace's son, the young Duke, on his the rising men at the Scottish Bar. travels; when the hberal terms offered, SMITH, Dr Adaji, the distinguishsd with his strong desire to visit the Continent, author of the " Inquiry into the Nature induced him at once to resign his Professor- and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," was ship. He joined the Duke at London the only child of Adam Smith, Comptroller early in 1764, and in the month of March of the Customs at Kirkcaidy, and of they set out for Paris. After a stay of ten Margaret, daughter of Mr Douglas, of or twelve days in that city, they proceeded Strathendry. He was bom at Kirkcaldy to Toulouse, where they remained eighteen on the 5th June 1723, a few months after the months ; after which.they journeyed through death of his father. When about three years the southern i^rovinees to Geneva. About old he was stolen by gipsies, but was soon Christmas 1765 they returned to Paris, recovered by his uncle, who followed and where they remained for nearly a year. overtook the vagrants in Leslie Wood. He Among his acquaintances in the French received his early education at the grammar capital were, Turgot, Quesnay, Necker, school of his native place, and soon attracted D'Alembert, Helvetius, the Duke de la notice by his fondness for books and by his Rochefoucault, Marmontel, Madame Ricca- extraordinary powers of memorj'. His boni, and other eminent persons, to several constitution during his infancy and boyhood of whom he had been recommended by David was weak and sickly, which prevented hun Hume. In October 1766 he returned to from joining in the sports and pastimes of London with his noble charge, and shortly his school companions. Even at this early after went to reside with his mother at period he was remarkable for those habits Kirkcaldy, where, for the next ten years, which remained with him through Ufe, of he spent his time in studious retirement, speaking to himself when alone, and of with the exception of a few occasional Wsits absence in company. In 1737 he was sent to Edinburgh and Loudon. During this to the University of Glasgow, where his long interval he was engaged upon his great favourite studies were mathematics and work on political economy, which was philosophy. In 1740 he removed to Baliol pubUsbed in 1776, under the title of an College, Oxford, as an exhibitioner on Snell's " Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations," 2 Foundation, with the view of entei-mg the vols. 4to. About two years afterwards, on

Church of England ; and, while there, he the recommendation of the Duke of Euc-- cultivated, with great success, the study of cleuch, he was appointed one of the Com- languages. After a residence at Oxford for missioners of Customs in Scotland, in seven years, not finding the ecclesiastical consequence of which he removed, in 1778, profession suitable to his taste, he returned to Edinburgh, where he spent the remainder to Kirkcaldy, and for nearly two years of his Ufe. He was accompanied by his 423 —

SMY PIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. SOM mother, who survived till 1784, and by his Robert Gillespie Smyth, cousin, Miss Jane Douglas, who died in of Gibliston, 1788. In 1787 Dr Smith was chosen Rector A Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of of the Vniversity of Glasgow, and soon the Peace after his health began to decline. After a of the County of Fife, lingering and painful illness, arising from a and late Major of the _ chronic obstruction in the bowels, he died in County Regiment of Militia. July 1790. A few days before his death all Born at St Andrews on the 4th day his manuscripts were burnt by his orders, of February 1777, excepting some detached essays which he Died at Gibliston on the 11th day of entrusted to the care of Drs Black and November 1855, Hutton, whom he appointed his executors, Aged 78. and who susequently published afew of them. Here rest his mortal remains SMYTH, IJOBEKT Gillespie, of Giblis- in the humble hope of a joyful resurrection ton, was bom at St Andrews on the 4th to life eternal, February 1777, and received the rudiments through the merits and intercession of his education at the schools of his native of his ever blessed and adored Redeemer, city. He completed his philosophical course Jesus Christ. at the University of St Andrews, and after- SOMMERVILLE, Mrs Mart, was born wards proceeded to Edinburgh to study forthe at Burntisland in 1790. Until after her profession of the law. Having made consider- marriage she displayed no special aptitude able progress in that profession circumstances for the study of the excid sciences, though by occurred which changed his views, and he her father, who was an Officer in the Royal chose a military life, and when the general Marines, she was instructed in Greek and peace was proclaimed in 1815 he retired to Latin, and led to cultivate music and paint- Gibliston and became one of that justly ing. The first positive public appearance esteemed class of landed proprietors who, made by this lady was in the publication of by constant residence on their estates, and her " Mechanism of the Heavens," but she by taking an active share in the management became known in the scientijic circles by her of the business of the county, are looked up interesting experiments on the magnetical to and respected, eis, in the best sense of the influence of the solar rays. She is the word, discharging the duties incumbent on author of the " Connection of the Physical the holder of landed property. For these Sciences " and " Physical Geography," and duties Mr Smyth was eminently qualified by Honorary Member of the Royal Astrono- his excellent business habits, and the good mical Society. Mrs SommerviUe enjoys a sense and kindly feelings with which it was pension of £.300 a-year for her services to acknowledged alike by friends and op- literature. Mrs SommervUle, with aU the ponents, he always entered upon the acuteness of her intellect, and the dauntless arrangement or discussion of public matters. spu?it of progress by which she is animated, He was a Deputy-Lieutenant and a Justice can read, in all the lessons of science which of the Peace of Fifeshire, and also sometime she teaches, " an Almighty Father and a major of the county regiment of militia. Gracious God. " " Surely," she says, at the Mr Gillespie Smyth was for forty-three years conclusion of a clear and concise survey of " an elder of the Established Church, and as the geologic epochs of our world, it is not during the greater part of that period the the he.avens only that declare the glory of care of the poor was entrusted to the God, the earth also proclaims His handi- ministers and elders of the church, it is but work." Physical science has extended the a just tribute to his memory to say that no empire of man over earth and ocean ; an man knew better what their interest required invisible fluid bears bim onward in a to be done, or could take more pains in swifter career than that of the Arabian

doing what was necassary tor the supply of courser ; the lightning literally bears his their wants. On these matters he grudged messages ; the time seems at band when the no trouble, and was always ready to contri- very tempests of the deep will be vanquished bute most liberally, and in every way that by his wisdom, and their power to destroy was likely to do good. Mr Smyth himself rendered in a great measure unavailing. did not think much of this because he was a Witness the discoveries of Admiral Fitzroy. true friend of the poor, and felt for them as But if man's sovereignty over this lower a kind-hearted office-bearer of the church world has been thus vindicated and con- still remains in what ought to do ; but his friends and neighbours firmed, the question will long retain a grateful sense of his many respect have the marvellous achievements good offices, and cordially join the poor of modem science meliorated bis spiritual whom he helped and comforted in blessing condition ? Have they or have they not led his memory. Mr Smyth died at Gibliston him nearer heaven? We can at least say on the eleventh day of November 1855, in that the more we know of nature, the more .the seventy -ninth year of his age. He was we are bound to admire the power of the buried in the church-yard of Carnbee, and a Author of Nature, and the more we know tombstone was erected over his grave which of that power, the more we are inclined to bears the following inscription : worship Him. The wondrous impulse given Sacred to the philosophic mind in a physical to the memory of direction, was not imparted by chance, nor FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. SPO

Rachael, daughter of David can we consider that its sole end in the Andrews, by of Ross, and was born in designs of Providence was to add to the Lindsay, Bishop having been educated ccrporeal powers and enjoyments of man. the year 1.59(5. After University of Glasgow, where he We look for the dawning of that flay when at the of Arts, he was every depiirtment of truth, separated awhile, took his degree as Master father to Oxford, and studied at or in apparent sepai-ation will be .again sent by his afterwards travelled united, and when the light of God's truth, f^xeter College. He Italy, Germany, in which absorbing within itself all the lesser lights in France, and he recovered many important of science and philosophy, will be poured .-ountries history of the upon the world. Mrs SommerviUe, it may JISS. connected with the Scotland, which had been carried be, contemplates this in the distance, and Church of the time of the Refor- the tendency of such works as lier| /» off by the monks at travelling some years he clearly calculated to bring it about. Mrs mation. After Sommerville's works above specified are of turned to Scotland, and was shortly after- member of the Privy a thoroughly scientific description, fitted to wards appointed a July 1G22 an extra.ordinary take their place beside the works of Hum- Council, and in learned Lord of Session, in room of his father, who boldt and Whewell ; and their is said, to be then appointed authoress exhibits in them profound know- expecting, it resigned his situation in ledge of mathematical science. In style Lord Chancellor, took his title in the they sxe clear, correct, and lively, where his son's favour. He the lands of New Abbey and they are of such a character as to be read by Court from father had purchased. the public in general, and they are admir- Dunipace, which his appointed ordinary Lord ably calculated to instruct and delight, from He was in 1626 an room of the Earl of Melrose, the total want both of pedantic technicality of Session, in being a nobleman, la and frivolous ornament. K called to give ho was removed as appointed one of the Commis- our opinion of Mrs SommerviUe from what 1633 he was Valuation of Teinds, and at we know of her works, we would say that sicmers for the time named member of a commis- she is a lady of very uncommon intellectual the same of pervad- sion to survey the laws. Immediately after powers ; of sound calm sense, and Sir James Skene in October ing religious feelings such as might do the death of addressed a letter to the honour to any country. 1633, the King SPALDING, William, Professor of Court stating that, as he understood the the Court was Logic, Rhetoric, and Metaphysics in the office of President of decease of Sir James United College of St Andrews, was born at vacant by the thought fit to recom- Aberdeen in 1808, and was appointed to the Skene, he had Robert Spotswoode to fiU his Chair of Logic, &c., in 1845. He was one mend Sir Lords, in consideration of of the most popular of the Professors in the place, and the Sir Robert University. Professor Spalding was author the recommendation, elected to said office of Lord President. of a " History of English Literature," was Spotswoode Sir Robert Spotswoode a contributor to the Eucyclopsedia Britan- Upon his election defend the liberties of the House nica, and the author of several other works made oath to maintain the members' privileges, of great merit. The Professor was long in and to President's seat on the bench. deUcate health, but it was only withm eight and took the which he made to the Court upon days of his demise that grave apprehensions The speech preserved in the were excited as to his recovery. He died at the occasion, which is Spotswoode's Practicks, South Street, St Andrews, on Wednesday memou- prefixed to illustrative of the then modes of the 16th of November 1859, in the fifty- is curious as Sur Robert was one of the aecond year of his age. legal procedure. the Crown to the SPANKIE, Serjeant, was bom at Falk- assessors adjoined by for the trial of Lord Bal- land, Fife, near the end of the last century, Justice-General 1634. The President was his father being the parish minister. He erinoch in to the Presbyterians, studied at the University of St Andrews, naturally obnoxious Covenanters fled to and afterwards went to London and entered and on the rising of the into England, where the legal profession. Before being called to escape their violence with Charles until the King's the bar Mr Spankie reported for a news- he remained Scotland. In the meantime, paper. He was appointed Advocate- second visit to before Parliament as an General at Calcutta, and on his return to he was prosecuted promoters of the England was elected a Member of Parlia- incendiary and one of the between the King and his people. ment on the Liberal interest for the borough dissentions before Parliament on the 17th of Fiusbury. Having, however, to som. He appeared was immediately com- extent supported the Government of thi August 1641, and the Castle of Edinburgh. He Duke of Wellington, Mr Spankie lost his mitted to exempted from the Act of seat at the election which followed. As a was specially be passed, tut constitutional lawyer Serjeant Spankie had Oblivion then proposed to to set at liberty on the 10th very few equals. He is said to have was ordered be ^ caution to amassed a considerable fortune in India. November following on finding the Estates married a daughter of a Mr Inglis, an appear before the Committee of He commis- East India Director. of Parliament when required. A granted for his SPOTSWOODE, Sir Robert, was the sion was at the same time other incendiaries but second son of John, Archbishop of trial along with the ; 425 ;

FIKESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STE

higlily esteemed, and being in a delicate 'joyfiillie returne a state of health, he requested to be sent to contentit pnnce trom a contentit peopell," Zetland, whither he went, and was loca- the Estates declared that they would not ted for some months at Mossbank, where proceed to sentence nor insist for punish- he laboured with much advantage. On his ment. Sir Robert Spotswoode attended the return from the main land of Zetland, King to England, and on the apprehension wherever he officiated, his discourses were of the Earl of Lanark, then Secretaiy of highly appreciated, and he received calls State, at Oxford, in December 1643, received from the congregations of LiUiesleaf and his seals of office from the King. Acting Kennoway, the latter of which he preferred, as Secretary, he passed several commissions and was accordingly ordained there on the

by the King ; among others, one appointing 26th April 1843. About the time of Mr Montrose to be His Majesty's Lieutenant Stewart's ordination, a controversy regard- in Scotland. With this he left Oxford, and travelling through Wales to Anglesea, pro- tated the Secession Church, and 1 ceeded from thence by sea to Lochabar, and had to pass through a severe and searching afterwards reaching Montrose in Athole, de- trial, being publicly attacked by a noisy livered to him thecommission. He was shortly declaimer, more noted for wordy pugnacity afterwards taken prisoner at the battle of than prudence or penetration, with enter- Philiphaugh on the 13th September 1645, taining what were styled "new views." and carried first to Glasgow, and afterwards Mr Stewart, however, on this trying occa- to St Andrews. He was tried by Parlia- sion, behaved with remarkable firmness and ment, first, for having "purchased by pre- moderation, and pursued the even tenor of tended ways" the office of Secretary of his way, performing his pulpit ministrations State, without the consent of Parliament, with increasing acceptability, while by his and as such, docquetted the commission to modest and unobtrusive conduct, he more Montrose; and secondly, with having and more excited the esteem and love of his joined him in aU his acts of hostility to the congregation. As a preacher he was

State, committed in August and September popular ; his discourses being distinguished 1645. Sir Robert pled that he was only by clearness, compactness, and originality, Secretary pro tempore et in casu necessitatis; exhibiting much research and deep thought. that he was bound by his natural allegiance His style was quite free from formality to serve and obey the King, and that it was and mannerism ; and while his discourses by his special command that he docquetted generally were addressed to the head rather the commission to Montrose. Secondly, that than the heart, they often contained stirring though he had kept company he had not and touching appeals that strongly effected borne arms with Montrose ; and that he had the feeUngs and warmed the hearts of the received qu.i,rters. The defence founded on hearers ; but his imagination and feeling having received quarters was repelled by the seemed always under the control of his House on the 10th January 1646, after a powerful and vigorous intellect. As an ex- debate of three hours, and the Committee of positor of Scripture he greatly excelled, Process having reported on the relevancy stating frankly the opinions of others, while and proof on the 13th, he was, on the 16th, he freely gave his own, removing obscuri- sentenced to be beheaded at the market ties, and rendering, by his observations, the cross of St Andrews. This sentence was sacred text clear and convincing, whether accordingly executed. He behaved with in the illustration of doctrine or in the in- great courage and dignity, but was prevented culcation of precept. Indeed, whatever from addressing the people from the scaffold. subjects he handled, he viewed in all its According to Guthrie, " Lord -President bearings and aspects, never shrinking at Spotswoode was a man of extraordinary difficulties, but pursuing and following up worth and integrity ;" and Eui'net pro- his investigations to their legitimate termi- nounces him to have been among the most nation. Nor were his ministrations unap- accompUshed of his nation, equally singular preciated by the majority of his people, for for his ability and integrity. during his short pastorate he thrice received STEWART, The Rev. Alexander, public and honourable proofs of their estima- minister of the United Secession Church, tion of his talents and labours. Some Kennoway, was born at Sandy Knowe, time before his death, on week-day evenings, Smailholm, Roxburghshire, about the year he commenced a course of lectures on 1S20, where he spent his childhood, and re- Biblical Literature, which showed a thorough

sided when not attending his classical studies acquaintance with the subject ; but as he at the University of Edinburgh, and the found the lectures were too learned for a Theological Hall of the Secession Church, village audience, he discontinued them, in- till the family removed to Galashiels. Hav- tending, if his health should permit, to take ing gone through the curriculum of study up a more popular subject. He was the prescribed by the Secession Church for unflinching advocate of those societies whose licentiates with much honour, Mr Stewart object is to disseminate the knowledge of was licensed to preach the gospel in con- Christianity over the world, and of those nection with that church by the Presbytery institutions that tend to ameliorate the con- of Coldstream and Berwick, on the 30th dition of man. He delighted to instruct the June 1840. As a probationer, he was young, by whom he was greatly beloved ;

STE FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STO and his Bible classes will long cherish the have acted a distinguished part in the Castle memory of their instructor with kind and of Stirling after the battle of Sheriffmuir in reverential feelings. Though naturally of a 1715. Robert Stewart of this family, bom reserved disposition, he was mild and modest in 1746, was a Captain in the East India in his manners, and had none of that haughty Company's Service, on the Staff of General superciliousness that is often assumed by Clavering. On his return to Scotland he weak-muided clergymen to hide superfici- purchased the estates of Castle Stewart, in ality of attainment and want of intellectu- Wigtonshire, and St Fort, in Fifeshire, the ality, and which they designate as " Pro- former of which was afterwards sold. By fessional dignity." Schooled by affliction, his wife, Ann Stewart, daughter of Heniy Mr Stewart delighted in self-communing Balfour, of Dinbory, he had, with two and intellectual study, and seldom joined in daughters, three sons, Archibald Campbell, mixed company ; but he did not frown on who succeeded him, and died unmarried innocent pleasantry in others, considering Henry, who succeeded his brother ; William, religion to be a joyous system, that, while an officer in the Coldstream Guards, who it serves to solace declining age, yields de- assumed the surname of Balfour in addition light and happiness to the young heart. to Stewart, in conformity to the will of his During Mr Stewart's attendance at the maternal uncle, Lieutenant-General Nisbet Theological Hall, he was seized with a dis- Balfour ; Henry Stewart of St Fort, bom ease that induced great bodily infirmity, and in 1796, married, in 1837, Jane, daughter of continued till his death. In August 1846 James Fraser, Esq. of Colderskell, and haa he went to London to attend the meeting of issue two sons. Robert Balfour, the elder, the EvangeUcal Alliance, in which he was was born in 1838. much interested, and on his return his weak- STONE, Jerome, a self-taught scholar ness greatly increased ; yet, notwithstand- and poet, the son of a mariner, was bom in ing his sufl'erings and debility, he performed 1727 in the parish of Scoonie, in Fifeshire. his professional duties with his accustomed His father died abroad when he was but acceptability till the end of October, when three years of age, leaving his mother in he appeared in the pulpit for the last time. very straightened circumstances, and he re- He died, 7th December 1846, to the deep ceived such a common education as the regret of his congregation, and of many parish school afforded. He was at first others with whom he was acquainted. nothing more than a travelling chapman or STEWART, Jajies, Duke of Eoss, and pedlar, but afterwards his love of books in- second lawful son of James III., succeeded duced him to become an itinerant bookseller, immediately afterWilhamSchives as Bishop that he might have an opportunity of read- of St Andrews, in the year 1497. He was ing. He studied Hebrew, Greek, and also Chancellor in the year 1503, and was in Latin, and with scarcely any assistance the Royal Charters styled "CarrLssimus made himself proficient in them all. The frater noster." In a charter, dated at St Professors of St Andrews having heard of Andrews 7th February 1502-3, and which his remarkable acquirements, liberally year, he says, is the 5th of his administra- allowed him free access to their lectures. tion, he is designed James, Archbishop of He attended the sessions regularly, and soon St Andrews, Duke of Eoss, Marquis of came to be distinguished among the students Ormond, Earl of Ardmenach, Lord of for his proficiency in almost every branch of Brechin and Nevar, Perpetual Commenda- learning. He subsequently obtained the tor of the Monastery of DunfermUne, and situation of Assistant to the Eector of the Chancellor of the . Grammar School of Dunkeld, and in three But in the year 1505 John is titled Prior years after, the Rectorship itself. Having of the Metropohtan Church of St Andrews, acquired a knowledge of the GaeHc language, and Vicar-General of it during the vacancy he was so much charmed with the Gaeho of the See. This illustrious prince and pre- poetry that he translated several pieces into late held likewise the Monastery of Arbroath, Eughsh, and sent his versions to the Scot'a as appears by that chartulary, which con- Magazine, in which they appeared chiefly firms his death to have happened in the year during the years 1752, 1755, and 1756. He 1503. He was buried in the cathedral, now commenced a work of great laboiir and among the Bishops his predecessors. ingenuity, entitled, "An Enquiry into the STEWARTS of St Fort, Fifeshire, The Origin of the Nation and Language of th& Family op.—The Stewarts of St Fort, re- Ancient Scots, with Conjectures Respecting presentatives of the old family of Stewart of the Primitive State of the Celtic and other tJrrard, Perthshire, are descended from European Nations," which he did not live to John, another son of the Wolf of Badenoch. complete. He died of a fever in 1757, in the John Stewart of Urrard, the fifth of the thirtieth year of bis age, leaving a manu- family, had, besides James his heir, another script or allegory, entitled the " MortaUty son, who died in childhood of fright during of Authors, " which was published after his the battle of KilUecrankie, which was death, and has often been reprinted. fought beside the Mansion-house of Urrard STOEEE, James, Newburgh, died at in 16S9. The elder son, James Stewart of that town on the 3d of December 1864, and Urrard, had, with other children, adaughter, his funeral took place in Newbui-gh Ceme- Jean, called Minay n'm L(an, the wife of tery on the aftemoon of the 9th of the same Niel M'Glashan of Clune. She is said month. Being a member of the 9th Fife- 427 ;

STR FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. shire Rifle Volunteers, the members of the corps obtained the sanction of the friends to accompany the remains of their late comrade oeemg no uenent; in reiurnmg to oc to their last resting-place. They accordingly and that his only prospect of being able to appeared in fuU uniform, and six of their sustain himself and assist his mother was the number carried the cofiin shoulder high, church—to which he had always felt an incli- from the house to the hearse, the firing nation—he took orders in May 1803, and party presenting arms. The procession then accepted the mission of Cornwall. At the moTed on, the hearse being preceded by the solicitation of the parents of his pupils he firing party with arms reversed ; and fol- transferred his school to Cornwall also. lowed by the friends, the rest of the Rifles, The duties of Mr Strachan's mission were the Magistrates and Town Council, of which easy ; his scholars increased and became a he was a member, and the company. On seminary—in numbers sometimes counting arriving at the Cemetery gate, the coiBn sixty of the best families in Upper and was taken from the hearse by six of the Lower Canada. At Cornwall he continued Rifles, and borne on their shoulders to the for nine years, and turned out a large grave, passing through the opened ranlis of number of educated pupils, who have been the corps. On the body being deposited in till lately the leading men in the colony. the grave, the firing party presented arms, Only a few, however, now remain ; and the and then retired—the firing being omitted vast increase of population, the multiplica- by desire of the friends. The shops were titm of good schools, and Mr Strachan's shut during the time of the funeral. Writ- long retirement from the work of teaching, ing on the death of Mr Storer, a correspon- have gradually maile the Cornwall School dent says :— It is many years now since we to be in some measure forgotten. In first knew him, and in all our intercourse with 1812 Mr Strachan was promoted to the him, we ever found him a true earnest man. pastoral office at Toronto, and although his He had the welfare of others much at heart, clerical duties increased, yet, with the help and quietly strove to help and lead all of able assistants, he continued the seminary •whom he had the power of influencing to till 1824, when he was able to visit Scotland better and higher lives. He was not easily for the first time since he had left it in 1799. carried away, but formed deliberate opinions From the first he had kept in view the on matters of social and religious interest, establishment of the University, to super- and quietly but firmly endeavoured to act intend which was the object of his up to them. He was Uke most earnest men leaving Scotland. Having been made a reserved in the expression of his religious member of the Provincial Government, he convictions, but he lived them out. He was secured, with the help of some of his former a model master—kind and strict—enforcing pupils, now men of influence and authority, obedience, but giving most generous trust. a noble endowment of land, for its support, As a friend he was true and sincere, always got a law passed to give it a representation to the utmost meeting those who reposed in their Parliament, and in 1827 procured a confidence in him. Royal Charter. Many difiiculties, however, STRACHAN, the Right Rev. John, intervened, and many vexatious impedi- Lord-Bishop of Toronto, Canada, was bom ments were thrown in the way, so that the in Aberdeenshire about the year 1774. University did not come into active opera- After going through the usual curriculum tion till 1843, dthough the found.ation-stone of juvenile studies at a parish school he was laid in 1842. For three or tour years entered the University of Aberdeen, where matters went on well ; the Professors were he finished his philosophical and theological appointed, and the students were increasing courses, and having passed his ex.aminations but in the meantime a religious ci*y "with credit he obtained excellent certificates in connection with the clergy reserves from all the Professors whose classes he had and the enormity of an EstabUshed attended. A parochial schoolmaster being Church was got up against the Univer- wanted for Denino, in the Presbytery of St sity as a monopoly ; radical principles Andrews, Mr Strachan, being thrown on prevailed, and in 1849 the University his own resources, applied for and obtained Charter was so amended as to destroy its the appointment. He continued in this religious character by the Provincial Legis- office for three years, and in November lature. Mr Strachan resisted all this strenu- 1797 he was elected schoolmaster for the ously, but failed, and on the stutute being parish of Kettle, in Fife. In tlie summer pass'eil he declined having any farther con- of 1799 Mr Strachan left Scotland for North nection with a sodless seminary. He and America, and after a huig and tedious jour- his friends were driven, as it were, out of ney by sea and land reached Kini^'ston, their University on the 1st January IS.'JO, Canada, in December same year. Here he -and on the lOth of April following Mr fouiid himself alone without a single friend Strachan proceeded to England (having or even an acquaintance, and disappointed previously within the province taken some as to the object for which he had come. steps towards estabUshing a Church of What that object was will be seen in the England University), to solicit subscriptions course of our narrative. For three years, to complete this noble undertaking. Bishop instead of being at the head of a large Strachan's reception from his brethren in Bcholastic institution, he was confined to the mother country was most cordial and 428 FIFESHTKK BIOGRAPHY. STR

gratifying ; aud in the few months he passed see that in 1803 Bishop Strachan was one there about ten thousand pounds were of the five solitary clergymen then settled realised, and this might have been doubled in aU Upper Canada. In 1820 there were had it been possible for him to have re- nineteen. In 1839, when he became Bishop mained a few months longer. He then sent of Toronto, the Church had about 65. In a deputation into the IJnited States of 1858 there were about 190, and the America also, wliich was most affectionately number is still increasing. Up to 1853 received, and was very successful. In fine, the clergy had been allowed small stipends on the Bishop's return to Canada, ^fter by the two great church societies in England looking into his resources, he found that he — the Society for the propagation of the had in money and property nearly forty Gospel in Foreign parts, and the Society

thousand pounds. He purchased a most for Promoting Christian Knowledge ; but beautiful site of twenty acres—entered into the clergy in Canada became too numerous, contracts, and began to build. On the 30th and these societies warned them not to de- April 1851 the foundation-stone was laid with prayer and praise. On the 16th many new colonies had grown up that they January 1852, the College buildings being must drop the old ones. In 1845 the clergy sufficiently completed, the ceremony of reserves began to yield something, and the inauguration took place, and the business revenue increased so rapidly that the other of teaching commenced with great effici- sectaries began to look to their interests. ency— tliree able Pr

Bishop's adherents persevered , however, and clergy to commute their life interest for its compelled their ojjponents first to become value, and thus save the church from perish- neutral, and at length, for fear of losing ing peacemeal as the incumbents died out. popularity, as the people were rapidly Taking advantage of this clause, the Bishop coming over to the Bishop's side, thinking got the whole of the clergy with him, with he was treated with injustice, the Govern- one solitary exception, to agree to commute. ment came round, and a Royal Charter It was a difficult job, and required much enabling the College to confer degrees was exertion, and a noble manifestation on the obtained. So after an indombitable perse- part of the clergy it was. The bargain was verance of fifty-one years, and a bitter that every clergyman should be insured ia contest of twenty-five at least of that period, his full stipend during life—the advantage the great object for which the good Bishop being that they were able to purchase avail- went to Canada was realized ; and Trinity able stocks at a large discount. By tins College now stands at the summit of sound procedure cautiously continued, they gradu- religious education in Canada, while the ally lessened the difference between the ex- venerable prelate by whose unremitting pense of keeping up the church in ber in- endeavours this noble and laudable object tegrity about £10,000 per annum, and the has been eftected still lives to witness its interest accruing from the commutation success and prosperity. Hear what the £12,000, which was at first £6000 per annum, worthy old pi'elate, now a nonogenarian, that difference scarcely amounts now (1858) says of his College in a letter to his dear to £2000, which it was hoped would soon friend, the late Professor Duncan, of St be made up. Hence the church preserved Andrews, dated October 1857 :—"I trust her integrity as she was when the commu- it (the College) will remain for many gene- tation took place. The church party, with rations, and I may fairly claim it for my the Bishop at its head, expected in a short own child, for when I commenced operations time to raise a sustentation fund to enable in its behalf (King's College) our own them to open new missions and parishes, to people thought it follj', and when I dater- extend the church as rapidly as before. On mined to proceed to England many thought the whole, the venerable Bishop succeeded me getting mad to undertake such a work in establishing a University belonging to at my time of life, but by God's blessing I the church, as he originally intended. He have triumphed as respects the progress of placed the church on a firm foundation, in- the Church." Making a general resume we stead of permitting her to fall into ruin. 429 STE FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STR

He procured for her the full power of self- which is engraved—" Everso missus succur- government, with Uberty to choose her own rere seclo." As a reward for his services he Biahops, and to enact all such rules and was offered a place in the finance depart- regulations as are suitable to her condition ment of the prince's army ; or, as another and well-being. In all this the church in account states, in the troop of Life Guards, Upper Canada has taken the lead of the which, partly at the instigation of his other Colonies, who are now following her mistress, who otherwise threatened to with- steps, and even in England her proceedings draw her favour from him, he accepted. He are applauded, and lessons taken from the therefore served through the remainder of progress she has made. The venerable the campaign. Soon after the battle of Bishop, on the verge of ninety, looks back Falkirk, while riding along the shore, the with satisfaction on the troubles and obsta- sword which he carried in his hand was cles he has had to encounter for upwards of bent by a ball from one of the king's vessels half a century, and deems himself well re- stationed a httle way out at sea. Having paid by the happy issues above enumerated. surmounted all the perils of the enterprise, Now only (1864) he begins to think his he had to skulk for his life in the Highlands, mission in this world is nearly completed, where he endured many hardships. On the and having proceeded with firmness and restoration of quiet times he ventured back perseverance which no opposition could to Edinburgh, and supported himself for daunt, and no difficulty obstruct, and im- some time by drawing portraits of the plored the divine blessing on all his endea- favourite Jacobite leaders, which were voui-s, he leaves the whole with the utmost disposed of to the friends of the cause at a confidence under the care and protection of guinea each. A few, also, which he had an all-seeing Providence. destined for his mistress, and on that STRANGB,_ Sir_ Robert, one of the account adorned with the utmost of his most eminent historical engravers of Europe, skill, were sold about this period with a was bom in Pomona, one of the Orkney heavy heart to the Earl of Wemyss, from Islands, on 14th July 1721. He was whom, in bettertimes, he vainly endeavoured lineally descended from Sir David Strang, to purchase them back. In 1747 he pro- a younger son of the family of Str.ang's of ceeded to London, but not before he had Balcaskie, in the East of Fife, who had been rewarded for all his distresses by the settled in Orkney at the time of the Refor- hand of Miss Lumisden. Without waiting mation. He received a classical education long in the metropohs he went to Rouen, at Kirkwall, under the care of Mr Murdoch where a number of his companions in the Mackenzie, teacher there, who rendered late unfortunate war were living in exile, essential service to his country by accurate and where he obtained an ordinary prize surveys of the Orkney Islands and of the given by the Academy. He afterwards British and Irish coasts. The subject of resided for some time at Paris, where he this memoir successively applied himself to studied with great assiduity under the cele- the law and to the sea before his talent for brated Le Bas, who taught him the use of sketching fjointed out the propriety of mak the dry needle. In 1751 he returned to ing art his profession. Some sketches London, and settled as an engraver, devot- shown by a friend to Mr Richard Cooper, ing himself chiefly to historical subjects, an engraver of some eminence in Edin- which he handled in so masterly a manner burgh, and approved by him, led to Mr that he soon attracted considerable notice. Strange being placed under that individual In 1759, when he had resolved to visit Italy, as an apprentice, and the rapid progress he for his further improvement, Mr Allan made in his new profession soon show-ed Ramsay intimated \o him that it would be that he had only now for the first time fallen agreeable to the Prince of Wales and the into the line of life for which he was Earl of Bute if he would undertake the destined by nature. He was practising his engraving of two portraits which he had art in Edinburgh on his own account, just painted for these eminent personages, when, in September 1745, the Highland Mr Strange refused, on the plea of his army took possession of the city. Mr visit to Italy, which would thus be Strange was not only himself well inclined put off for a considerable time, and to this cause, but he had formed an attach- he is said to have thus lost the favour ment to a Miss Lumisden, who had the of the royal preceptor, which was after- same predilections. These circumstances, wards of material disadvantage to him, with his local notoriety as an engraver, although the King ultimately approved of pointed him out as a proper person to under- his conduct, on the ground that the portraits take a print of the young chevalier. WhUe were not worthyj as works of art, of being employed on this work, his lodgings in commemorated by him. Mr Strange set Stewart's Close were daily resorted to by out for Italy in 1760, and in the course of the chief officers and friends of the prince, his tower visited Naples, Florence, and together with many of the most distin- other distinguished seats of the arts. He guished ladies attached to his cause. The was everywhere treated with the utmost portrait when completed was looked upon attention and respect by persons of every as a wonder of art ; and it is stUl entitled rank. He was made a member of the to considerable praise. It was a half length Academies of Rome, Florence, and Bologna, in an oval frame on a stone pedestal, and Professor of the Royal Academy at ;;

STU FIfESHIRE BIOGBAPHY.

Parma. Hia portrait was introduced by of Scotland ; Her Majesty recalling that Roffanelli, amongst those of other distin- guished engravers, into a painting on the ceiling of that room in the Vatican library, upon Tames Stuart, Prior of St Andrews, where the engravings are kept. He had iUegiiJegitimate son of James V., by Margaret, also the distinguished honour of being per- daughter of John, Lord Erskine, and mitted to erect a scaffold in one of the rooms natural brother to Her Majesty. This of that magnificent palace, for the purpose nobleman played subsequently a conspicu- of taking a drawing of the Parnassus of ous part as Regent of Scotland, when the

Raphael ; a favour not previously granted unhappy Queen was compelled to surrender for many years to any petitioning artist. her crown to her infant son, James VI. And an apartment was assigned for his His Lordship married, in 1561, Anne, own abode while engaged in this employ- daughter of William Keith, Earl Marischal, ment. A similar honour was conferred and by that lady had two daughters Elizabeth, married to Sir James Stuart,

son of James, Lord Doune ; and Margaret, ted painting by Schidoni. Mr Strange's married to Francis, ninth Earl of Errol drawings were in coloured crayons, an in- — (of the first Earl's career we give a vention of his own, and they were admired separate sketch) —he was succeeded by his by all who saw them. He subsequently elder son, James, second Earl, who, through engraved prints on a splendid scale from the King's mediation, was reconcilled to his about fifty of the paintings which he had father's murderer, and was married, in thus copied in Italy. The subsequent part 1601, to that nobleman's daughter, the Lady of the life of Mr Strange was spent in Lon- Anne Gordon, by whom he had one son, don, where he did not acquire the favour of James, his successor, and a daughter, Mar- the Court till 1787, when he was knighted. garet, married to Sir James Grant, of A letter by him to Lord Bute, reflecting on Grant. His Lordship accompanied James some instances of persecution which he VI. into England, and got a new investi- thought he traced to that nobleman, ap- ture of the whole Earldom of Moray to peared in 1775, and was subsequently pre- himself and his heirs male, 17th April 1611, fixed to an "Inquiry in*o the Rise and Es- and was succeeded by his son. Here pass- tablishment of the Royal Academy at Lon- ing over several succeeding Earls, we come don." This was provoked from his pen by to Francis, the ninth Earl, K.T., son of a law of that institution against the admis- Francis, the eighth Earl, and of Jane, eldest sion of engravings into the exhibitions. daughter of John, twelfth Lord Grey. His After a life spent in the active exercise of Lordship was bom 2d February 1771 his professional talents, he died of an married, first, 26th February 1795, Lucy, asthmaticai complaint on the 5th of July second daughter of General John Scott, of 1792, leaving, besides his lady, a daughter Balcomie, county of Fife, by whom he had and three sons. Sir Robert has been de- issue, Francis, who succeeded his father as scribed by his surviving friends as one of tenth Earl on 12th January 1848, and dying the most amiable and virtuous of men, as he in 1859, was succeeded by liis brother, John, was unquestionably among the most able in the present Earl. his own peculiar walk. He was unassum- STUART, John, twelfth Earl of Moray, ing, benevolent, and liberal. His industry Lord Doune, Baron St Colme, (Lord Stuart was equally remarkable with his talent. In of Castle Stuart, 1796) bom 1797, son the coldest seasons, when health permitted of Francis, tentli Earl of Moray, who him, he went to work with the dawn, and died in 1848. His Lordship succeeded the longest day was too short to fatigue his his brother Francis, late Earl of Moray, in hand. Even the most mechanical parts of 1859. The father of the present Earl his labours he would generally perform him- married, first, in 1795, Lucy, second self, choosing rather to undergo a drudgery daughter of General John Scott of Bal- so unsuitable to his talents, than trust to comie, by whom he had the late Earl and others. His remains were interred in the present ; second, in 1801, Margaret (died

Covent Garden church-yard. 1837), daughter of Sir Philip Ainslie ; issue, STUART, Francis, Earl of Moray, Archibald, and George, and Ladies Jane, The Family op.—The Earldom of Moray Margaret Jane, Ann Grace, and Louisa. became vested in the Crown of Scotland by Presumptive heir to the title, his brother, the forfeiture of Archibald Douglas, Earl of the Hon. Archibald Stuart. Moray, in 1455, and it remained dormant STUART, James, first Earl of Moray, tUl the reign of James IV., who, by letters was celebrated in Scottish history by the patent, dated 20th June 1501, conferred it title of the " Good Regent." The precise upon James Stuart, his natural son, by the year of his birth is not certainly known ; but Hon. Janet Kennedy, the Lord Kennedy's there is good reason for believing that this daughter ; but this nobleman dying without event took place in 1533. Agreeably to maleissueinl544(hisonlychild, Mary, being the policy which James V. pursued with married to John, Master of Buchan), the regard to all his sous, that of providing Earldom again reverted to the Crown, and them with benefices in the church while they was presented by Queen Mary, in 1548, to were j'et in infancy, that he might appro- George, Earl of Huntly, High Chancellor priate their revenues during their nonage, 431 STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STU

the Priory of St Andrews was assigned to was, soon after the death of the Queen the subject of this memoir when he was Regent, which happened in June 1.560, ap- only in his third year. Of his earlier pointed one of the Lords of the Articles, years we have no partical.irs, neither have and in the following year he was commis- we any information on the subject of his sioned by a council of the nobiUty to pro- education. The first remarkable notice of ceed to France to invite Mary, whose hus- him occurs in 1548, when Scotland was in- band was now dead, to return to Scotland. vaded by the Lords Grey, D. Wilton, and This commission he executed with much

Clinton, the one by land and the ( ither by judgment and with much tenderness to- sea. The latter having made a descent on wards his ill-fated relative, having, much the coast of Fife, the young Prior, then only against the inclination of those by whom he fifteen, who lived at St Andrews, placed was deputed, insisted on the young Queen's himself at the head of a determined Uttle being permitted the exercise of her own re- band of patriots, waylaid the invaders, and ligion, after she should have ascended the drove them back to their boats, with great throne of her ancestors. On Mary's assum- slaughter. Shortly after this he accom- ing the reins of Government in her native panied his unfortunate sister. Queen Mary, land, the Prior took his place beside her then a child, to France, whither a ))arty of throne, as her confidant, prime minister, the Scottish nobles sent her at once for and adviser, and by his able and judicious safety, and for the benefits of the superior conduct, carried her safely and triumphantly education which that country afforded. throiigh the first act of her stormy reign. The Prior, however, did not rem.iiu long He swept the borders of the numerous bands in France on this occasion, but he seems to of free-booters with which they were infes- have been in the practice of repairing ted. He kept the enemies of Mary's thither from time to time during several dynasty in abeyance, strengthened the at- years after. At this period he does not tachment of her friends, and by his vigil- appear to have taken any remarkable ance, promptitude, and resolution, made interest in national affairs. In addition to those who did not love her government the Priory of St Andrews, he acquired that learn to fear its resentment. For these of Pittenweera, besides accepting the Priory important services, Mary, whose implicit of Mascon in France in, commendam. For confidence he enjoyed, first created him these favours of the French Court he took an Lieutenant of the Borders, and afterwards oath of fealty to Pope Paul III. in 1544. Earl of Mar. Soon after his creation, the From the year 1548, when the Prior defeated Earl married the Lady Agnes Keith, the English troops under Lord Clinton, till daughter of the Earl Marischal. The cere- 1557, there occured nothing in his history, mony was puljlicly performed in the Church with the exception of the circumstance of of St GUes, Edinl)urgh. with a pomp which his accompanying his sister Mary to France, greatly offended the reformers. The Earl- worthy of any particular notice. In the dom which the Prior had just obtained latter year, accompanied by his brother, from the gratitude of the Queen having Lord Robert Stuart, Abbot of Holyrood, been claimed by Lord Erskine as his he made an incursion into England at the peculiar right, the claim was admitted, and head of a small force, but without effecting the Prior resigned both the title and the any very important service, or doing much property attached to it ; but was soon after injury to the enemy. In the same year he gratified by the Earldom of Murray, which proceeded to Paris to witness the ceremony had long been the favourite object of his of marriage between the j^oung Queen of ambition. Immediately after his promotion Scotland and the Dauphin of France, having to this dignity, the Earl of Huntly, a dis- been appointed one of the Commissioners appointed competitor for the power and on the part of the former kingdom for that popularity which Murray had obtained, occasion. Soon after the celebration of the and for the favour and confidence of the marriage, the Prior solicited from Mary Queen, having been proclaimed a rebel for the Earldom of Moray, but this request, by various overt acts of insubordination,

the advice of her mother, the Queen Re- originating in his hostility to the Earl ; the

gent, she refused ; and although she latter, equally prompt, vigorous, and effi- quaUfied the refusal by an offer of a IBishop- cient in the field as at the Council Board, ric either in France or England instead, it led a small .army, hastily summoned for is said that from this circumstance pro- the occasion, against Huntly, whom he en- ceeded in a great measure his subsequent countered at the head of his adherents at a hostility to the Regent s government. Dur- ]3lace called Corrichie. A battle ensued, ing the struggles between the Queen Regent and the Earl of Murray was victorious. In and the Lords of the Congregation, the this engagement he displayed singular pru- Prior who had first taken part with the dence, skill, and intrepidity, and a military former, but latterly with the Lords, gradu- genius, which proved hirti to be as able a ally acquired by his judicious conduct and soldier as he was a statesman. On the re- general abilities a very high degree of con- moval of Huntly—for this powerful enemy sideration in the kingdom. He was by far died suddenly and inunediately after the the most potent party after John Knox in battle, although he had received no wound, establishing the reformed reUgion. Having and his eldest son perished on the scaffold now abandoned the clerical character, he at Aberdeen—Murray remained in undis- 432 ;;

STD FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STU puted possession of the chief authority in Queen, as the prime mover, sometimes the kingdom, next to that of the sovereign secretly and sometimes and openly, of a the history of Scotland does not pre- faction opposed to the Government sent an instance where a similar authority of Mary, and whose object evidently was more wisely or more judiciously em- was to overthrow her power and to establish ployed. The confidence, however, amount- their own in its stead. To this end, indeed, ing even to affection which had hitherto them of Murray and his confederates would subsisted between Murray andhis sovereign, seem to have been long steadily directed, was now about to be interrupted and finally and the unguarded and inconsiderate anmhdated. The first step against this un- conduct of the Queen enabled them speedily happy change of sentiment was occasioned to .ittaiQ their object. The murder of by the Queen's marriage with Damley. To Darnley and the subsequent marnage of this marriage Murray not first was at averse Mary to Bothwell had the twofold effect of nay, he rather promoted it ; but personal adding to the number of her enemies and of insults, which the vanity and weakness of Darnley induced him to offer to Murray, together with an offensive behaviour on the her. The result was that she was fiually part of his father, the Earl of Lennox, pro- dethroned, and confined a prisoner in duced in thehaughty statesman that hostiUty Lochleven Castle, and the Earl of Murray to the connection, which not only destroyed was appointed Regent of Scotland. With the good understanding between him and the this dignity he was invested on the 22d Queen, but converted him into an open and August 1567 ; but whatever objection may undisguised enemy. His irritation on this be urged against his conduct jirevious and occasion was further increased by Mary's relative to his elevation, or the line of policy imprudently evincing, in several instances, he pursued when seeking the attainment of a, disposition to favour some of his most this ambition, there can be none urged inveterate enemies ; and among these, the against the system of government he notorious Earl of Bothwell, who had some adopted and acted upon when placed in time before conspu-ed against his life. In power. He procured the enactment of this frame of mind, Murray not only obsti- many wise and salutory laws, dispensed nately refused his consent to the jiroposed justice with an unequal hand, kept down marriage of Mary to Darnlej', but ulti- the turbulent and factious, restored internal mately had recourse to arms to oppose it. tranquility and personal safety to the In this attempt, however, to establish him- lie, and in every public act of his self by force he was unsuccessful. After authority discovered a sincere desire for raising an army, and being pursued from the welfare of his country. StiU the to place by Elace Mary in person, at thi Regent was yet more feared and respected ead of a superior force, he fled into Eng than loved. He had many powerful land, together with a number of his fol enemies, while the Queen, though a cap- lowers and adherents, and remained there tive, had still many anil powerful friends. for several months. During his expatria- These, having succeeded in effecting her tion, however, a total ch.inge of afRiirs took liberation from Lochleven, mustered in place at the Court of Holyrood. The vain arms, and took the field in great force, with and weak Darnley, wrought upon by the the view of restoring her to her throne. fnends of Murray, became jealous, not of With his usual preteuce of mind, fortitude, the virtue, but of the power of the Queen, and energy, the Regent calmly, but and impatiently sought for uncontrolled _ promptly, prepared to meet the coming authority. In this spirit he was prevailed storm; and, in place of demitting the upon by the enemies of his consort to league Regency, as he had been required by the himself with Murray and the banished Queen to do, he determined on repelling lords who were with him. The first step force by force. Having mustered an army of the conspirators was the murder of of three thousand men, he encountered the Kizzio, the Queen's Secretary ; the next to forces of the Queen, which consisted of recall on their own responsibiUty, sanctioned double that number, at Langside, and by Darnley, of the "expatriated nobleman totally routed them ; his cool, calculating who arrived in Edinburgh on the 9th March judgment, calm intrepidity, and high mili- 15fa6, twenty-four hours after the assassina- tary talents being more than a match for tion of the unfortunate Italian. Although their numerical superiority. This victory Murray's return had taken place without the the Regent instantly followed up by the Queen's consent, she was very soon recon- most decisive measures. He attacked and ciled to that event, and was induced to destroyed all the castles and strongholds of receive him again apparently into favour. the nobles and gentlemen who had joined VV hatever sincerity, however, there was in Queen, and infused a yet stronger this seeming and reconciliation on the part of e detei-mined the spirit into the administra- Queen there appears to be good reason tion of the laws ; and thus he eventually for believing that there was but Uttle of that established his authority on a firmer basis feeling on the side of Murray, for, from than that on which it had rested this period, he before. may be distinctly traced After the Queen's atwithstanding flight to England, the of Regent, with some apparent others, was summoned attachment i the interests of the to York by Elizabeth, to bear witness No. LV. 433 ;

STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. and shared by his political opponents, was against her in a trial which had been insti- towards Mr Stuart, and the duel latter, to ascertain Mary's excited tuted by the in mitigating the Dariiley'a had a sensible effect guilt or innocence of the crime of asperity of the two leading political parties murder. The Kegent obeyed the summons, at the time. Mr Stuart, who was proprietor did not hesitate to give the most un- and estate of Duneam, near Aberdour, testimony against his unhappy of the Qualified reside in Edinburgh for several performed this ungenerous continued to Bister. Havin? above occurrence, following unfortunate Queen m the years after the part, he left the writer to the to the his professional duties as a hands of her enemies, and returned signet. But his affairs eventually became admiuistraticm of the affairs of that king- and he left this country for which he was now uncontrolled embairassed, dom of States of America. On his re- proud career, however, of the United master. The published his travels in stern, but turn to England he this willy, but .able politician, this and America, a work which professed to be only just ruler, was now soon to be darlily a plain detail of his impressions as to the suddenly closed. While passing on horse- anil domestic institutions of that back through the streets of Linlithgow on "itical ntry, but was favourably received at the the 23d of January 1570, he was fired at time. Mr Stuart als from a window by James Hamilton ot the London Coim Bothwellhaugh, nephew to the Archbishop in to be the (.flicial organ of the Liverpool St Andrews. The ball passed through of Administration. A few years after the ad- his body, but did not instantly prove t.atal vent of his political friends to office, he waa recovered from the first shock ot Havin" of factories, which lodgings, but appointed an inspector the wound, he walked to his Stuart was at office heheld until his death. Mr a little before midnight, being expired the si.ster of the late Sir Robert the thirty-eighth married to the period of his death iu survives him. to the Mowbray ot Cockairney, who year of his age. Hamilton's hostility with which Thev had no children. Befent proceeded from severities The Rotal House of.— visited him for having fought STUARTS, the latter had of the roy.al Stuarts are Langside, and for in- The misfortunes under the Queen at vicissitudes to quite unprecedented. Their his wife. The assassin escaped Bulting form the most touching and romantic France, where he died a few years atter- episode in the story of sovereign houses. warf' from a Norman ancestor, STUART, James, Esq. of Duneam, was Sprung originally Alan, Lord of "Oswestry, in Shropshire, died at bis ^ bom in the year 1775, and h""f their they became, almost immediately after Hill, near London, on the 3d No- Netting in North Britain, completely his seventy-fourth year, settlement vember 1849, in of theirnew figured identified with the nationality Stuart, about forty years ago, the Mr country, and were associated with all prominently among the Edinburgh Whigs. bri"ht achievements and all the deep calami- was a keen politician, whose name was He of Scotland. James I., sent to France a.ssociated with the progress of ties'' closely father to save him from the animosity in that city. He was much by his Liberal principles was unjustifiably seized by friends, but his zeal of Albany, esteemed among his suffered eighteen Henry IV. on his passage ; impetuosity, especially m pohtical and captivity in the Tower of London rendered him a conspicuous mark years' affairs, and was at last murdered by his uncle, political opponents. The fatal due for his Earl of AthoU, at Perth. James Sir Alexander Boswell Walter, •which he had with early age of twenty- passage lu II., his son, fell at the in 1822 constitutes a memorable being nine at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, political annals. This unhappy affair our the accidental discharge of his own accidental disclosures, which at killed by arose out of which, in the e.xuberance of his]oy, were considered to leave neither artillery the time be fired in honour of the hostile meeting. he ordered to party any alternative save a Jiarls arrival of one of his own Scottish Alexander felt that he had directed his Sir with a reinforcement. James III., thrown against Mr Stuart with too keen an irony prison his rebellious subjects, was for an apology con- into by edge to allow any room confederated nobility, Stuart, .assassinated by the sistent with his honour, and Mr involuntarily headed by hi.s son, the Duke upbraided at the time a,s a who had been became in consequence had discovered that of Rothsay, who coward, now that he The hereditary mischance no underimg of the Kin.' James IV. the shafts came from the fourth James to himself con- of Ins race attended opposite party, considered of aU Flodden, where he perished, despite to demand satisfaction, although Btrained with the flower of the Scottish Alexander the <.ption of con warnin" he gave Sir His son, James V., broken- ' couU ohivahT.' fessing that it was "abadjoke. He at the rout of Solway Moss, where of accommodation hearted go no farther in the path disgust, without we havi his army surrendered in and Sir Alexander, from the cause force, striking a blow, to a vastly inferior saw that he could not lyith smcerit: Btated, his bed, and never rose from it compromise offered. After thi took tS accept the Just before he breathed his last event, Mr Stuart proceeded to a^ain. melancholy that the Queen had given birth that he would sur- news came France, but intimated "Farewell!" f^sclaimed which he did in July to a daughter. render to take his trial, monarch, fareweU sympathy^ pathetically the dying 1822, and was acquitted . A strong 434 ;"

STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STtJ

to Scotland's crown ! it came with a laas, At last, the Highlander, finding he could " !" and it will pass with a lass. Alas ! alas no longer doubt or dispute the fact, re- The child thus born at the moment almost marked—" Weel, weel, George is only gie'n of her father's death was the beautiful and the Cardinal back pairt o' his ain after a 1 ill-fated Mary Stuart, who, after nineteea The pension Cardinal York continued to years of unwarranted and unmitigated cap- receive until his decease in June 1807, at tha tivity, was beheaded at Fotheringhay age of eighty-two. From the time he Castle, and her grandson, the royal martyr, entered into holy orders his Eminence took Charles I., perished in like manner on the no part in politics, and seems to have laid scaflbld. Charles's son, James II., forfeited aside all worldly views. The only exceptiou the proudest crown in Christendom, and his to this line of conduct was his having son's attempt to regain it brouj^ht only medals struck at his brother s death in 1788, death and destruction to the gallant and bearing on the face a representation— of hia loyal men that ventured life and fortune in head with this inscription : " Henricua the cause, and involved his heir, "Boimie Nonus Magnae Britannise Rex ; nou volun- Prince Charlie," in perils almost incredible. tate hominiim, sed Dei gratia." With A few lines more are all that are required to Cardinal York expired all the descendants close the record of this unfortunate race. of King James the Second of England, and The right line of the royal Stuarts termi- the representation of the royal houses o£ nated with the late Cardinal Ynrk. He Plantagenet, Tudor, and Stuart thereupon was the second son of the nld Pretender, vested, by inheritance in Charles Emanuel ** and was born at Rome, 26th March 1725, IV,, King of Sardinia, who was eldest son where he was baptised by the name of of "Victor Amadeus III., the grandson o£ Henry Benedict Maria Clemens. In 1745 Victor Amadeus, King of Sardinia, by Anna he went to France to head an army of his wife, daughter of Henrietta, Duchess of 15,000 men assembled at Dunkirk for the Orleans, daughter of Charles I., King of invasion of England, but the news of England. Charles Emanuel IV. died in Culloden's fatal contest counteracted the 1819, and was succeeded by his brother, proposed plan. Henry Benedict returned Victor Emanuel I., King of Sardinia, to Rome, and exchanging the sword for the whose eldest daughter and co-heiress, priest's stole, was ma

John Resby, an EngUsh priest of the would be in operation to suppress and school of the great Reformer WicklifiF, subdue the energies of the human mind, and in whose remarkable works are to be bring it again under the thraldom of ecclesi- found the seeds of almost every doctrine astical despotism. But these days, we of Luther, had passed into Scotland either trust, are gone for ever— the sword of persecu- in consequence of the persecutions of Wick- tion has returned to its scabbard—the funeral liflfs followers, whicli arose after his death, pile raised up to consume living human or from a desire to propogate the truth. victims blazes no more ; and the instruments After having for some time remained of torture are now only shoion as objects of unnoticed, the boldness and the novelty of curiosity to the historian aud the antiquary. his opinions at length awakened the jealousy Henry, the King of England, having no of the Romish Church ; and it was asserted design against the mind of his captive, that he preached the most dangerous furnished him in a liberal manner with the heresies. He was immediately seized by means of continuing his education. Sir Lawrence of Lindores, an eminent doctor John Pelham, the Constable of Pevensey in theology, aud compelled to appear before Castle, to which the Prince James had been a council of the clergy where this inquisitor removed, and one of the most distinguished presided. Here he was accused of main- knights of bis age, was appointed his taining no heresies, governor ; and masters for _ fewer than forty were provided amongst which the principal were a denial instructing him in various accomplishmenta of the authority of the Pope as the successor and branches of knowleilge. In all athletic of St Peter ; a contemptuous opinion of the and manly exercises—in the use of his utihty of penances and auricular confession, weapons, in his skill in horsemanship, his and an assertion that an absolutely sinless speed in running, his strength and dexterity life was necessary in any one who dared to as a wrestler, his firm and fair arm as a call himself the Vicar of Christ. Although joister and toumeyer, the youthful king had Eesby was esteemed an admirable preacher few equals. As he advanced to manhood by the common people, his eloquence, as his figure was majestic. His chest was may easily be supposed, had little effect broad and full, his arms long and muscular, upon the bench of ecclesiastical judges and his Umbs well formed so as to combine before whom he defended himself. Law- elegance and lightness in strength. To rence of Lindores was held by the ecclesi- skill in warlike exercises every youthful astical court to be equally triumphant in his candidate for honour and knighthood was confutation of the written conclusions and expected to unite a variety of more pacific in his answers to the spoken arguments by and elegant accomplishments, which were in _ which their author attempted to support tended to render him a pleasant companion them ; and the brave Resby was barbarously in the hall, as the others were calculated to condemned to the flames and delivered over make him a formidable enemy in the field. to the secular arm. The cruel sentence was The science of music, both vocal and in- carried into immediate execution ; and he strumental ; the composition and recitation was burned at Perth in the year 1407, his of pieces of poetry ; an acquaintance with books and writings, as many as could be got, the writings of the popular poets of the being consumed in the same fire with their times, were all essential branches of educa- master. It is probable that the church was tion which was then adopted in the castle stimulated to this unjustifiable severity by of any feudal chief. Cut off for a long and Albany, the Regent, whose bitter hatred to tedious period from his crown and hia aU LoUards and heretics, as he called them, people, James could afford to spend many and zeal for the purity of the Roman hours each day in the cultivation of accom- CathoUc faith are particularly recorded by pHshments to which, under other circum- "Winton the historian. Sundry of the stances, it would have been impossible to pamphlets and writings of this early have given up so much of bis time. He Reformer, however, were carefully con- was acquainted with the Latin language. cealed and preserved by his disciples. They In theology, oratory, and grammar—in the did not dare, indeed, to disseminate them civil and canon laws he also was instructed openly, but they met and read and pund(?red by the best masters. Devoted, however, as

in secret ; and the reformed doctrines which he was to these pursuits, James appears to had been propagated by Resby remained have given his mind with a stiU stronger secretly cherished in the hearts of his bias to the study of EngUsh poetry, choosing disciples, and re-appeared in a few years in Chaucer and Gower for liis masters in the additional strength and with a spirit of more art, and entering with the utmost ardour active and determined proselytLsm. Amidst into the great object of the first of these all the changes which the Chm'ch of Rome illustrious men—the improvement of the production of easy has undergone its policy remains the same ; Euglish language—the

its spiritual pride is unsubdued ; its thirst and natural rhymes, and the refinement of for worldly jiower and universal domination poetical numbers from the rude composi- unaltered—and as far as we can judge from tions which had preceded him. MeanwhUe, the past—unalterable. If the See of Rome the Duke of Albany resolved to aspire to had the power the horrors of the Inquisition the throne, but he could not decently make would be revived in every country. Death the attempt during the life of Prince James, by the gibbet, the rack, and the pendolum his nephew, and Sing Henry was too politic 437 , ;

STU FIFESHIRE BIOGEAPHY. STU a Prince not to take advantage of detaining ferior to those of her mind. Her beauty him, and by that means preserving an had inspired his muse, and was the frequent ascendancy over the councils of Scotland, theme of his verse. Amongst the poems which would effectually secure them from produced by the Royal poet, there is ona " assisting either his foreign or domestic entitled A Sang in Absence," beginning, enemies. Albany was therefore, to his " Sen that the eyne that works my weel- great mortification, obliged to be content fair," in which he bewails in strains breath- with the power, but without the title of ing the warmest and most ardent attach- the absence of the mistress of hia King ; but during his life he certainly en- ment, still joyed every prerogati\'b of royalty, for the heart ; and in the more elaborate pro- sovereign King James was kept a prisoner in duction of his muse, viz., the "King's England during the remainder of Henry "s Quain," he thus speaks of her :— reign, and the whole time of that of his successor, for his captivity lasted from the Of her array, the form gif I sail write, gowden h;dr and rich atyre, year 1404 to 1423, no less than nineteen Toward her In Iret-wise couchet with pearls white tedious years. But though Henry, King of And grete balas leraying as the fire, England, had secured the friendship of the With many ana emerald and sapphire ; Duke of Albany by the strongest of all ties And on her head a chaplet, fresh of hew, to the crafty and worldly— iniercsf,—yet Of plumes partit rede, and white, and blue. the son of Albany, Murdoch, a Prince of inferior abilities, who succeeded to his In this really beautiful poem the enamoured father's honours and regency, evinced by his king describes himself as having first fallen conduct that even interest is no security in love with the Lady Jane as she was against fooh who are governed by caprice. walking in the gardens under the Tower at Windsor in which he was for some time confined. It is, therefore, more than pro- Dauphin acquired some force in France, bable that he lost no time in making hia Murdoch, foi-tunately for Scotland, though fair enslaver aware of the conquest she had weakly and foolishly for himself, so far made l>y signs from his grated window forgot the politics of his father as to enter placed high in his lofty prison, and it is also into an alliance with Charles the Seventh of likely that her walks under the Tower were France, and suffer the Scots, in great num- not rendered less frequent liy this discovery. bers, to mingle in the French armies, and The splendour of Jane's dress as described assist in their struggle to throw off the in this poem is very remarkable. She seems English yoke. To break this alliance it to have been covered with jewels, and to then became the interest of the English Re- have been altogether arrayed in the utmost gent, the Duke of Gloucester, who as.sinned magnificence, not improbably in the con- that office during the minority of Henry VI. sciousness of the eyes that were set upon and who appears to have been animated her. The result, at all events, as we shall with favourable dispositions towards the see by and-bye, shows that the captive Scottish King to liberate their captive, and, prince must have found means sooner or by placing him peaceably on the Scottish later of communicating with the fair idol of Throne, to ensure his lasting favour and his affections. Time rolled on, and James friendship. Though the policy of England was granted more liberty. He hail long had predominated over her humanity m the worn the chains of Lady Jane which had capture and detention of .James, yet in every rendered those of her nation less irksome to

other circumstance which regarded him it him ; nor had his graceful person, the must be admitted that she acted worthy of sweetness of his manners, softened by early her name. James' education had been adversity, and the sparkle of a chastened carefully attended to, and was in every way and refined wit which animated his conver-

in conformity with his high rank ; lie was sation been overlooked by that young lady. treated with all the re.spect and deference The idea also of unfortunate royalty had due to the Monarch of Scotland, and had something highly interesting and aftijctinB every indulgence and liberty granted him in it, to which his patience, at once dignified consistent with his situation. Thus he grew and cheerful, gave additional claims. Her

up one of the mo^t aniial^le of men ; his un- heart melted for the unhappy prince, and derstaniling highly cultivated and informed compassion soon made wi-.y for a more

by the learnin,' and piety of his tutors ; his tender feeling. Things were in this position heart purified and refined liy their moral when there appeared in the High Court of aiid virtuous precepts, and his manners Parliament of England a disposition to polished in no common degree by the com- release King James. The Duke of Somer- pany and conversation of the princes and set had sounded the inclinations of his sister nobility of the kmgdom. Among the young the Lady Jane, and found them very far nobility who visited our sovereign, his heart from being averse to James. She loved him distmguished, with peculiar affection, the as a gentle, amiable, and good man, but the Duke of Somerset and his sister Lady Jane. circumstance of royalty could not be sup- For tliat amiable yo..mg nobleman he felt posed unacceptable or unappreciated either

the most sincere and ardent affection ; but by herself or her brother, for descended as a passion more temler attached him to the they were from a race of kings, they were lady, her personal graces were still far in- neither of them without the pride and STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STTT ambition of their princely family ; and resign the government into the hands of a Somerset was by no means deficient in Prince who was in every way worthy of efforts to bind the diadem on the head of the crown. James proceeded to Edinburgh, Jane. He enforcfd in the Council the where he held the festival of Easter ; and expediency of allowing Jamea to dejiart in on the 21st of May 1424 he and his Queen friendship to his kingdom^ and making an were solemnly crowned in the Abbey Church honourable and permanent peace with him. at Scone. According to an ancient heredi- The Bishop of Worcester confirmed the tary right the King was placed in tha appeal, and that Lady Jane should be marble chair or royal seat by the lata Riven as wife to the Scottish King, a pro- Governor Murdoch, Duke of Albany and posal that was unanimously approved of. E,arl of Fife, whilst Henry Wardlaw, James received the offer with transport. Bishop of St Andrews, thesame honest and The Scotch, who eagerly desired the return faithful prelate to whom the charge of his of their King, were written to, and safe early education bad been committed, conduct was given to commissioner.s, who anointed his royal master, and placed tha instantly set out for liOndcm to settle the crown upon his head amid a crowded terms of the Kings deliverance. On the assemidy of the clergy, nobUity, and gentry, 12th of May 1423 King James was per- and Ihe shiiuts and rejoicings of the people, mitted to meet at Pontefract with the after which he convoked his Parliament on Scottish Commissioners who ehould be the 2ath of May, and proceeded to the enipovver»d to enter into a negotiation upon arduous task of inquiring into the abuses of this subject with the Commissioners of the government, and adopting measures for England, and such a conference took place their reformation. But the royal pair dis- accordingly. It will be recollected that covered that the high honours they James had been seized by the English, came to receive were not without their nineteen years before, during tiie time of more th:.n proportional share of pain, peace, and to have insisted on a ransom for and that in the jewels of the diadem a prince, who, by the law of nations was not were intermixed many thorn'. The reins properly a captive, would have been gross of government had been held so loosly injustice. The English Commissioners by the weak and timid hand of Murdoch, accoi'dingly declared that they should only that all order was become intolerable ; the demand the payment of the expenses of royal prerogiitive so encroached upon, that maintenance and education of the King of little left was but the name of monarch ; Scotland which had been incurred during while the haughty and indejjendent barons, the limg period of his residence in England, at the head of their numerous clans, enjoyed and these they fixed at forty thousand all its powers. The task of restoring tha pounds, to be paid in yearly sums of ten Government to its ancient equilibrium was thousand marks till the whole was dis- arduous, and the efforts of King James, charged. The conference ended in a without effecting the purpose, rendered him

treaty ; and all differences being amicably somewhat unpopular. The hiwer ranks of adjusted to the satisfaction of the parties, his subjects, habituated to a licentious and James espoused the choice of his heart. uncontrolled freedom, spurned at all order The Eoyal mairiage was celebrated with and good government, and detested alika great feudal pomp and grandeur in the the law and those who would have enforced church of St Mary in Southwark, after its observance ; while the higher ranks be- which the feast was held in the palace of held with malignity an attempt to circum- Cardinal Beaufort, the uncle of the bride, a scribe their authority within proper Umits, man of vast wealth and equal ambition. .and filled the kingdom with confusion by Nest day James received, as the dower of their cabals. This general discontent was his wife, a relaxation from the payment of greatly augmented by the arts of his XJncla 10,000 marks of the original sura which had Walter, Earl of Athole, a younger brother been agreed on. A truce of seven years was of the late King Robert, who possessed all concluded, and, accompanied bj' his Queen the baneful ambition and mischievous tal- ami a brilliant cortege of the English ents of the late Duke of Albany, and hoped, nobility, to whom he had endeared himself by fomenting the public discord, to follow by his graceful manners and deportment, he his example and seize the royal authority. set out for his own dominions. At Durham He suggested that the King was grasping

he was met by nine Scottish Earls, and a at arbitrary power ; and every exercise of train of the highest barons and gentry, his regal prerogative, ever}' enforcement of amounting to about 300 persons. From the law upon offences the most atrocious, Durham, still suiTounded l)y his noMes, and was maliciously represented by him to the attended by the Earl of Northumberland jealous nobles as so many proofs of that and a numerous escort, he proceeded on his design. For some years did this excellent progress, halting at Melrose Abbey to givehis king struggle with these difficulties. At Eoyal Oath on the Holy Gospels, to govern length his patience and perseverance evi- righteously on his entry to his own domin- dently gained ground—the nobles began to ions. He then was received by all classes be coTivinced by experience that he aimed at of his subjects with expressions of tumultu- the attainment of no more than his legiti- ous joy and undissembled affection ; and mate authority—the influence of the Earl Duke Murdoch, the Regent, hastened to of Athole diminished, and Jamea having STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. procured a creature of Athole's (by name council reminded him of the duty of forgive- Graham) to be outlawed, who had often ness, and the Queen, who was present, fell acted as an incendiary in stirring up the rabble to sedition for an accumulation of the most consummate villany, the hatred of sentence. The offender, however, was Athole to the King was increased. Enraged banished from the court. One of the most at the punishment of his favourite, and remarkable features in the government of perceiving his own approaching disgrace in this Prince was the frequent recurrence of the growing popularity of James, Athole his Parliaments. From the period of hia determined by the blackest treason to return from England till his death his reign prevent it. Two anecdotes of this period embraced only thirteen years, and in that have been preserved by Bower, the faithful time Parliament, or the great council of contemporary historian pf the times, which the nation, was thirteen times assembled. illastrate in a striking manner both the His object was to render the higher nobles character of the King and the condition of more dependent on the crown ; to break the country. In the Highland districts one down that dangerous spirit of pride and of those ferocious chieftains before referred individual consequence which confined them to had broken in upon a poor cottager and to their several principalities, and allowed carried off two of her cows. Such was the them year after year to tyrannise over unlicensed state of the country that the their unhappy vassals without the dread of robber walked abroad and was loudly a superior or the restraint even of an equal. accused by the aggrieved pai'ty, who The king's object was further to accustom declared that she should never put off her them to the spectacle of the laws proceeding shoes again till she had carried her complaint not from individual cajjrice or authority, to the King in person. " It is false," cried but from the collective wisdom of the three he, "111 have you shod myself before you estates, sanctioned by the consent and reach the court," and with a brutality carried into execution by the power of the scarcely credible, the monster carried his crown acting through its ministers. But threat into execution by fixing, with nails the proceedings of King James were not driven into the flesh, two horse shoes of iron merely of a repressive ch.aracter. There upon her naked feet, after which he thrust was much beneficial legislation during his her wounded and bleeding on the highway. reign. The earliest Scots Acts of Parlia- Some humane persons took pity on her; ment, stiU occasionally used and referred and when cured she retained her original to, are those of James. These statutes are purpose, sought out the King, tolil her very brief in comparison with those of story, and showed her feet, still seamed and modern times. They have an air of extreme scarred by the inhuman treatment she had simplicity. A specimen of these Acts may — ' received. James heard her with that mix- be interesting : ' It is statute, and the ture of pity, kindness, and indignation King forbids that no man play at foot-baU

which marked his character ; and having under the pain of fifty shillings to be raised instantly directed his writs to the Sheriff of to the lord of the land as oft as he is t.ainted, the county where the robber chief resided, or to the sheriff of the land or his ministers, had him seized within a short time, and if the lords vtill not pimish such trespassers." sent to Perth where the court was then This paragraph contains an entire Act of in 1424. held. He was tried and condemned ; a King James' first Parliament held linen shirt was thrown over him, upon The statute would appear to be levelled

which was painted a rude representation of against a very innocent game ; but in many his crime, and after being paraded in this parts of Europe, and especially in France, ignominious dress thi-ough the streets of the from which perhaps the game was first town, he was dragged at a horse s tail, and brought to Scotland, games at foot-ball hanged on a, gallows. The other story to between the people of one place and those which we have aUuded is almost equally of another were productive of rivalries characteristic. A noble of high rank, and and violence, often creating murders. nearly related to the King, having quarrelled In one of those Parliaments it was enacted with another baron in presence of the that all Earls, Barons, and Freeholders monarch and his court so far forgot himself should be bound to attend in person the that he struck his adversary on the face. meeting of the estates, as a practice seemed James instantly had him seized, and ordered to have crept in of sending procurators or him to stretch out his hand upon the council attornies in their place. This practice was unless of table ; he then unsheathed the short cutlass strictly forbidden, due cause ab- which he carried at his girdle, gave it to the sence was proved. But in a General baron who received the blow, and com- Council, held at Perth on the 1st March manded him to strike off the hand which 1427, a change was made relative to the had insulted his honour, and was forfeited attandance of the smaller Barons and free to the laws, threatening him -with death if tenantsin Parliament, which, as introducing he refused. There was little doubt, from into Scotland the principle of representation, what we know of the character of this is worthy of attention. It was determined Prince for justice and rectitude of conduct by the King, with consent of his Council

that he was in earnest ; but a thrill of horror General, that the small Barons and Free ran through the court, his prelates and Tenants need not come to ParUament here- 440 FIl'ESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. STU

other acts are passed strikingly illustrative of the condition of the 'country. Every chosen at the head court of each Sheriffdom baron was directed at the proper season to in proportion to its size. It was next de- search for and slay the whelps of wolves, clared that, by these Commissioners in a and to pay 2s a head for them to any man body, there should he elected an expert who brought them., The tenants were man, to be called the Common Speaker of commanded to iissist the barons on all the Parliament, whose duty it should be to occasions when a wolf hunt was held, under bring; forward all cases of importance in- the penalty of " a wedder" for non-appear- volving the rights or privileges of the Com- ance. No lepers were to dwell anywhere mons, and with power to the Commons to but in theu- own hospitals beyond the gate discuss and determine what subjects or cases or other places outside the burgh. Strict it might be proper to bring before the whole inquiries were to be made with regard to all Council or Parliament. This Act of 1427 persons who might be smitten with this was of great historical importance. It was loathsome disease, so that they might be the adoption of the rejireaentative system as compelled to obey the statute, and no the King had seen it in operation in I'ng- lepers were to be allowed to enter any land. The main object for which the burgh except thrice in the week—on Mon- feudal vassals of the Crown were called days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, between together in Parliament was that they might ten and two o'clock, for the jiurpose of

grant taxes or aids ; and the Legislative buying food. Tlie price of the necessaries power which afterwards became so impor- of life and of the articles of comfort forms tant was probably a mere secondary at aU times an interesting subject of consideration. As the smaller vassals or inquiry, probably from that strong and country gentry formed a large miscellaneous, natural desire which we feel to compare our and not very orderly, body they were own condition with that of our fellow-men, exempt from personal attendance, and al- however remote may have been the period lowed to send deputies or representatives. in which they Uved. Before the printing of The municipal corporations or royal burghs the accounts of the Great Chamberlains of had at the same time been growing into Scotland little satisfactory information importance. They were at first a sort of could be collected. These accounts, how- associations for protection against the ever, throw considerable Ught on the oppression of the feudal aristocracy, and subject, and from them it appears that a were an imitation of the Roman municipal Httle before the period of which we now communities. A corporation was like a speak the price of a cow was 4s 5d sterhng ;

clan, with this difference that its head or a boU of oatmeal, Is 6d ; a mutton, meaning

chief magistrate was elective in place of a sheep, lOd ; a hog. Is ; a hen, Id. The being hereditary. Thus while there were value and denomination of money at this Zowland barons with their vassals, and time was the same in Scotland and England. Hiijldand chiefs with their clans, each form- In comparing the wages of labour with ing a compact community for attack or the above prices of provisions it is evident defence, there was also here and there a that even in the remote period to which we corporation united together for its own refer the lower orders must have lived com- protection, generally such as St Andrews, fortably. The price of a quarter of wheat

Crail, and others possessed of a castle, and averaged about 3s 4d ; labourers' wages surrounded by a fortified wall, on which were IJd a day, and a man's wages in those who had the privilege of being harvest, 2d. In the Chamberiain's Rolls of burgesses kept watch and ward, or in other Alexander III., the keeper of the King's words, did duty in their turn as soldiers. Warren at Crail receives for his meat and The burgesses were the direct vassals of the his wages during the year 16s 8d sterling, King, who felt a great interest in support- and as this is deemed too high it is added ing them against the influence of the feudal that for the coming year he is to have hia nobility. They had the power each burgh option to take either a mark, which waa of sending a, member to the Scottish Parlia- 13s 4d, or a chalder of oatmeal. It seems ment. Besides the principal barons and somewhat difficult for us to understand the representatives of the lesser barons and how a man could support himself for a

of the burgesses, there was another body, year on the small sum of 13s 4d ; but when distinct from those who sat in Parhament. we consider that with this small sum he These were the bishops and mitred abbots, could have purchased one chalder, or sixteen the heads of afiluent monasteries, such as bolls of oatmeal, the difficulty vanishes ; Arbroath, Cambuskenneth, Paisley, Pitten- six bolls and a half of meal is the usual Vfeem, and others. The chiefs of such allowance to a farm servant at present, and estabhshments were sometimes greater even allowing the King's Warrener the same, he than the feudal nobility. The Parliament would have the value of the remaining nine thus constituted was not divided like the and a-half bolls to provide himself in English Parliament into two houses, but aU clothes and other necessaries, and with the the Estates sat together. Their method of price of provisions at the low figures indi- transacting business was to appoint com- cated, we cannot see that the king's servant mittees from the several estates for that 600 years ago would be in a w^orse position purpose. In the same Parliament of 1427 with his yearly wages of 13s 4d, or a chalder NO. LVl. 441 STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. STU of oatmeal, than the labourer of the present ladies clung to each other, surrounding the day. It is now tftne, however, to resume King ; but soon recovering their presence our narrative. The Palace of Perth was of mind. Lady Catherine ran to secure the the general summer residence of the royal door, which had, she knew, a large iron bolt family ; but as it wanted some repairs, the across it. She shivered with horror when

King and Queen, with a small retinue, had she found it was gone ; for by that circum- removed to a convent of Dominicans in that stance she was convinced not only that town. Lady Catherine Douglas, one of the treason was intended, but also that some of maids of honour, was at that time, amongst the domestics were engaged in the con- others, in attendance on the Queen, who spiracy. She heard the approach of several distinguished her with particular favour, footsteps treading as light as possible. There and whose courteousness, affability, and was no time for barricading the door, and sweetness of manners attached the no other method suggested itself to the young lady's heart to Her Majesty poor young lady's hurried thoughts, to give * with the most fervent affection. In the King a moment's leisure for his defence, the evening of the 20th February 1437, than to oppose herself to the entrance of the Earl of Athol and his grandson attended the conspirators. And what did she do? the King, and some time after supper, the She nobly thrust her hand and arm into the amusements of the Court having been kept iron loop in which the bolt should have up tiU a late hour, James called for the part- fallen, and endeavoured by the strength of ing cup, and every one present drank before her arm to supply its place. In that trying retiring to rest. Shortly after midnight moment an attempt was made to open the Sir Elobert Graham, with 300 Athol High- door. Love for her Sovereign Lord and

landers, was in possession of the convent, Lady gave her unwonted strength ; with having entered without being observed or her arm and her whole weight she for some meeting the slightest interruption. The timeobstructed the entrance of the wretches.

King was in his own apartment, and was Alas ! it was but protracting for a little

standing before the fire-place in a sort of whUe the fate of the devoted victim ! One undress, gaily conversing with his Queen violent effort overcame the feeble barrier. and a few ladies. Lady Catherine Douglas Lady Catherine's arm was broken and had gone to her own apartment, but findin, splintered, and she was thrown with in- in herself no inclination to sleep, instead of credible force to the further end of the undressing herself she sat down and looked room. The Duke of Athol and his chosen into the convent garden. Insensibly she band of villains, with furious looks and fell into a fit of musing, the subject being a naked weapons, stained with the l)lood of young nobleman who had persuaded her to Walter Straiton, a page, whom they killed give her heart in exchange for his, who was in the passage, buret into the chamber, and then in the French army. Imperfect in- in their first attack had the cowardice to telligence had that day been received of a wound some of the Queen's women as they recent engagement, the uncertainty of his came into the room to see what was the fate occupied painfully her thoughts, and matter, and then fled screaming into comers her mind was filled with the most cruel of the apartment. The Queen alone did presages. The glancing of some light and not move, but, wrought up to a pitch of _ a whispering in the garden awoke Lady horror and frenzy, stood rooted to the floor, Catherine from her reverie, and excited her with her hair hanging loosely about her curiosity. She put out her candle that she shoulders. Yet in this helpless state one of might listen unperceived. She could dis- the scoundrels, in the most brutal manner, tinguish nothing but a kind of bustle, several people seemed to steal along the garden and enter the apartment immedi- Lady Catherine Douglas had made, enabled ately under that which she occupied. She the King, after a desperate exertion, to

then became greatly alarmed ; the un- succeed with the fire-tongs in lifting a plank seasonable hour for business in a convent, from the floor, which covered a kind of the studied secrecy, the whispers, were all square vault or cellar of narrow dimensions. circumstances of suspicion, and wore a Through this aperture he dropped, and the

terrifying aspect ; and Lady Catherine de- flooring was carefully replaced. The place termined instantly to acquaint the royal below was full of dust, and by a sad fatality patrons with her fearful apprehensions. As he had caused a small square window, she opened the door of the apartm.ent where through which he could have easily escaped, she had left the King and Queen with terror to be built up only three days previously, on in her looks—" What is the matter, account of the tennis balls entering it when Douglas?" asked the Queen. "I fear that game was played in the garden. Not treason, Madam," repUed Lady Catherine. finding the Ejng in the apartment, and for- " People have been walking in the garden getting the cellar below the floor, the con- with studious precaution, and they have spiratore proceeded to the adjoining rooms entered the convent." While they were in search. Supposing that they had left speaking a cl;ishing of arms was heard in the convent, James caUed for sheets to draw the court-yard, and flashes of torches from him out of his place of confinement. With without glared through the room. As the considerable exertion the ladies removed the noise waxed louder, the Queen and the plank, and were proceeding to extricate him 442 —a

FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STTJ

when one of them, Elizabeth Douglas ness and prosperity, of which the many wui9 into the cellar. At this unfortunate and salutary laws enacted during his reign ment Christopher Chambers hapiiened to are lasting monuments. A striking feature pass along the gallery and saw what the in James's reign was his institution of the ladies were doing. Calling to his wicked " Court of Session''—his constant anxiety associates, he entered the apartment with a for the due administration of justice among torch, and though the noise of his approach the middle ranks and the commons, and the had caused the ladies hastily to replace the frequent and anxious legislative enactments board, he carefully examined the floor, and for the speedy pmiisBment of offenders. It Boon perceived that a plank had been broken is said that when he first entered tlie king- up. On lifting it, he held the torch in the dom and heard the dreadful descriptiou aperture, and beheld the King and the given by one of his nobles of the unbridled lady. " Sirs," he loudly cried, "the bride- licentiousness and contempt of the laws groom is found, for whom we have been which evei-ywhere prevailed, that he said searching and carolling all night long. " The " Let God but grant me life and there shall conspirators broke up the floor, and one of not be a spot in my dominions where the them, named Sir John Hall, leaped into the key shall not keep the castle, and the whin cellar with a dagger in his hand. The King bush secure the cow, though I myself should grappled him by the shoulders and dashed lead the life of a dog to accomplish it— him to the ground. A brother of Hall's proverb still gratefully remembered in then descended, and aimed at the King, but Scotland. In his person James was not the blow was parried, and he was also much above the middle size, but of a most seized by the neck and thrown down. Yet powerful and athletic frame, and which in vain did James attempt to wrest a dagger fitted him to excel in alt martial and manly from either, and in the struggle he cut feats and exercises. Of these he was ex- his hands severely. Sir Robert Graham tremely fond, and we have the testimony of now appeared in the room, and in- a coutemporary, that in drawing the bow, stantly sprang into the cellar. Weary in the use of the lance, in horsemanship, and faint by his former struggles, wrestling, and running, in throwing the weaponless, and profusely ble*^ding at the hammer, and putting the stone, few of his hands, James appealed to him for mercy, courtiers could compete with him. Hia as further resistance was vain. "Thou great strength indeed was .shown in that tyrant," said Graham, raising his dagger, dreadful and almost successful resistance "never didst thou show mercy to others, which he made to his murderers. He died and expect none now. " " Then, " entreated in the forty-fourth year of his age, and was the Kmg, " I implore thee for the salvation buried in the Church of the Carthusians at of my soul, to let me have a confessor." Perth, which he had himself founded. " No," replied the assassin, " no other con- STUART, James II., King of Scotland, fessor shall thou have than this dagger." succeeded to the throne on the murder of Graham- then plunged his weapon into the his father in 1437, when only seven years of Kings breast, and the ill-fated monarch fell a.cre, and during his minority the public mortaUy wounded. Graham and the two aflFairs were chiefly directed by Chancellor brothers Hall then fell upon him and re- Crichton, who had been the minister of peatedly stabbed him in various parts of the James I. When, at length, he assumed the body savagely, even after he was dead. In government into his own hands, James dis- his breast there were no fewer than sixteen played a jjrudence and fortitude which in- wounds, any one of which would have pro- spired hopes of an energetic and prosperous duced death. Thus perished James the reign. He succeeded in overawing and First in the prime of Ufe, and in the midst of his usefulness. In his youth he escaped by a nineteen years' captivity the dark Crown, and with his own hand stabbed the machinations of one relentless uncle, and in eighth Earl to the heart in Stirling Castle. his maturity fell a sacrifice to the disap- He procured the sanctiim of Parliament to pointed ambition of another. It is well laws more subversive of the power of the known that the personal accomphshments nobles than had been obtained by any of his of this Prince were of a high character. predecessors. By one of these, not only all His long detention in England having given the vast possessions of the E.arl of Douglas him ample opportunities of mental cultiva- were annexed to the Crown, but all prior tion, of which he appears to have anxiously and future aUenations of the Crown lands availed himself. He was a reformer of the were declared to be void. He was acci- language and the poetry of his country. dentally killed Ijy the bursting of a cannon He composed various airs and pieces of at the siege of Roxburgh, August 1460, in sacred music. In short, he was a Prince re- the .'^Oth year of his age, and the 24th of his markable not only for the rich endowments of his mind, but also distinguished .for his STUART, Jaites III., was bom in the encouragement of literature and the fine Castle or Palace of St Andrews, in the year arts—for his anxiety for the due and faithful 1453, and ascended the throne in 14C0. Like administration of justice— for his affection his father and grandfather, he aimed at and regard for his subjects ; and for Ids un- humbUng the power of the nobles ; but far ceasing endeavours to promote their happi- inferior to them in abilities and address, he STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. STU

attached himself to persons of mean station, exclaiming, " A priest for the King," upon and treated his nobility with coldness and which one of the rebels, who was in pursuit neglect. Having detected a design formed of the unhappy monarch, said he was a against him, in which his brothers, Alex- clergyman, was introduced to the royal ander Duke of Albany, and John Earl of presence, and upon satisfying himself as to Mar, were implicated, James seized their the identity of the King, stabbed him to persons, and committed Albany to Edin- to the heart. Thus died James III. on the burgh Castle, while Mar was murdered, it nth of June 1488, in the thirty-fifth year of of hia is said, by the King's»command. Albany his age, and in the twenty-eighth made his escape, and concluded a treaty reign. The design of the rebel lords in with Edward IV. of England, in conse- taking arms against their sovereign James statement, quence of which he returned to Scotland III. , according to their own was with a powerful army under the Dulie of merely to free themselves from his weak Gloucester. James was compelled to im- government, without prejudice to his heirs, plore the assistance of his nobles, and while and his son James IV. was, immediately they lay in the camp near Lauder, the Earls after the death of his father, proclaimed of Angus, Huntly, and Lennox, with other King. After the body of James III. had Barons of less note, forcibly entered the been interred in the Abbey of Cambusken- apartment of their Sovereign, seized all his neth with all due solemnity, the court Ifavourites, except one Ramsay, afterwards immediately proceeded to Perth, and held created Earl of Bothwell, and, without any the ceremony of the coronation in the form of trial, hanged them over the bridge. Abbey of Scone. From Scone the King After various intrigues and insurrections, a proceeded to his Palace of Stirling, where large party of the nobles appeared in re- he took up his residence. That he had bellion against his authority, and having himself originated the rebellion against his taken up arms, and defeated the King in father, or taken a principal part in organis- an engagement at Sauchieburn, James fled, ing the army which dethroned him, does and was treacherously murdered on the 11th not appear. We can hardly think this of a June 1488. youth little more than sixteen years of .age. STUAKT, James IV., eldest son of It is, on the contrary, pretty apparent that James III., by Margaret, Princess of the Prince was seduced and bhnded by the •Denmark, was born in March 1472, and flattery and false views offered by the dis- succeeded to the throne in 1488. In that year contented barons, and d.azzled by the near a large party of the nobles rebelled against prospect of a throne, and possessed of a James III., and the malcontents having mind of great energy and ambition he obtained possession of the King's eldest unhappUy co-operated, without much per- eon, a youth of sixteen, viz., James, the suasion, in their unworthy and treasonable suliject of this memoir, they placed him at designs. Aftersome time the remonstrances their head, and openly proclaimed their of the few faithful adherents of his intention of depriving James of a crown of father awakened in him a violent fit of self-reproach was which they declared he had proved himself remorse ; but the voice of unworthy. Roused by this danger, the drowned by-and-bye in the applauses of a King formed the design of retreating into flagitious but successful faction. Shortly the north, but the rebellious lords advanc- after his coronation it seems to have been ing upon Edinburgh, he had scarcely time resolved by the members of his Council that to get on board one of the ships of his an embassy should proceed to England for friend. Sir Andrew Wood, and cross over to the purpose of conciliating the favourable Fife, when he learned that the whole of the disposition of that government to the revo- southern part of Scotland had risen in .arms. lution which had lately taken place in Proceeding {owards the north James issued Scotland, for it was dreaded that the orders for assembUng an army, and he spectacle of a Prince dethroned by his speedily found himself at the head of a well- subjects, under the authority of a son, was appointed force of 30,000 men. The con- not very likely to be acceptable to the federate nobles set up as their nominal, but English monarch ; but Henry VII., with it would appear their involuntary leader, his characteristic caution, did nothing pre- the young Prince. The parties met. The cipitately. He granted safe conducts to King drove the rebels across the Forth and the Scottish ambassadors, whilst he at same demanded admittance into Stirling Castle, time took the precaution to provision and but was refused by Shaw the Governor. strengthen Berwick-upon-Tweed, a fortress Having heard that the insurgents had against which, in the event of hostilities, he rallied near Torwood he resolved to attack knew the chief efforts of Scotland would be Neither the precise objects of them ; but in the battle which took place directed. his troops were totally routed. It is said this rebellion, nor the real nature of the that on leaving the field he was thrown Prince's concern in its progress and event from his horse, and being much stunned by are distinctly known. It is certain, how- the faU was conducted by a miUer and his ever, that James IV. always considered wife to their cottage situated at no great himself as Uable to the vengeance of heaven distance from the main road. As the for the share he took, voluntary or involun- unfortunate King was desirous to engage in tary, in his father's death ; and accordingly the duties of religion the woman ran out wore a penitential iron chain round his body, 444 STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STU

soon expected to which he added new weight every year ; saUed for Flanders, and was and even contemplated a still more con- on his homeward voyage, directed hia spicuous expiation of bis supposed offence course to the Island of May, behind which by undertakinj,' a new crusade. Whatever he cast anchor, and, being concealed from might be the guilt of the Prince, and how- any vessels entering the Forth, awaited the ever violent and unlawful were the proceed- expected prize. It was not long before two ings which prematurely elevated James to vessels appeared in the looked-for course off the throne, the nation soon felt a benefit St Abb's Head, and the English Captain, from the change which these proceedings who had seized some Scottish fishing boats effected that could scarcely have been looked with their crews, sent the prisoners aloft to for from an administration originating and watch their approach and report whether it founded on rebellion and regicide. The was Wood. On their answering in the several Parliaments which met after the affirmative. Bull cleared his ships for action, accession of the young King passed a and the Scottish Admiral, who sailed fear- number of wise and salutary laws, encourag- lessly onward, and little dreamt of any in- ing trade, putting down turbulence and terruption, found himself suddenly in the faction, and enjoining the strict execu- presence of the enemy. He had time, how-

tion of justice throughout the kingdom. ever, for the necessary orders ; and such was Soon after James' accession, the EngUsh the excellent discipUne of his ships, and sent five ships of war into the Firth of Forth, rapidity of his preparations, that the com- the crews of which plundered several mer- mon mischief of a surprise were prevented, chantmen, and made descents on both and his gunners, pikemen, crossbows, and shores, to the no small annoyance of the fire casters, stood ready at their several inhabitants. Under the reign of James the stations when he bore down upon the Eng- III., Sir Andrew Wood of Largo, a naval lish. All this had taken place in the early officer of high talent, had distinguished dawn of a beautiful summer morning ; and himself against the EngUsh ; but his attach- whilst Wood skilfuUy gained the windward ment to his old master, the late King, of of his opponents, the sun rose, and, shining •whom he was a great favourite, prevented fuU upon them, exhibited their large size him from giving iu his immediate adherence and splendid equipment to the best advan- to the government of his son. He was tage. Bull instantly opened the cannonade afterwards reconciled, however, to the with the object of deciding the action while

young monarch, who early evinced an en- the Scots were still at a distance ; but, from lightened desire to encourage the maritime the inferior dimensions of the Scottish ships, strength of the country, by applying him- the shot passed over them and took httle self personally to the study of ship building effect, whilst their opponent hoisted allhis and naval tactics. At this time a fleet of canvas and ran close in upon the English, five pirate ships had entered the Clyde, and casting out his grappling hooks, and even after committing their usual havoc, greatly lashing the enemy's ships by cables to his incensed the young monarch by giving own. A close and dreadful combat succeeded, _ chase to a vessel which was his own pro- in which both parties fought with equal perty. James earnestly represented the spirit, so that night parted the combatants matter to Wood, and required his assist- and found the action undecided. In the ance in repelling so unjustifiable an attack, morning the trumpets sounded, and the- committed at a period of profound peace, fight was renewed with such determined when a three years' truce existed between bravery that the mariners, occupied whoUy the two countries. Nor, -whatever might with the battle, took little heed to the manage- be the opinion regarding the persons who ment of their vessels, and permitted them- managed the government, could this brave selves to be drifted by a strong ebb-tide into officer resist the appeal of his Sovereign. the mouth of the Tay. Crowds of men,women, With only two ships, the Flower and the and children, now flocked to the shore, ex- Yellow Carvelj he sought out and attacked hibiting by their cries and gesticulations, the the English squadron, and, notwithstanding interest they took in their countrymen ; and his inferiority in force, after an obstinate at last, though with great difliculty, the action the five pirate vessels were captured valour and superior seamanship of Wood and carried into port. If we are to beUeve prevailed over his brave opponents. The the Scottish historians, the King of England, three English ships were captured and carried although in the time of a truce he could not into Dundee, whilst Bull, their commander, openly attempt retaliation or give his was presented by Wood to his master, King countenance to hostiUties, took care to let it James, who received him with much cour- be understood that nothing would please tesy, and after remonstrating against the him better than the defeat of Wood ; and injuries inflicted by the English Stephen Bull, an enterj>ribing merchant and upon the Scottish "shipping, dismissed him seaman of London, having fitted out three without ransom, and gave the prisoners their stout vessels, manned by picked mariners, liberty. To Sir Andrew Wood, the King, a body of cross bows and pikemen, and with the ardour and enthusiasm for warhke various knights who volunteered their ser- reno-n'n w-hich distinguished his character, vices, proceeded with much confidence of extended his special favour. When the success against the Scottish commander. seaman was not engaged in his naval and Bull, who had intelligence that Wood had commercial duties—for the two professions 445 STU FIFE SHI RE BIOGEAPHY. STU of a merchant and saUor were then strictly- competent foundation and good skill in connected—he retained him at court, kept Latin. After which they are to study three him much about his person, rewarded him years in the Schools of Arts and Laws, so with grants of lands, and, under his instruc- that they may have knowledge in the laws, tions, devoted much of his attention to the and by this means justice be administered improvement of the naval strength of his jgh all the realm ; those who may be- dominions. As the name of Sir Andrew come Sheriffs or Judges-ordinary having Wood here drops from our narrative, it may proper understanding, and the poor being not be uninteresting to our readers to be in- ' T no necessity of recourse to higher formed what became of him afterwards. courts for every small injury. Any baron Sir Andrew lived to see the early part of the or freeholder faiUng, without just cause, is reign of James the V. He was then in to incur a penalty of twenty pounds." extreme old age ; and after a long career of This Act shows that learning had begun faithful service and brilliant achievement, to be cultivated in Scotland ; and it and, after fighting in his old ship, the Yellow must have contributed materially towards Carvel, as long as her timbers held together, its advancement. Accordingly many men he retired to the Castle of Largo, in and of talent and learning shortly after this around which his coxswain, gunner, boat- began to make their appearance. The in- swain, and many of his crew were located. troduction of the art of printing into Scot- From the north gate of Largo Castle he had land, which took place about 1508, under a canal cat through a wooJsd hollow to the auspices f)f Wilham Chapman, one of Largo Church, and along this he was rowed the Royal Household, while it forms in his barge every Sunday by his old barge's another mark of the rise of learning, during crew, with the coxswain in the prow bearing the reign of James the IV., was afterwards a boat hook and keeping a look-out a-head, to afford additional means for its preserva- and an Admiral's broad pennon floating in tion and its increase. Chapman obtained the water astern. The remains of this canal from the King a royal patent " to exercise

are still visible at Upper Largo ; and along his mystery." Agriculture was not ne- that watery path, when his years were full, glected by Parliament during this reign. his remains were rowed by torchlight to the An Act was passed allowing the King and venerable fane where his tomb is yet to be his nobles to let their lands in feu-farm to

Been. But, to return to our history : The reniain to heirs in perpetuity so that it was Prince and his nobles placed the most im- not done in diminution of the rental, pUcit confidence in each other, and the people grassum, and other duties. Notwithstand- in both. This good understanding with the ing the brilliancy of James' reign and the former the King encouraged and promoted, efforts of his Government to improve their by inviting them to frequent tournaments condition, the situation of the agricultural and other amusements, and warlike exercises, population still was what would now in accordance with his own chivalrous spirit, be considered very wretched. Their land and adapted to their rude tastes and habits. was generally rented by the year, or at

These tournaments were exceedingly splen- most only for four or five years ; and their did, and were invested with all the romance houses were small and ill constructed, of the brightest days of chivalry. Lords, because from the uncertainty of their tenure ladies, and knights, in the most gorgeous they had little to incite them to erect better.

attire crowded round the lists ; or from They were still grievously oppressed by the draperied balconies witnessed the combats nobles. The cott.igers and farm servants that took place within them. By such were at this time perhaps better off than the means he was not only without a single farmers themselves, and had infinitely less enemy among the aristocracy, but all of care because they were less oppressed. An them would have shed the last drop of their author of an account of Scotland— written blood in his defence, and a day came when shortly after this period says : " Husband-

nearly all of them did so. In short, the men are very poor ; they are a kind of wisest policy could not have done mo slaves, and pay in a manner to their lords uniting the affections of Prince and i>eers, all the commodities that come of their than was accomplished by those warl" labour, reserving to themselves at the year's pastimes, aided, as they were, by the ami? end nothing but to live." "Of lawyers manners of the monarch. Let us now brii there are but few, and these about the notice the progress which Scotland had Sessions at Edinburgh ; for that in the made in civihzation during his energetic shires all matters are settled at the great reign. Education must be the foundation men's pleasures." Our author seems to of all improvements in every country, and, regret the want of lawyers in the country accordingly, the advancement of this essen districts, any that then were being resident tial element in civilization did not escapf in Edinburgh. Many, however, may be the efiorts of the King. By an Act of thi inelined to think that they could well be

Scots Parliament, 1494, it was ordainec spared ; yet nothing that is said as to the through aU the realm, " that .all barons anc ffcncral poverty/ of Scotland at this time so substantial freeholders put their eldest son! distinctly marks the tact as this want of and heirs to the schools at the ago of six, o] lawyers. The people had few rights to at the utmost, nine years, who are to remain defend, and little wealth, otherwise we may at the grammar schools till they have a rest assured the lawyers would have been 446 a

STU FIJFESHTEE BIOGRAPHY. STU found in the provinces as well as in the years ago when converting the Castle of capital of the country. The King visited Thrieve into a barrack for French prisoners. the district of Galloway more frequently Ttno of Meg's bullets were discharged on than any other sovereign of ScotKnd. this occasion, and it is remarkable that a During his whole reign he generally resorted satisfactory account can be given of both. once a year, and frequently twice to the The first, says the author of " The New shrine of St JSfinian at Whithorn, where he Statistical Account," was towards the end wept over his sins, .and with unfeigned of the last century picked out of the wall contrition formed resolutions of amendment, and given to Mr Gordon of Greenlaw. The but which were soon dissipated by the second was discovered in 1841 by the tenant alluring temptations and pleasures of the of Thrieve when removing an accumulation world. On such occasions he appears to of rubbish from the lower part of the Castle. have been attended by a numerous retinue. He came upon the ancient draw-well, which When at Whithorn on a pilgrimage in 1506 was found to be lined with black oak planka he gave a gratuity of 18s to a pilgrim from in a perfect state of preservation ; and at England for whom St Ninian had wrought the bottom lay an immense granite bullet, a miracle, as appears from his Treasurer's similar in all respects to those belonging to accounts of 1st May of that year. James Mons Meg, and still bearing marks of having visited the town of Kirkcudbright in 150S, been discharged from a cannon. It lay in and was hospitably entertained there. Tt a direct line from Knockcinnon to the was on this visit that he gave to the burgh breach in the wall, and is supposed to be his first grant of the Castle of Kirhcudbright the identical shot which wounded the fair and its lands. The gift wtis made to the maid of Galloway. On the second discharge burgesses of th.at town for faithful service of this new and terrible cannon the garrison rendered by their predecessors to his grand- immediately surrendered, and the grateful father, James II., at the siege of Thrieve King presented to M'Kim the forfeited Castle, on which occasion it is said the lands of Mollance as a reward for " con- famous piece of ordnance called Mons or structing so noble an engine of war." MoUauce Meg was first used. A tradition The gun was named after the smith (who preserved in the " statistical account'' of became Laird of Mollance), with the addi- the parish of Kelton asserts that a black- tion of Meg, in compHment to his wife, smith named M'Kim, who, with his sons, whose voice, in din, is said to have rivalled had witnessed the futile operations of James that of her namesake, the cannon. The con- II. 'sartiUery against the ponderous masonry traction of the name from Mollance to of the vast fortress, oSered, if furnished Monce or Mons Meg, was easily achieved with proper materials, to construct a more by the Scots, who sink the I's in similar efficient piece of ordnance. James II. words. The house of Mollance is still gladly accepted his offiir, and the inhabitants standing, and is situated between the Urr of the district anxious to evince their and Dee in Galloway. The balls, stiU pre- loyalty to the King and hatred of the served in Edinburgh Castle, and piled on Black Douglases, contributed each a c/aud each side of this vast gun, are of Galloway or bar of iron. The brawny M'Elim and granite (which is unlike any other), and his sturdy sons were set to work, and soon exactly simUar to those found at Thrieve. produced the famous cannon known as In 1753, by an order from the Board of Mons Meg. The unvarying tradition which Ordnance requiring aU unserviceable guns for four hundred years pointed out the place to be transmitted to London, Meg was where it was forged received confirmation stupidly sent with others and placed in the when the labourers in making the military Tower. Her name and existence became road there when removing the mound or almost forgotten by the people of Scothand knoll found it to be a mass of such cinders till 1829, when, by the patriotic exertions of and refuse as are usually left by a large Sir Walter Scott, after an absence of seventy- forge. On its completion the Royal Canno- six years, she was sent down to Edinburgh, neers dragged this enormous piece of and, escorted by the 73d regiment and three ordnance to a height in front of the Castle troops of cavalry, with pipers playing of Thrieve, which to this hour is called before her as of old, she was conveyed in Knockcannon. The charge is said to have procession to her ancient lair in the Castle been a peck of gunpowder, and the granite of Edinburgh. The species of roving Hfe, ball the weight of a Carsphairn cow. The which the young monarch led, afterwards first shot we are told went right through the became circumscribed, if not wholly ter- Castle hall, and took away the hand of the minated, by his entering into the married fair maid of Galloway, the Countess of the state. Henry of England, who had always eleventh Earl of Douglas, as she was in the been more desirous of James' friendship act of raising a cup of wine to her lips— than his hostiUty, and had long entertained circumstance regarded by the people as a views of securing the former by a matri- diiect manifestation of heaven's vengeance monial connection with his family, at because that hand had been given in wed- length succeeded in procuring James' con- lock to two brothers. A massive gold ring sent to marry his daughter Margaret. By mscnhed Ma7-ffaret de Douglas (supposed to the terms of the marriage contract, the have been on this unfortunate hand) was young Queen, who was only in her four- found by the workmen employed some teenth year when she was wedded to James, 447 STU FIFESHIRE BIOGEAPHY. STU

was to be conducted to Scotland at the ex- aU the petty causes of dissension which arose pense of her father, and to be delivered to at intervals between the two neighbouring her husband, or to persons appointed by kingdoms. But when this wise and cautious him, at Lamberton kirk. The latter was monarch expired, he was succeeded by a to receive with her a dowry of thirty thou- Prince of a haughty and unyielding temper,

sand pieces of gold ; ten thousand to be wliich made him unwHiing to purchase paid at Edinburgh eight days after the peace at the expense even of the most marriage, other ten thousand at Colding- trifling concession. James and he resembled ham a year afterwards, and the last ten each other too closely in their tempers to thousand at the expiry of the year following. remain long in terms of sincere or intimate The marriage was celebrated with the friendship. Henry VIII. of England, utmost pomp and splendour. Feastings, having inherited his father's crown but not tourneyings, and exhibitions of shows and his father's wisdom, wished to distinguish plays succeeded each other in one continued his name by splendid pursuits of poUcy and and uninterrupted round for many days, war. Possessed of high notions of the un- James himself appearing in the lists at the limited nature of his wealth and power, and tournaments in the character of the " Black impressed with an extravagant idea of the Knight. " But there is no part of the details superiority of his intellectual attainments, of the various entertainments got up on this personal accomplishments, and military skill, occasion that intimates so forcibly the bar- he became impatient of contradiction and barity of the times, as the information that control, and wished to exalt that feudal real encounters between a party of High- authority which his father had left him into landers and Borderers, in which the com- an absolute despotism. His ambitious batants killed and mangled each other with disposition led him to attempt the re-conquest their weapons, were exhibited for the of those provinces in France which had amusement of the spectators. One of the been wrested from the English as his first stipulations of the marriage treaty between important undertaking. 'The French saw the King and the daughter of Henry the the approaching storm and began to prepare VII. having secured an inviolable peace for it. They sent an embassy into Scotland between the two countries, the nation en- with large presents in money to the King joyed for several years after that event the and his counsellors. This liberaUty, in most profound tranquiUty. This leisure conjunction with some real or supposed James employed in improving the civil insults offered by the King of England, had polity of his kingdom, in making efforts to the desired effect, and James resolved upon mtroduce civilization and an obedience to hostilities with his brother-in-law. Henry the laws into the Highlands and Isles, by sailed to France in 1513 with a gallant establishing Courts of Justice at , army, and James sent his principal herald Dingwall, and various other places through- into that country to declare war against

out these remote districts ; in enlarging and him. James' letter conveying this decla-

improving the navy ; and, in short, in doing ration accused Henry of refusing a safe everything that a wise Prince could do to conduct to his ambassador—a proceeding promote the prosperity of his kingdom. In worthy only of an infidel power — it all these judicious proceedings James was upbraided him with a want of common cordially supported by his Parliament, a justice and affection in withholding from his department of the legislature in which he sister, the Queen of Scotland, the jewels and was perhaps more fortunate than any of his the legacy which had been left her by her predecessors had even been, and certainly father ; besides enumerating many other more than were any of his immediate suc- grievous charges against him. Without cessors. The Acts of the Parliament of waiting for the return of the herald the James are distinguished by the most con- Scottish King summoned an army, pro- summate wisdom, and by a constant aiming vided with every necessary for forty days' ser- at the improvement and prosperity of the vice, to meet in the Edinburgh Borough-Aluir. kingdom, whether by suppressing violence, With the army above mentioned James establishing rules for the dispensation of intended to invade England. Though the

Justice, or in encouraging commerce ; and war was by no means popular, yet out of they are no less remarkable for a spuit of personal attachment to the King a vast cordiahty towards the Sovereign, amount- host assembled at the appointed place of ing to a direct and personal affection, which rendezvous ; and amongst other warriors a breathes throughout the whole. How considerable number of the inhabitants of much of this gor d feeling and of this happy Fife under the Earl of Rothes, Lord Lind-

co-operation in good offices depended upon say, and others ; and in the middle of the the King, and how much upon the ParUa- wide common or borough muir the royal ment itself, it would not now be easy to de- standard was displayed. At Linlithgow, a

termine ; but it is certain that much of the few days before be set out for his army, merit which attaches to it must be awarded whilst employed at vespers or evening to King James. The period had now devotions in the Church of St Michael, arrived when the country was to pass from adjacent to the Palace, a venerable stranger its state of national peace and internal im- of a stately appearance entered the aisle

provement. While Heury VII. Hved, his where the King knelt ; his head was un- great penetration enabled him to remove covered, his hair, parted over his forehead. riFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. BTU

diminished. The Earl of Surrey, by various reinforcements, having ultimately assembled an army superior in numbers to the Scots, about him whicU inspired the beholders found some difficulty in supporting his with awe and fear. Nor was this feeling troops in a barren district, and during a decreased when the unknown visitant season of almost incessant rains. He, walked up to the King, and leaning over therefore, felt anxious immediately to the reading desk thus addressed him ;— " Sir, I am sent to warn thee not to

proceed in thy present undertaking ; for if by fatigue, famine, and hardships. On thou dost it shall not fare well either with Sunday the 4th of September he accordingly thyself or those who go with thee." The sent a herald to ofier battle on the following boldness of these words, which were pro- Friday. To this message of defiance the nounced audibly, seemed neither to excite King replied that he was so desirous of the indignation of the King nor those encountering the English in a pitched battle, around him. All were struck with super- that if the message had reached him even stitious dread, whilst the figure, usingneither in Edinburgh he would have laid aside all salutation nor reverence, retreated and other business and advanced to meet him. vanished amongst the crowd. Whether he The brave Earl of Angus at this juncture went or how he disappeared no one, when and some others endeavoured to appease the first feehngs of astonishment had the King's fury by mild speeches, represent- subsided, could tell, and although the ing his comparative weakness, his army strictest inquiry was made all remained a having dwindled away to 30,000 men, the mystery. Sir David Lindsay of Pitscottie advantage of protracting the war, and the and Sir James Inglis, who belonged to the dangerous counsel of the French ambassa- household of the Prince, stood close beside dor, by whose influence he was guided in the King when the stranger appeared ; and this enterprise; alleging also that the EngUsh it was from Lindsay that Buchanan the army consisted of men of mean rank, historian received the story, which was whereas the Scottish troops were composed turned into verse by Sir Walter Scott entirely of the flower of the nobUity and in hia noble poem of Marmion. It is gentry. All his reasoning, however, made stated by all historians that a proclama- no impression on the infatuated mind of the tion waa heard about the same time at the King, who, incensed at this opposition, Market Cross of Edinburgh at midni(/ht, haughtily repUed—" Angus, if you are citing the King by his name and titles, and afraid you may go home. " At these words many of his nobles to appear in another the good old Earl burst into tears, antici- world before the tribunal of Pluto within pating approaching disaster, and justly the space of forty days. Lindsay of Pit- offended took his departure from the camp scottie, in his Chronicles of Scotland, says, that night, but left behind him his two he received the particulars of this strange sons. On the 6th of September, James, occurrence from an individual on whose aware of the great inferiority of his own veracity he could rely, who waa in Edin- army, removed to an advantageous position burgh at the time when the proclamation on the hill of Flodden, near Ford Castle, was made. But, he adds, whether the which stood on the other side of the river fearful summons proceeded from men or Till. The ascent to the top of this eminence evil spirits it is impossible to determine. from the river which flowed at the foot of It was commonly believed that all who were it was about half a mile, and at the base of thus called fell in the battle of Flodden, the deoUvity stood a bridge protected by except one man that lived opposite the artillery. On the south of the hill lay a Cross, who, upon hearing his own name level plain. The nearest advance that the pronounced, threw down a piece of money, English could make to Flodden was through and said he " protested and appealed to the this plain; but on their approach they mercy of God in Christ." With this large would be exposed to the fuU view of the host, numbering a hundred thousand men. enemy on every part of it ; and the ground, King James entered England, and wasted besides, was of a hollow and marshy nature, much valuable time, not only in taking with a deep river running between the two castles and collecting booty, but even in hostile armies. The flanks of the Scottish mere thoughtless inactivity. An English lines were sufficiently protected. Sensible army at length advanced against him, com- of the superior advantages possessed by the manded by the Earl of Surrey, who had Scots, and distressed for want of provisions. received as he passed through Durham the Earl Surrey, who had encamped at Wooler sacred banner of St Cuthbert. The provi- Haugh, despatched a herald to King James sions of the Scottish troops being almost on the 7th September to provoke him, if entirely consumed some returned home to possible, to descend to the plain, and on the deposit their booty in safety and procure a following day meet the English army ou fresh supply of the necessaries of life. equal terms. James refused to see the Enormous multitudes from day to day herald, but sent one of his attendants to followed theexample which their companions state that he trusted to no advantages of

in arms had thus set them ; and James' ground, and would use no sinister means to splendid array in a short time became much gain the victory. The EngUsh commander No. LVII. 449 — :

STD FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. now despairing of enticing the Scota from The determined personal valour of James their strong position perceived that he must had the effect of rousing to the highest pitch either immediately bring them to action or of desperate courage the meanest of the retire. He had recourse, therefore, to a private soldiers, and the ground becoming bold and an apparently desperate measure. soft and slippery from blood, they pulled off He crossed the Till, and proceeded along their boots and shoes, and secured a firmer some rugged ground on the east side of the footing by fighting in theu: hose. The river to Barmoor Wood. At this place he Scots were completely surrounded by the passed the night, about two miles from the enemy ; but forming themselves into a Scottish army. During this skilful move- compact circle, they resolved to seE their ment the English were screened from obser- lives as dear as possible, and neither to give vation by an eminence on the east of Ford nor accept quarter. In the energy of Castle. Early on the morning of the 9th, despair they made dreadful havoc with their Surrey left Barmoor Wood, and marching spears extended on every side, and almost in a north-west direction almost to the penetrated through the Enghsh host. Night confluence of the Till and Tweed, he sud- arrived, and the Scottish ring of warriors denly wheeled to the eastward and re-crossed still kept their ground. the former river—the vanguard and artillery By this, though deep the evening fell. by Twisel Bridge, which is still standing, Still rose the battle's deadly swell under splendid Gothic pile called Twisel ; a For still the Scots armmd their King, Castle, and the rearguard by a ford about a Unbroken, foxight in desperate ring. mile farther up the stream. Surrey now But aa they left the dark'ning heath, had an e.asy ascent to the hill of Flodden, More desperate grew the strife of deatli. leisurely to form his whole The EngUsh shafts in ToUies hailed, and he proceeded - - " tl line in the rear of the enemy, and thus • the squadrons sweep. and his placing his army between James To break the Scottish circle deep, native country, Scotland. The Scottish That fought around their King. King, undersomeunaccountableinfatuation, The stubborn spearmen still made good suffered Surrey to make aU these masterly Their dark, impenetrable wood. manoeuvres without opposition, though Each stepping where his kindred stood The instant that he felL there were frequent opportunities for an No thought was there of dastard flight. the advantageous attack. While they saw Linked in the serried phalanx tight, English passing the Bridge of Twisel, Groom fought like noble—squire like knight. Borthwick, the Master of the Artillery, As fearlessly and well, falling upon his knees, earnestly requested Till utter darkness closed her wing permission from the King to fire upon the O'er their thin host and wounded K i n g. columns, which he could have done with the most destructive effect ; but James re- The battle having been undecided when pUed, " I shall hang thee, draw thee, and night came on, Surrey then drew back his

quarter thee, if thou fire one shot ; I am forces; for the Scottish centre not having determined I shall have them all before me been broken, and their left wing being on a plain field, and see what they can do." victorious, he yet doubted the event of the The English now advanced in full .irray field. The Scottish army, however, felt against the rear of the enemy, their army their loss, and towards day-break drew off being formed in two divisions, each division from the bloody scene, in which they left having two wings. James, on becoming their brave King and their choicest warriors. aware of this demonstration, set fire to the This disastrous battle was fought on the soldiers' temporary huts, and descended the 9th of September 1513, and as Sir Walter hill with the intention, it is said, of taking well remarks : possession of an eminence near the village Tradition, legend, tune, and song, of Bankston, which might have been useful Shall many an age that Wiiil prolong clouds of smoke that to the English. The Still from the sire the son shall hear proceeded from the burning camp mutually Of the stem strife, and carnage drear, concealed the two armies, so that when the Of Plodden's fatal field, smoke had disappeared the hostile troops Wliere shiver'd was fair Scotland's spe.ar, found themselves within a quarter of a mile And broken was her shield I of each other. The right wing of the Scots, which was composed of the flower of their The victors lost about 5000, and the loss of soldiery, began the battle, and their onset the Scots in this fatal battle amounted to was irresistible. On the left the state of about 10,000 men. Of these a great pro- matters was reversed, and the Scots were portion were of high rank ; the rem.iinder all either slain or scattered with terrible de- being composed of the gentry, the farmers, struction. The central divisions of the two the landed yeomanry, who disdained to fly armies had now joined in close and deadly when their sovereign and his nobles lay conflict The King of Scotland fought on foot in the front rank. Though the English were far more numerous, James exhibited ford, Montrose, Huntly, Lennox, Argyll, Errol, the most determined and romantic valour ; Athole, Morton, Casillis, Bothwell, whilst the young nobles around him vied Rothes, Caithness, and Glencaim ; also the with each other in feats of desperate daring. Archbishop of St Andrews, the Bishops of 450 ;

STU FXFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STU

I and the Isles, the Abbots of lu- the pangs of private distress was the chafifray and Kilwinuiug, and the Dean of monarch forgotten—the valiant, the aflable, Glasgow. To these we must add fifteen the great, the good, who in an evil hour had Lords and Chiefs of Clans, amongst sacrificed to precipitation a reign of glory

whom were Sir Duncan Campbell of Glen- and renown ; who in the vigour of his life urcha, Lauchlan M'Lean of Dowart, Camp- had fallen in a foreign land, and whose bell of Lawers, and five peer's eldest sons, mangled body was the prey of his enemies. together with the Master of Angus, and 200 STUART, Jajfes V., son of the pre- knights and gentlemen, all of the gallant ceding King, was only eighteen months old Douglas name. The names of the gentry when he succeeded to the throne, having who fell are too numerous for recapitulation, been born in April 1512. Among the per- since there were few families of note in sons who had the principal charge of his Scotland, which did not lose one relative or education were Sir David Lindsay of the another, whilst some houses had to weep Mount, Gavin Dunbar, and John Bellenden. the death of all. It is from this cause that In 1524, when only in his twelfth year, the the sensations of sorrow and national nobles, tired of the state of misrule into lamentation, occasioned by the defeat, were which the country had been brought, and of peculiarly poignant and lasting, so that to the dissensions which prevailed among this day, although at the distance of about 350 themselves, requested the young King to years, few Scotchmen can hear the name of assume the government. HLs power, how- Flodden mentioned without shuddering. ever, was merely nominal, as four guardians The body of James was found on the mor- were appointed, by whom the whole autho- row amongst the thickest of the slain, and rity of the State was exercised in his name. recognised by Lord Dacre, although much The Earl of Angus, one of these, soon ob- disfigured by wounds. It was carried to tained the ascendancy over his colleagues, Berwick and ultimately interred at Rich- and he held the King in such restraint as mond. The causes which led to this defeat induced James, in his seventeenth year, to must be traced chiefly to the chivalrous but make his escape from the Palace of Falk- imprudent conduct of the King himself, land, and take refuge in Stirling Castle, who declared that he would meet the foe on the residence of his mother. By the most equal terms in a plain field, and scorned to vigorous measures, the King now proceeded avail himself of any advantage of ground or to repress disorders and punish crime otherwise. A great error was that of throughout the kingdom. Attended by a neglecting to attack the English in crossing numerous retinue, under the pretence of the river, and in not employing his artillery, enjoying the pleasures of hunting, he made which might have broken and destroyed the progresses into the unsettled parts of the enemy in detail, and rendered their defeat country, executing thieves and marauders, when in confusion comparatively easy. and caused the law to be obeyed even in the

Again , when Earl Surrey, min dful of his duty, remotest parts of his dominions. The kept himself as much as possible out of the most memorable of his victims was the deadly brunt of the conflict, and was able to Border outlaw, Johnie Armstrong, who, on vvatch its progress and to give every division coming to pay his respects to the King was liis prompt assistance, the Scottish monarch summarily hanged with all his followers. In was displaying his individual bravery and 1535 James went over to France upon a prowess in the heat of the battle. It was a matrimonial expedition, and married Mag- gallant but a fatal weakness this, which he dalene, eldest daughter of the French King, dearly expiated by leaving his mangled who died of consumption within forty days body on the bloody field. He was slain in after her arrival in Scotland. He after- the forty-second year of his age, leaving an wards, in June 1538, espoused Mary of only son, an infant, who succeeded him by Guise, widow of the Duke of LonguevUle. the title of James the V. "No event," A rupture with Henry VIII. led to the says an eloquent writer, "more immedi- battle of Solway Moss, one of the most in- ately calamitous than the defeat at Flodden, glorious in the Scottish annals. The chief darkens the Scottish annals. Shrieks of command of the Scots troops having been despair resounded through the kingdom. conferred on Oliver Sinclair, a favourite of Wives, mothers, daughters, rushed into the the King, the haughty and discontented streets and highways tearing their hair, in- nobles indignantly refused to obey such a dulging in all the distraction of sorrow, leader, and were, in consequence, easily de- while each invoked some favourite name, a feated by an inferior body of English. husband, a son, a father, a brother, a lover, When the tidings of this disaster reached now blended in one bloody mass of destruc- James, he was struck to the heart with tion. While the pleasing labours of harvest grief and mortification. Hastening to were abandoned, while an awful silence Edinburgh, he shut himself up for a week, reigned in the former scenes of rural mirth, and then passed over to Falkland, where he the castle and the tower echoed to the took to his bed. Meantime his Queen had lamentations of noble matrons and virgins been delivered at Linlithgow of a daughter, the churches and chapels were fiUed with afterwards the unfortunate Mary, Queen of melancholy processions to deprecate the Scots. On being informed of this event, divine vengeance and to cbaunt with funeral he exclaimed, "It (meaning the Crown) music masses for the slain. Nor among cam' with ane lass, and it wiU go with ane 451 ;

STU FIFESHIRE BIOGEAPHY. 6TU

lass," and in a few days thereafter expired, back to Norway, James sailed in quest of 13th December 1542, being only in his her, and after a winter passed in feasting thirtieth year. Hia love of justice endeared and revelry at Copenhagen, returned with him to the people, who conferred on him hia Queen to Scotland in May 1590. For the proud title of " King of the Poor." To the next ten years the history of his reign gratify a strong passion for romantic adven- exhibits much tiu-bulence and party con- ture, James V. used often to roam through tention. In August 1600, while the king- the country in disgul-ie, under the name of dom was in a state of unusual tranquihty, "The Gudeman of Ballengeich. " He was occurred the mysterious affair called the . the author of the well-known ballad of "The Gowrie Conspiracy, one of the most inex- Gaberlunzie Man ; " and to him is also as- plicable events in the annals of Scotland. cribed the popular old aong of " The JoUie JFor an account of this famous transaction, Beggar," both founded on hia own adven- with the evidence respecting it, the reader tures. is referred to Pitcaim's " Criminal Trials of STUART, J.VMES, VI. of Scotland, and Scotl.and, " where the subject is ably investi- I. of England, the son of Mary, Queen of gated. In 1603, on the death of Queen Scots, and Henry Lord Damley, was bom Elizabeth, James succeeded to the throne in Edinburgh Castle, 19th June 1566. of England. He signaUsed hia accession to In July of the following year, on the forced the EngUsh Crown by bestowing a pro- resignation of hia mother, James was fusion of titles and honours on both Scots- crowned King at Stirling, when he was men and EngUshmen, but his undisguised Bcarcely more than a year old. Soon after preference of his own countrymen excited his birth he was entrusted to the care of the the jealousy and complaints of his new sub- Earl of Mar, and his youth was passed at jects. A conference held in the beginning StirUng Castle, under the tuition chiefly of of 1604, at Hampton Court, between the George Buchanan. He was of a docile but divines of the Established Church and the timid disposition, and hia progress in learn- Puritans, afforded James an opportunity of ing was rapid. During his minority the displaying hia sidll in theological contro- kingdom was governed by Regents, of versy, and of declaring his determination to whom the Earls of Morton and Murray oppress all who dissented from Episcopacy. were the most conspicuous. In 1578 James His despotic and intolerant spirit even led (issumed the government into his own him to re-light the fires of persecution. In hands, and early discovered that 1611 he caused two of his English subjects, propensity to favouritism which Bartholomew Legate and Edward Wight- panied him through life. His preference of man, to be burnt for heresy, the one at the Duke of Lennox and Captain James Smithfield, and the other at Lichfield. On Stewart, son of Lord Ochiltree, created Earl 5th November 1605, was discovered the of Arran, led to the celebrated " Raid of famous Gunpowder Plot, concerted by some Kuthven " in August 1582, when the con- English Roman Cathohcs, the object of federated nobles compelled him to dismiss which was to blow up King and Parliament Lennox and Arran from his councils. Soon and, some time after, was also detected a after, however, James made hia escape from conspiracy entered into by Lord Cobham Euthven Castle, when he recalled the Earl and others to place the Lady Arabella of Arran, executed the Earl of Gowrie for Stuart on the throne. In 1612 he lost hia treason, and banished most of the Lords eldest son Henry, a Prince of great pro. who had been engaged with him in that mise. In 1613 the eventful marriage of hia terprise. In 15S5 the banished nobles daughter, Elizabeth, with the Elector Pala- returned to Scotland with an army, and tine of the Rhine, took place. His favourite succeeded in obtaining a pardon for them, at this time was Robert Carr, a youthifrom selves as wellas the removal of the favourites Scotland, whom he had created Earl of from the King's presence. During Somerset. The scandalous murder of Sir long imprisonment of his ill-fated of mol , Thomas Overbury by the machinations

James treated her with neglect ; but when this minion, and his infamous Countess, led it became evident that Queen Elizabeth was to his disgrace at Court, which paved the atlength about to consummate her cruelty to way for the rise of George ViUiers, Duke of Mary by putting her to a violent death, he Buckingham. The unjust execution of the felt himself called upon to interfere. He gallant and accompUshed Sir Walter Bent a letter of remonstrance to the English Raleigh in 1618, to please theCourt of Spain, Queen, and appealed to his foreign aUies for has left an indelible stain on James' memory. assistance. On receiving the tidings of her The close of James' life was marked by execution, he exhibited every outward sign violent contests with his ParUament, which of grief and indign.ation. He rejected with prepared dreadful consequences for his suc- becoming spu:it the excuses of Elizabeth, cessor. By first undertaking the defence of and made preparations for war, but, con- the Protestants of Germany, and then aban- scious of the inadequacy of his resources, no doning theu: cause, he incurred considerable actual hostilities took place. In 1589 odium. His reign was distinguished by the James contracted a matrimonial alliance estabhshment of new colonies, the intro- with Anne, second daughter of Frederick, duction of manufactures, and the improve- King of Denmark. The Princess, on her ment of Ireland. He died of ague, 27th voyage, being, by contrary winds, driven March 1625, in the 59th year of hia age. 452 STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. BTU

James, who ahuddered at the sight of a was devoted to the study of history, in which drawn sword, was very expert with his pen, she delighted to the end of her life. In 1558 and he prided himself much on his literary she married Francois, Dauphin, and after- abilities. Though dogmatical and pedantic, wards King of France. This monarch his learning was extensive, and he had dying in 15C0 she returned to Scotland. strong powers of mind when divested of She now passed from a situation of elegance jirejudice. He attempted poetry with con- and splendour to the very reign of incivility siderable success. In 1584, when only in and turbulence where most of her accom- his eighteenth year, he published " The pUshments were utterly lost. Among the Essayes of a Prentiae in the Divine Art of Scots of that period elegance of taste was " Poesie ; and much about the same time he Uttle known. The generaUty of them were composed his " Paraphrase upon the Eevela- sunk in ignorance and barbarism, and what tion of the Apossle St John." In 1591 ap- they termed religion, dictated to all a petu- peared hia "Poetical Exercises at Vacant lant rudeness of speech and conduct to which Hours." His " Basihcon Doron," a Trea- the Queen of France was wholly unaccus- tise of Advice to his Son, pubhshed in 1599, tomed. During her minority and absence, and his " Trew Law of Free Monarchies," the Protestant religion had gained a kind of

both of which contain many despotic establishment in Scotland ; obtained, indeed, doctrines in accordance with his extreme by violence, and therefore liable to be over- notions of the divine right of kings, are, turned by an Act of the Sovereign and the nevertheless, works of no ordinary merit. three Estates of Parliament. The Queen, He was the author also of "Demonology, too, was unhappily of a dififerent opinion or Dialogues on Witchcraft," published in from the great body of her subjects, upon " ICOO ; a Counterblast to Tobacco ; " a that one topic, which among them actuated " Premonition to all most Mighty Mon- almost every heart and directed almost archs ; " a " Remonstrance for the Eights every tongue. She had been educated in the " of Kings ; some paraphrases on difiFerent Church of Rome, and was strongly attached either parts of Scripture, part of a Translation to that persuasion ; yet she had mto Scottish verse of the Psalms of King moderation enough in her spirit, or discre- David, and some controversial writings in tion enough in her understanding, mot to answer to Bellarmine. So fond was he of attempt any innovation in the prevailing polemics, that he founded Chelsea College faith of Protestantism. She allowed her expressly for controversial theology. subjects the fuU and free exercise of their Charles II., however, converted it into an new religion, and only challenged the same asylum for disabled soldiers. For the en- indulgence for her own. She contrived to couragement of learning,James alsofounded, attach to her, whether from his heart or only in April 1582, the University of Edinburgh, in appearance, her natural brother, the and he conferred a lasting benefit on the Prior of St Andrews, a man of strong and people of this country, and all who speak vigorous parts, who, though he had taken their language, by the authorised version of the usual oaths of obedience to the Pope, the Holy Scriptures stUl in use, which was had thrown off his spiritual allegiance, and begun under his instructions in 1S04, and placed himself at the head of the Reformers. completed and published in 1611. By his means she crushed an early and

STUAKT, Makt, Queen of Scotland and formidable rebellion ; and in reward for hia of France, was daughter of James V., King services, conferred upon him a large estate, of Scotland, and of Mary of Lorraine. She and created him Earl of Murray. For two was bom in Linlithgow Palace iu December or three years her reign was prosperous, 1542, and having lost her father about eight and her government applauded; and had days after her birth, she was immediately she either remained unmarried, or bestowed acknowledged Queen under the guardianship her affections upon a more worthy object, of Mary of Lorraine, her mother. At it is probable that her name would have years of age Mary was conveyed to France, descended to posterity, among those of the where she received her education in the most fortunate and the most deserving of Court of Henry II. The opening powers of Scottish monarchs. But a Queen, young, her mind and her natural dispositions, af- beautiful, accomplished, of an ancient and forded early hopes of her capacity and merit. hereditary kingdom, and the expectation of After being taught to work with her needle a mightier inheritance, were objects to and in tapestry, she was instructed in the excite the love and ambition of the most Latin tongue, and she is said to have under- illustrious personages. Mary, however, stood it with an accuracy which is, in our who kept her eye steadily fixed on the day, very uncommon in persons of her sex English succession, rejected every offer of a

and elevated rank. In the French, the foreign alliance ; and, sw-ayed at first by Italian, and the Spanish languages, her pro- prudential motives, and afterwards by love ficiency was stiU greater, and she spoke the most excessive, she gave her hand to them with equal ease and propriety. She Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, the son of the very early discovered, however, the neces- Earl of Lennox. This nobleman was, after sity of acquiring other branches of knowledge, herself, the nearest heir to the Enghsh

and of such a kind as might enable her to Crown ; he was Ukewise the first in succes- discharge with dignity and prudence the sion after the Earl of Arran to the Crown of

duties of a Sovereign ; and much of her time Scotland. These considerations made Mary

I 453 ;

STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. BTU solicitous for an interview witli Darnley, the discovery. Papers, indeed, were posted and at that interview love stole into her on the most conspicuous places in Edin- heart, and effaced every favourable thought burgh, accusing the Earl of Bothwell with of all her other suitors. Nature had been the crime ; and when he was charged with lavish to him of her kindness. He was tall the murder by the Earl of Lennox, the of stature ; his countenance and figure were Queen instantly ordered him on his trial. beautiful ; and, amidst the gaiety which At his trial Bothwell was attended at court celebrated his arrival, he shone with un- by a formidable array of armed followers, common spleudour. But the bounty of with a view to overawe it, and through the nature extended not to his mind. His un- management of the Earl of Morton and derstanding was narrow ; his ambition ex- other noblemen, who were afterwards dis- cessive ; his obstinacy inflexible ; and under covered to have been partners in his guilt, the guidance of no fixed principle, he was BothweU obtained a verdict of not proven ; inconstant and capricious. On the 29th of and what is more astonishing, and shows July 1565 this ill-fated pair were married; the total want of honour at that time in and though the Queen gave her husband Scotland, this wicked and flagitious man every possible evidence of the most ex- procured, by means of the same treacherous travagant love; though she infringed the friends, a paper signed by the majority of principles of the constitution to confer upon the nobles, recommending him as a fit and

him the title of King ; and though she was proper husband for the Queen. Armed with willing to share with him all the offices, this instrument of mischief, which he weakly honours, and dignities of Royalty, he was thought sufficient to defend him from not satisfied with his lot, but soon began to danger, Bothwell soon after seized the per- clamour for more power. He had not been son of his sovereign, and carried her a married seven months when he entered into prisoner to his castle at Dunbar. Being a conspiracy to deprive Mary of the there kept a close prisoner for twelve days Government, and to seat himself on her having, as there is every reason to beheve, throne. With this view he headed a band suffered the indignity of a rape j perceiving of factious nobles, who entered her chamber no appearance of a rescue, and being shown at night, and though she was then far ad- the infamous paper signed by the nobles, vanced in pregnancy, murdered her secretary Mary was forced to promise to receive her in her presence, whilst one of the ruffians ravisher as her husband, being, as it were, held a cocked pistol to her breast. Such an the only refuge for her injured honour. outrage, together with his infidelity and Every man who feels for the sufferings, and frequent amours, could not fail to alienate respects the memory of Mary, must regret the affections of a high born and high that she had not fortitude to resist every attempt to force upon her as a husband the profligate and audacious villain who had ai'dour of her love had hitherto prevented offered her such an insult as no woman her from seeing. She sighed and wept over ought to forgive. This, however, is only to

the precipitation of her marriage, and regret that she was not more than human ; though it was no longer possible to love that she, who possessed so many perfections, him, she still treated him with attention should have had them blended with one and respect, and laboured to fashion him to defect. " In the iixetrievable situation of the humour of her people. This was, in- her affairs, let the most severe of her sex deed, labour in vain. His preposterous say, what course was left for her to follow ? vanity and aspiring pride roused the resent- Her first and most urgent concern was to

ment and scorn of the nobles ; hia foUies regain her liberty. That probably she at- and want of dignity made him nothing with tained by promising to be directed by the the people. He deserteil the conspirators advice of her Privy Council, where Bothwell with whom he had been leagued in the as- had nothing to fear." The marriage thus sassination of the secretary; and he had the inauspiciously contracted was solemnised on extreme imprudence to threaten publicly the 15th of M.ay 1507; and it was the signal the Earl of Murray, who, from his talents for revolt to the Earl of Morton, Lethington, and his followers, possessed the greatest and many of the other nobles, by whose power of any man in the kingdom. The wicked and relentless policy it had been consequence was, that a combination was chiefly brought about. As Bothwell was

formed for the King's destruction ; and on justly and universally detested, and as the the 10th day of February 1567, the house in rebels pretended that it was only against which he then resided was, early in the him and not against their sovereign that morning, blown up with gunpowder, and they had taken up arms, troops flocked to his dead and naked body, without any marks them from every quarter. The progress of violence, was found in an adjoining field. and issue of this rebellion more properly Such a daring and atrocious miu'der filled belongs to the history of Scotland. Suffice every mind with horror and astonishment. it to say here, that upon the faith of pro- The Queeu, who had been reconciled to her mises the most solemn, not only of personal Imsband, was overwhelmed with grief, and safety to herself, but of receiving a-s much took every method in her power to investi- honour, service, and obedience as ever in gate and discover the regicides, but for some any former period was paid by the nobility days nothing appeared which could lead to to the princes her predecessors, the unhappy 454 ;

STU FIFESHIEE BIOGRAPHY. STU

Queen delivered herself into the hands of Babington. Though the trial was conducted her rebels, and persuaded her husband to in a manner which would have been illegal fly from the danger, which, in her appre- even it she had been an English subject, hension, threatened his life. These solemn and though no proof appeared of her con- promises were instantlybroken. The faith- nection with the conspirators, she w.as, to less nobles, after insultinR their Queen in the amazement of all Europe, condemned to the cruelest manner, hurried her as a suflTer death. The fair victhn received her prisoner to the castle within Lochleven, sentence with great composure, saying— to where she was committed to the care of that those by whom it was announced : " The very woman who was the mother of her news you bring cannot be but welcome since natural brother, who, with the insolence of they announce the termination of my a fallen woman's meanness, says Mr Whit- miseries. Nor do I account that soul to be aker, "asserted the legitimacy of her own deserving of immortal happiness which can child, and the illegitimacy of Mary, and who shrink under the sufferings of the body, or actually carried out the natural vulgarity of scruple the stroke that sets it free." On a fallen woman's impudence so far as to the evening before her execution, for which, strip her sovereign of all her royal orna- on the succeedmg morning, she prepared ments, and to dress her like a mere child of herself with religious solemnityand Christian fortune in a coarse brown cassoc. " In this resignation, she ordered all her ladies in distressing position, the Queen's fortitude waiting and servants to appear before her, and presence of mind did not forsake her. and drank their health. She even con- She managed to make her escape from descended to ask their pardon for her

prison, and soon found herself at the head omissions and neglects ; and she recom- of an army of 6000 men. These loyalists, mended it to them to love charity, to avoid however, were defeated ; and in opposition the unhappy passions of hatred and maUce, to the advice and entreaties of all herfriends, and to preserve themselves steadfast in the she hastily formed the resolution of taking faith of Christ the Saviour. She then dis- refuge in England. The Archbishop of St tributed among them her money, her jewels, Andrews in particular, accompanied her to and her clothes, according to their rank or

the border ; and when she was about to quit merit. She wrote her latter wUl with her her own kingdom, helaidhold of her horse's own hand, constituting the Duke of Guise bridle, and on his knees, conjured her to re- her principal executor, and to the King and turn. But Mary proceeded with the utmost Queen of France she recommended her son, reliance on the friendship of Queen Eliza- provided he should prove worthy of their beth, which had been offered to her when esteem. In the Castle of Fotheringay she she was a prisoner, and of the sincerity of was beheaded on the 8th day of February in which she, the simplicity of her heart, 1587, in the forty-fifth year of her age ; and harboured not the shadow of a doubt. her body, after being embalmed and com- That Princess, however, who had not yet mitted to a leaden coffin, was buried with forgotten Mary's assumption of the titles royal pomp and splendour in the Cathedral and arms of Queen of England, was now of Peterborough. Twenty years afterwards taught to dread her talents, and to be envious the Queen's bones were, by order of her son of her charms. She, therefore, under James the I. of England, removed to West- various pretences, and in violation not only minster, and deposited in their proper place of public faith, but even of the common among the Kings of England. The general rights of hospitality, kept her a close character of Mary, which should now be prisoner for nineteen years ; encouraged laid before the reader, has furnished matter her rebellious subjects to accuse her pu blicly for controversy for 250 years. She is uni- of the murder of her husband; allowed her versally allowed to have had considerable

no opportunity of vindicating her honour ; talent, and a mindhighly cultivated. By and even had the lowness to employ venial one party she is painted with more virtues scribblers to blast her fame. Under this and fewer defects than almost any other unparalleUed load of complicated distress, woman of the age in which she lived. By Mary preserved the magnanimity of a another she is represented as guilty of the Queen, and practised with sincerity the grossest crimes. By all it is confessed that, duties of a Christian. Her sufferings, her previous to the unhappy connection forced dignified affability, and her gentleness of upon her by Bothwell, her Hfe as a Christian disposition, gained her great popularity in was exemplary, and her administration as a England, especially among the Romanists Queen equitable and nuld ; and it haa and as she made many attempts to procure never been denied, that she bore her her liberty, and carried on a constant cor- tedious sufferings with such resignation and respondence with foreign powers, Elizabeth fortitude as are never found united became at last so much afraid of her, that with conscious guUt. These are strong pre- she resolved to take her life at all hazards. sumptions of her innocence. Women, in With this view, she prevailed upon her ser- general, are not less acute in their percep- vile ParUament to pass an act which might tions of right and wrong than men, nor

make Mary answerable for the crimes of all more disposed to tolerate frailties ; yet no

who should caU themselves her adherents ; female witnesses from her household ever and upon that flagitious statute, she was tried came forward to bear testimony against her, as a traitor concerned in the conspiracy of when it was out of her power to purchase 455 ;

STU FIFESHIRE BIOGKAPHY. STU

secrecy, if they had been cognisant of her Mary's captivity, disclosed to Elizabeth the guilt. None of the ladies of her court, jJan for her deliverance formed by the •whether of the reformed religion, or the old Duke of Norfolk, and thus made his sister's

faith—not even Lady Bothwell herself— fate worse ; and who, in 1569, was assassi- lifted up her voice to impute blame to her. nated in Linlithgow by an EngUsh gentle- Mary was attended by noble Scotch gentle- man, James Hamilton, whose wife he had

women in the days of her royal splendour ; insulted ; and had she not also to struggle they clave to her in adversity, through good against John Knox, a fiery opponent of her

report and evil report ; they shared her religion ? Buchanan, too, wrote defamatory

prisons, they waited upon her on the scaf- libels against her ; and the cruel and decep- fold, and forsook not her mangled remains tive conduce of Queen Elizabeth has been till they had seen them consigned to a long declared infamous by posterity, and has left denied tomb. Are such friendships usual an indelible stain on the memory of that among the wicked ? Is the companionship Princess. In the year 1563 Queen Mary of virtuous women acceptable to the dis- visited St Andrews when she was twenty- solute ?—or that of the dissolute to the vir- one years of age. In 1564 she again took tuous ? The difficulties with which Mary up her abode in that city, and occupied, aa had to contend when she returned, as a is supposed, one of the two massive dwelling- widow of eighteen, from the polished court houses next the Pends in South Street. of France to Scotland, a realm impoverished Here she was waited upon by Randolph, by foreign invasions, and conviilsed with Queen Ehzabeth's ambassador, who, in a the maddening strife of warring creeds and letter to Elizabeth, gives the following— parties, have been generally admitted account of the simple mode of her life : but their extent can only be understood by " Her Grace lodges in a merchant's house, those who have had leisure and opportunity her train are very few, and there is small to penetrate deeply into the black mysteries repair from any part. Her will is, that for of the Scotch correspondence in the State the time I did stay, I should dine and sup Paper Office. The fact that neither M. with her. Your Majesty's health was often

Mugnet nor M. Dargaud, the French times drunk by her at dinners and suppers ; biographers of Queen Mary, having e.'ca- very merrily she passeth her time ; after mined that mass of diplomatic wickedness, dinner she rideth abroad. It pleaseth her may well account for the hasty conclusions the most part of the time to talk with me." formed by the one, and the perplexities When the ambassador touched on hia confessed by the other in regard to her real errand, however,— Mary became grave and conduct and character. A solution to all would say : " I see now, well, that you are that .appears enigmatical or inconsistent in weary of this company and treatment. I her may be found in the tangible proofs of sent for you to be merry, and to see how the wicked confederacy between Mary's hke a bourgeois wife I could live with my cabinet ministers and Queen Elizabeth. little troop ; and you will interrupt our Traced, as these documents are, in a fading ritime with your grave and heavy matters, fluid on the most fragile of substances, they pray you, Su*, if you be weary here, have survived the massive walls of London return to Edinburgh and keep your gravity and Edinburgh, and outlasted many of the until the Queen come thither, for I assure stately palaces and strong castles from you you shaU not find her here, nor do I whence they are dated. Is this a mere know myself what has become of her ; you coincidence, the efifect of bUnd chance ? or see neither cloth of State nor such appear- has the angel of truth kept guard over these ance that you may think there is a Queen incontrovertible evidences of the subtlety here ; nor would I have you think that I am and treachery of the accusers of Mary she at St Andrews that I was at Edin- Stuart in order that a correct judgment burgh." Never was ambassador so grace- might be formed of the unfounded charges fully baulked of his message. brought against her, and the motives by STUART, Charles, the first Bang of which her traducers were actuated in his name in England, was bom at Dun- bringing them. It is not remarkable, in fermline on the 19 th November 1600. He this perverse world, that the true, the good, was the third son of James I., and of Anne, the beautiful should be reviUed, slandered, daughter of the King of Denmark. His and persecuted ; and can we suppose brothers having died—one in infancy, and that Queen Mary, a young, beauti- Prince Henry in 1612 at the age of nine- ful, and accomplished Princess was to teen—Charles became heir-apparent to the escape? No, verily, especially when we Crown, but was not created Prince of remember the formidable assailants against Wales till the 19th November 1616. On whom she had to struggle ; against the the death of his father in 1625, he ascended Earl of Murray, her natural brother, who, the throne, his kingdom being engaged in aspiring to her throne, did all in his power war with Spain. It unfortunately happened to ruin her—who became a spy and an for Charles I. that he had to the full as high agent of Edward VI., and then of Queen and exacting a notion of the royal preroga- Elizabeth—who raised the country against tive as either his father or Queen Elizabeth, her, and reduced her to the necessity of while he had to deal with an entirely diffe- fleeing for refuge to her jealous and sus- rent state of public opinion. The Parhament picious rival Elizabeth, and who, during impeached his friend Buckingham, and the STU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. STU

King supported him ; war with France was is under the obligation of an express con-

declared against the popular wish, and while tract with the people ; it is explicit, patent,

the ParUament was vexatious inits resistance, precise ; it is summarily expressed in the

the King was impolitic in his enforcement coronation oath ; it is drawn oat at length, and extension of the royal prerogative. To and in detail in Magna Charta, and the detail the events consequent upon the corroborating statutes, in the Petition of disputes between the King and his people Right, in the Habeas Corpus Act, in the belongs rather to history than to biograj>hy. Bill of Rights, and in the Act of Settlement. Tt may suffice, therefore, to say that pre- Nor shall we scruple to assert that our vious to, and during the civil war, King and kings and queens, in the exercise of their people seemed to have been pretty equally sovereignity, are held to the terms of this in the wrong—the former closing his ears express and solemn stipulation which is the to the increased power of the public voice, legal measure of their power and rule of and the latter exerting that power vexa- their conduct, and our constitution has tiously and gratuitously, rather than with secured the monarch's performance of hia a just and wholesome reference to sound engagements by two peculiar provisions of moral and political principle. The first a deep and subtle policy—the one in the battle between the King's forces and the form, the other in the principles of the Parliamentary army was at Edgehill, in government. The one is the judicious parti- which neither party had much to boast of. tion of the legislative authority between the For some time, however, the Royalists were sovereign and the two houses of ParUament, generally successful, but the battles of and the other the responsibihty attaching to Marston iVloor, Newbury, and Nazeby the advisers and the official servants of the were all signally unfavourable to the royal crown. It was a signal instance of divine cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Nazeby, mercy, that the goodly fabric of the British the King was so powerless that lie took the constitution was not crushed in 1649, ere it resolution of throwing himself upon the had attained perfect accomplishment as it good feeling of the Scottish army— theti now stands, by the frenzy of that fanatical lying before Newark—antl by that army he banditti which took the Ute of the First was basely sold, and deUvered into the Charles. In the madness and confusion hands of the Parliament. For a time he which foUrwed the shedding of that royal was treated with much outward respect, blood, our history holds forth an edifying hut becoming alarmed for his personal example of the effects that are ever to be ex- safety he found means to make his escape pected. In that example it gives warning from Hampton Court. On arriving on the of the effects that are ever intended by the coast, whither he went with the intention dissemination of those principles and maxims, of quitting the kingdom, he could not that kings are the servants of the people, obtain a vessel to go abroad, but crossed punishable by their masters. The same over to the Isle of Wighti,^where the Gover- lesson is confirmed by the horrible example nor Hammond confined him in Carisbrook which was exhibited in the unparalleled Castle. WhUe there negotiations were misery of France in 1789-90. Her Govern- carried on between him and the Parhament ment demolished—her King and Queen j but the dominant party commanding the murdered — her fields uncultivated — her army, and, as it would seem, anything but streets swarming with assassins, filled with sincere in wishing a reconcdiation between violence, deluged with blood. Let Britain the King and his people, cleared the House read the horror of her own deed in the of Commons of the moderate and just heightened imitation of France ; and let members, and erected a court for the trial her lament and weep that this black French of the King. Insulted by the rabble, and treason should have found its example in brow-beaten by the self-erected court, he England's unnatural sons. Let our sorrow was condemned to death, and on the 30th for our guilt that stained our land, our of January 1649 beheaded at 'Whitehall; gratitude to he.iven which so soon restored his last word to Bishop Juxon being a the Church of England, and the English charge to him to admonish Prince Charles, monarchy—let our contrition and gratitude, his son, to forgive hia father's murderers. we say, be shown by setting the example of Charles was a man of pohte taste and culti- dutiful submission to Government in our vated understanding, and a Uberal encou- conduct, and by inculcating upon our rager of literature and the arts. In private children and dependents a loyal attachment life he was temperate, affable, and religious. to a Queen who, in many public acts, has A list of his works is given in " Walpole's testified her affection for the free constitu- Royal and Noble Authors." These consist tion of this country—a Queen of whom, or of letters and state papers, with the work of the Princes who have issued from her entituled "Eikon Basilike," which first loins, and trained by her example, it were appeared after his death, and the fact of the injurious to harbour a suspicion that they royal authorship is indisputably proved by wUl ever be incHned to use their power to the publication of Dr Wordsworth, Master any other end than for the support of pubhc of Trinity College, Cambridge. While we reprobate the doctrine of the first formation of government out of a general consent, we that name. King of England, was the son maintain that in Great Britain the sovereign of Charles I., and was born on the 20th of NO. LVIII. 457 STU FIFESHTRE BIOGRAPHY. STU

hivbits. but at the May 1630. Oa the breaking out of the was inclined to uregular preserve a degree civil war in 1642, the Prince of Wales, then s.ame time he continued to from the only twelve years of age, was appointed to of popularity with the tnultitude Not- a command in the army. After the battle grace and easiness of his manners. character of of Nazeby the Prince retired successively withstanding the unfavourable legislative enactments to Sicily, Jersey, Paris, and the Hague, his reign many of his The Habeas where he took up his residence, and where were of great importance. 1679. By a he was living a refugee when the inhuman Corpus Act was passed in of King Charles sentence on his father was carried into statute in the twelfth year abolished, and execution, upon which he immediately the old military tenures were tenure of free and common socage was assumed the title of King ; and finding that one lands of the the Scots had proclaimed him at Edinburgh, established for all the freehold of wardship of infant he left the Hague for Scotland, and was laity. The right military tenure was crowned at Scone on 1st January 1651. heirs to lands held by married on Cromwell, on he.aring that Charles bad also abolished. Charles II. was daughter of ascended the throne, marched toward 21st May 1662 to Catherine, IV., King of Portug.al, who long Scotland to give him battle ; and Charles John children by his took the spirited course of passing by forced survived him, but he had no seized with marches into England. Cromwell, however, Queen. He was suddenly and expired discovering the mancEuvre, retrogaded in apoplexy on the 2d February, the year 1651 pursuit, and the royal army was overtaken on the 6th in 1085. In the burgh of Pitten- at Worcester and utterly routed. After Charles passed through the laird of Anstruther, difficulties and escapes which have rather weem on a visit to extract from the minutes the air of romance than of stsm matter of and the following Council of Pittenweem shows fact, Charles escaped to France, where he of the Town to His Majesty by resided for some years, keeping up the the kind reception given " Council on that occa- appearance of a court, but frequently Magistrates and 1651.—The Bailies reduced to great distress. Charles made _,__:_" 14th February convenit and having his principal residence at Bruges and at and Counsell being that His Majesty is to Brussels, and at Brussels he received the receavit information with his court along this news of Cromwell's death in September 1658. be in progress and to stay at Aastruther The death of Cromwell, the general discon- ast to-morrow x^ouse that night, have thought it expedient, deutie, with all bigotry which had thrown gloom over the according to their bounden respect and with all the whole land, and the dexterous policy of reverence and due wait upon His General Monk, restored Charles to his crown solemnitie they can to through this His and kingdom on the 1st May 1660. We can Majesty as he comes inveit his Majesty to only give a general sketch of the progress of Majesty's Burgh, and passes, and for that events during this reign. It commenced eatt and drink as he that ye mornes after- with a complete restoration of the ancient effect have ordaimt Cullers be put up on the order of things, both in Church and State. noone the Tonnes bartizan of y« steeple, and that at thrie The regicides were hung ; Dunkirk was the bell begin to ring and ring on sold to the French ; war declared against o'clock still until His Majesty come hither and be the Dutch, and in 1665 against France ; and siclike ; that the but both were terminated for a time by the past to Anstruth to be with the Bailies peace of Breda, concluded on the 10th of , are to be in their best July 1067. This event was followed by the who with ane guard of twentie-four dismissal of Clarendon. In January 1668 apparell, and men with partisans, and other the treaty of triple alUauce was concluded of the ablest musquettes, all in their between England, Holland, and Sweden, twenty-tour with apparell. W^m. Sutherland, com- with a view of opposing the schemes ol best captain of ye guard, and to France, an act which w.aa highly meri^ manding as His Majesty and receive His torious, An alliance having been formed wait upon West Port, bringing Hia with Franca in March 1672, war was again Majesty at the court through j'c town declared against Holland, but the violent Majesty and his Robt. Smythe's yeatt opposition expressed against this compelled until he comes to is to be coverit with ane of the King to conclude a peace in February whan ane table best carpetts ; and that George 1674. The most memorable affair of the my Lord's have in reddiness of fine flour following years was the announcement in Hedderwick great bunues and other wheat bread 1678 of the Popish plot. In 1679 an some order baiken with sugar, cannell, alarming insurrection of the Scottish Cove- of the best spyces fitting, and that James nanters was suppressed by their defeat at and other Walter Au-th have care to BothweUbridge on 22d June that year. Richardson and eight or ten gallons of good From the year 1681 Charles governed with- have reddie aill, with canarie, sack, Rainsohe out Parliaments, and not in the most con- strong tent, whytt and cl.aret wynes, that stitutional manner. During his reign the wyne His Majesty and his court may eatt capital was visited by heavy calamities —the sae drink and that in the mean tyme pla"ue in 1665, and the great fire of London and ; whyle His Majesty is here the guard doe in the following year. As to the character he diligently attend about his court, and so of Charles II. it cannot be denied that 458 "

STU FIFESHIEE BTOGEAPHY. STU soon as His Majesty is to goe away, that a formed of them by his minister at the sign be made to Auilro Tod, who is appyntit Hague, was struck with terror equal to hia to attend the cullers on the steeple heati, so former infatuation, and immediately repeal- that he may give signs to those who attend ing all hia obnoxious acts, he practised every the cannons of His Majesty's departure, method to gain popularity. All conBdenco and then the haill threttie sex cannons to was, however, destroyed between the King be all schott at once. It is thocht best and the people. William arrived with his fitting that the minister, and thereafter fleet in Torbay on the 4th November 1GS8, James Richardson, the oldest Bailie, when and being speedily joined Ijy several men of His Majesty comes to the table schew the station, his ranks swelled, while the army of great joy and sense this burgh hes of his James began to desert by entire regiments. Majesty's condescension to visite the same, Incapable of any vigorous resolution, and with other expressions of loyaltie which was finding his overtures of accommodation dis- actit. regarded, James resolved to quit the country. STUART, James, the Second King of He repaired to St (Jermains, where he was that name of England, and the second son of received with great kindness and hospitality Charles I. and of Henrietta of France, was by Louis XIV. In the meantime the bom in 1633, and immediately declared throne of Great Britain was declared to be Duke of York. After the capture of abdicated, and William and his consort Oxford by the Parliamentary army he Mary (the daughter of .James), were unani- escaped, and was conducted to his sister the mously called to fill it conjointly. Assisted Princess of Orange. At that time he was by Louis of France, James was enabled, in fifteen years of age. He soon after joined March 1G89, to make an attempt for the re- his mother at Paris, and when he had covery of Ireland. The battle of the Boyne, reached his twentieth year served in the fought in June 1690, compelled him to re- French army, under Turenne, and subse- turn to France. All succeeding projects quently entered the Spanish army in Flan- proved equally abortive, and he spent the ders, under Don John of Austria, and the last years of his life in ascetic devotion, Prince of Conde. At the Restoration he dying at St Germains on the 16th September returned to England, and married secretly 1701, aged sixty-eight. Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Claren- STUART, Mart, daughter of James the don, by whom he had two daughters, who II., married WiUiam, Prince of Orange, afterwards became Queens of England, who, although a Dutchman, has a claim to Mary and Anne. In the Dutch war he enrolment among the Royal Stuarts, because signalised himself as commander of the his mother was a daughter of Charles I., EngUsh fleet, and showed great skill and and his wife was a daughter of King James, bravery. On the death of Charles 11. in as above mentioned, of which kingdom he 1BS5, the Duke succeeded, under the title of afterwards became sovereign himself in right James II. ; and, from,, the time of his of hLs wife. WilUam was born at the ascending the throne, seems to have acted Hague in 1650, and was the son of Wilham with a steady determination to render him- II. of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and of self absolute, and to restore the Roman Henrietta Mary Stuart, King Charles' Catholic religion. After disgusting the daughter. In 1672 he was elected Stadt- great majority of his subjects by attending holder of Holland, under the name of Prince mass with all the ensigns of his dignity, he of Orange, and commanded the troops of proceeded to levy the customs and excise the Eepubhc, then at war with Louis XI V. without the authority of Parliament. He The Prince of Orange, though often con- even sent an agent to Rome to pave the way quered in this contest, always showed bold for a solemn re-admission of England into face to the enemy, manifested great courage the bosom of that church, and received prudence, and skill, and concluded with advice on the score of moderation from the France an honourable peace in 1678. Prince Pope himself. By virtue of his assumed William married, as already stated, Mary, dispensing power, he rendered tests of no king James' daughter. James, by his ex- avail, and fiUed his army and council with treme zeal for CathoUcism, every day irri-

Roman Catholics ; whde, by a declaration in tated the English more and more. His favour of Uberty of conscience, he also sought son-in-law profited by this state of matters, to gain the favour of the dissenters, who made a powerful party in England, and, at were, however, too well aware of his ultimate last, in 1683, throwing of the mask, disem- object to be deluded by this show of liber- barked on the shores of Great Britain. He ality. Thus he proceeded by every direct soon found himself surrounded by numerous and indirect attack to overthrow the Estab- partizans, at the head of whom was the

lished Church ; but these innovations, in celebrated Duke of Marlliorough. William regard both to the religion and government, also soon obliged the feeble James to with- gradually invited oppr.sing interests, and a draw to France, and caused himself to be large body of the nobility and gentry con- proclaimed King, under the name of William curred in an application to the Prince of III. He also preserved his title of Stadt- Orange, who had been secretly preparing holder. His fleet beat that of the French a iieet and army for the invasion of tlie at La Hogue in 1692. WilUam, soon after country. James, who was long kept in hisarrivalinEngland, passed overto Ireland, ignorajice of these transactions, when in- where he defeated King James at the battla RTU FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. 6TU

of the Boyne. The associations connected by the old Marquis of TuUibardine. with this battle remain till this day. We The Macdonalds, Camerons, M'Phersons, have most unhappily seen, very recently, M'Gregors, and other Jacobite clans proofs that in Ireland the differences of flocked to the camp in considerable num- religion, which occasioned the battle of the bers, and Charles in a short time found Boyne, have led to most disastrous outbreaks himself at the head of several thousand at Belfast in 1864. Perhaps these sad events, men, ill armed many of them, and slenderly however, may be partly ascribed to long provided with warlike equipments, but aU established feuds, as should be looked upon of them brave, active, hardy, and skilled in rather as poUtical demonstrations than as the use of their own weapons. Sir John uncharitable feelings in regard to the Pro- Cope having left the low country and testant and Romanist rehgions of the two marched to Inverness, Charles promptly parties who have come into hostile contact. took advantage of his absence, and at once In 1691 William headed the confederated began his march to the south. On the 17th army in the Netherlands, took Namur in of September he was in possession of Edin- 1695, and in 1697 he was acknowledged burgh, and next day took up his quarters in King of England by the treaty of Kyswick. Holyrood Palace. Cope, meanwhile, had On the death of Marj; in 1693, the Parlia- transported his troops by sea from Aberdeen ment confirmed to him the royal title. to D unbar, and was on his march towards the William died in 1702, leaving Britain power- city. On receiving intelligence of his move- ful and peaceable. He left no children, and ments, the Highlanders marched out to Anne, his sister-in-law, was his successor. meet him on the 20th of September, and STUART, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, found his forces encamped near the village second daughter of James II. by his first of Prestonpans, a few miles to the east of •wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1664, was Edinburgh. Next day a battle took place, married to Prince George of Denmark in which terminated in the complete destruc- 1683, and succeeded to the crown on the tion of the royal army. This victory made death of William III. in 1702. Her Charles master of the whole of Scotland, Majesty died in 1714, aged fifty. The con- with the exception of the Castles of Edin- tention of parties during the reign of Anne burgh and Stirhng, and a few insignificant was extremely violent, in consequence of Highland forts. He was eager to march the hopes entertained by the Jacobites that immediately into England, but his proposal she would be induced by natural feelings to was over-ruled by his council, and he spent favour the succession of her brother. Her several weeks in the Palace of his ancestors reign was also much distinguished for learn- discharging the functions of royalty, issuing

ing ; and the number of eminent writers proclamations, exacting loans and contribu- who flourished under her, several of whom tions, holding levees, giving balls, and rose to high stations, has rendered it a sort of exerting himself to the utmost to render his Augustiau age of English literature, to which entertainments attractive, and to secure the her own disposition and acquirements may pubUc favour. His prepossessing personal have had some share in contributing. appearance, well-formed and regular fea- STUART, Charles Edward Louis tures, dignified mien, and easy, graceful Phillippe Cassimer, was the grandson of manners, contributed not a little to increase James II., the exiled King of Great the popularity of his cause. On the 31st of Britain, and sou of the titular chevalier St October the Prince quitted Edinburgh, and George, by his wife, the Princess Clemen- began his romantic march towards London tina Sobieski, grand-daughter of the cele- at the head of between five and six thousand brated King John Sobieski of Poland. men. He entered England by the western Charles Edward was born on the 1st De- border on the 8th of November, and took cember 1720. He was skilled in manly the town of Carlisle after a feeble resistance.

exercises ; but his intellectual training He then resumed his march through the was not equally attended to, and he was northern counties without meeting any allowed to grow up uninformed of the consti- opposition, but also without obtaining much tution of the country which he aspired to countenance from the people. On the 4th govern. Various projects for the restora- of December the Prince's army reached tion of the Stuart dynasty had been enter- Derby, only 127 miles from London, but tained by the French Government, and their condition had become exceedingly afterwards laid aside. At length in the perilous, opposed as they were by three sjiring of 1745 Charles Edward determined armies, each more numerous than their to undertake an e.xpedition to Scotland on own, with no prospect of succour from his_ own resources, with such pecuniary France, and no symptoms of any important assistance as he was able to obtain from rising in their favour among the people of private individuals. Charles landed on the England. The chiefs were unanimously 25th July at Moidart, Inverness-shire, with convinced of the necessity of a retreat, and a train of only seven persons. The general in spite of the resistance of Charles, they rendezvous of his adherents was appointed commenced a retrograde movement on the to be at Glentinnan, a desolate sequestered 6th of December. They crossed the Scot- vale about fifteen mUes from Fort William, tish border on the 20ch, and marching and there on the 19th of Augu-st 1745 through the south-western counties they the Jacobite standard was first unfurled entered Glasgow on Christmas Day. After 4C0 a

STU FIFES HIKE BIOGRAPHY. 6YM

levying contributions on that staunch Whig Cathedral Church of Friscati. His brother and Presbyterian city, the Highlanders Henry, a Cardinal and titular Duke of Jroceeded to StirUng. On the 17th of York, the last male heir of the line of anuary 1746 they out-maucBuvred and Stuart, survived till 1807. He was a Prince defeated on Falkirk Moor the royal army of a mild and amiable character, and during under the incompetent General Halley, and the latter years of his life was supported by captured his cannon, military stores and an annuity of £4000 assigned him by the

baggage ; but this was the last of theii' British Government. triumphs. The approach of the Duke of SWAN, WiLLLUi, Kirkcaldy, died sud- Cumberland at tne head of a gi'eatly denly on the 27th March 1859 in the full superior force compelled them to abandon vitrour of manhood. An active partner of the siege of Stirling Castle on the 1st a "leading firm, that of Swan Brothers— February, and to retreat towards their firm that would be accepted, even in the Highland fastnesses. They spent two greatest marts of commerce, as the type of mouths at Inverness, suffering great priva- tions from the scarcity both of money and provisions. At length on the 16th of April was necessarily widely known, and it is only they gave battle on Drummossie Moor, repeating the general sentiment to say that near Culloden, to the Duke of Cumberland, he was as widely respected. He took at all under every disadvantage as regards inferi- times a lively interest in the welfare of the ority in their numbers, equipments, arrange- numerous hands in the employment of the

ment, and condition of their forces ; and th'm, and in his intercourse with them there even the locaUty of the fight, and after a was an unrestrained kindness seldom to be brief but fierce struggle were defeated with witnessed in similar relations. The humblest great slaughter. The conquerors behaved amongst them felt no diffidence in making with shocking cruelty to the prisoners and their little difficulties known to him ; and the wounded, as weU as to the defenceless those in charge, who were brought into inhabitants of the surrounding country, more immediate contact with him, found leaving neither house, cottage, man nor the master and friend gracefully blended. beast within the compass of fifty miles. Mr Swan gave special attention to the The interesting and romantic adventures of shipping department of the business, and Charles after the battle of Culloden form was warmly loved and respected by the one of the strangest chapters in history. captains and crews of the several vessels For upwards of four months he wandered owned by tne firm, his personal attention from place to place in constant peril of his to their wants and comforts being unceasing. life, subjected to almost incredible hardships For every case of charity, public or and privations. Sometimes he found refuge private, Mr Swan, like his brothers, alone in caves and huts, sometunes he lay had the free hand and open heart ; indeed in forests or on mountain tops with one or with him the assisting of the unfortunate two attendants. Frequently he was com- was a daily habit, and with all this giving pelled to pass the night in the open air there was a characteristic absence of the exposed to every vicissitude of the weather, least appearance of ostentation. suffering from hunger and thirst, often SYME, James, Professor of Clinical barefooted and with clothes worn to tatters. Surgery in the University of Edinburgh, In the course of his wanderings he had was born in Fifeshire in 1799. His education occasion to trust his life to the fidelity of a was received at Edinburgh University, great number of individuals, many of whom where he early manifested a taste fur were in the humblest walks of life, and yet scientific pursuits. He studied anatomy not one of them could be induced to betray under Listen. Having passed his examina- him even by the offer of a reward of tion as a surgeon in London, he returned to £30,000. At length a privateer of St Edinburgh, and soon became eminent as an Maloe's, hired by his adherents, arrived in anatomist and lecturer. He published in Loch Naunuagh, and Charles embarked on 1831 his "Treatise on the Excision of board that vessel for France, accompanied by Diseased Joints," and in 1833 became Pro- Lochiel and a few other friends, and on the fessor of Clinical Surgery, and subsequently 29th September 1746 landed at Erittany. Surgeon to the Boyal Infirmary. He was After his compulsory removal from France chosen Professor of Surgery at University in 1748, on the conclusion of peace with College, London ; but after being a short England, Prince Charles Edward went first time there, he returned to Edinburgh, and to Venice and then to Flanders. He con- resumed bis Professorship. He is con- tinued for years to be the object of the hopes sidered by the profession as one of the most of the Jacobites and the centre of their expert of living operators. The man who intrigues, and in 1750 ventured to pay a is much occupied in the practice of surgery, visit to London for the purpose of promot- and who has had the advantage of having ing a scheme which was soon found to be been early nominated as surgeon to a large impracticable. In 1766 he laid aside the hospital, incurs an obHgation that he should title of Prince of Wales and assumed that from time to time faithfully communicate of Count D Albany. He died at Kome on to the profession the results of his experi- ence, and Professor Syme has faithfully fid- filled this obligation. He has told us that 401 —

FIFESHIRE BIOGRAPHY. TAY

" for a long period of years he has been en- before the Presbytery of St Andrews. How- gaged in teaching surgery with the advan- ever diversified opinions might be as to the tage of a great hospital as a field of instruc- merits and demerits of those celebrated dis- tion." He has also, we know, been engaged !ons, few doubted—even amongst those daily in giving oral lectures to a large class were opposed to him—such was the of young students at Edinburgh, and he has skiU and abihty which Mr Taylor evinced published practical works which students of a debater—that if fortune had placed him surgery of all ages can read in every part of the world. He has worked zealously and the highest honours and dignities of that profitably. His large work in 1841, entitled, profession. " Principles of Surgery," has been in the TAYLOR, Robert Sutherland, Esq., libraries and consulted by the profession for Sheriff-Substitute of Fife, was born in many years. Among various works and December 1805 at Damoch, Sutherland- memoirs the following have gained him shire, and was educated at the Royal great reputation, viz :— his " Treatise on Academy of Tain, at King's College, Aber- Diseases of the Rectum ; " " Contributions deen, and the University of Glasgow. He '* to Pathology ; " The Practice of Surgery,' studied law in Glasgow and Edinburgh, anil " &c. ; and in his recent work, Observa- then held almost all the public county offices tions in CUnical Surgery," 18C1, he has in Sutherlandshire, in succession to his given graphic accounts of many important father, from 1829 to 1842, when he was ap- surgical operations, some of which not only pointed Sheriff-Substitute of Rosshire, and do credit to Professor Syme himself, and to administered that office with acceptance for the county of his birth, but to Scotland and fifteen years. When he left Tain he was, to the age we live in. Allusion is specially on account of the universal feehng of made to his operations in desperate cases of respect and esteem entertained for him, large axillary and carotid aneurisms, in presented with a valuable gift of plate by which, no other resource appearing avail- the gentlemen of the district. In October able, be had boldly recourse to the nearly 1857, Mr Taylor was appointed to the office hopeless operation of cutting. He ventured of Sheriff-Substitute of Fife, and during the to make incisions into the large aneurismal nine years which have since elapsed, he has sacs, and dexterously succeeded in securing given the highest satisfaction to the pubUc, large both ends of the _ arterial trunks, and in private life has enjoyed the warm rescuiflg the patient from impending death, regard of the community. and finally curing the disease. TAYLOR, George, parochial school- master of Liberton, is a native of Largo, Fife- shire, and was educated at the Parish School there, and at St Andrews University. After being engaged in teaching several subscrip- TAYLOR, Rev. Anstrdthee, minister tion schools he became successively parochial of Carnbee, expired, after a severe and schoolmaster of Anstruther-Wester, to

lingering illness, at the manse there on the which he was elected in 1836 ; of Ceres in 28th October 1863. Mr Taj'lor was born 1844, and of Liberton, near Edinburgh, in

in 1793 ; and on the death of his father, the 1845, which last position he still holds. In Rev. Joseph Taylor, he was appointed to 1837 Mr Taylor published "Pontia, a succeed him as parish minister of Carnbee Tale, and other Poems," a volume which in 1816, by the patron. Sir Robert An- was favourably noticed, and some of the struther. Baronet of Balcaskie. While at smaller pieces in which found a place in the College Mr Taylor distinguished himself as "Book of Scottish Song," " Chambera' an ardent and laborious student, and such he Journal," and other collections. Besides continued through life. Not only were his contributing verses and tales to various

attainments solid and extensive on those periodicals, and several articles to M'Phail's - branches of learning more immediately con- Magazine, Mr Taylor edited " The Scottish nected with his own profession, but on all Educational Journal," the organ of the subjects likely to engage the attention of a Educational Institute of Scotland, from vigorous and inquiring mind, his knowledge October 1853 to November 1855, when it was thorough and complete. His studious was discontinued. In 1862 he published a " and retired habits, however, prevented to a pamphlet entitled The Bible : its Printers greatextent his talents and acoomiilishments and Readers," advocating the advantage of

from being generally known ; but those who printing the Bible in paragraphs ; and in knew him best, and were competent to 1865 "The Analytical Bible Class Book," estimate the real value, speak of them with which has been well received. Jlr Taylor unquaUfied praise. He was intimately is an artist of some ability, and his paintings acquainted with the history and constitution have ai^peared in the exhibitions of the of the church, and in all matters relating to Royal Scottish Academy. The authorities of the forms and procedure of her courts he the parish of Liberton have not been slow to

was justly esteemed an authority ; but that acknowledge and avail themselves of the pro- which secured for Mr Taylor's name its fessional and general abilities of Mr Taylor wide celebrity was its connection with that a circumstance to which he was indebted for of Dr Ferrle, of Kilconquhar, in those special mention in Parliament under the memorable proceedings several years since pseudonyme of Ida unaginary predecessor iu 462