Erich Fromm and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann Their Years in Germany

Home , Hans Prinzhorn, Hermann Nunberg, Karl Abraham

Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For personal use only. Citation or publication of mate- rial prohibited without express written permission of the copyright holder. Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszentrums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. Veröffentli- chungen – auch von Teilen – bedürfen der schriftlichen Erlaubnis des Rechteinhabers.

Klaus Hoffmann

Paper presented at the Erich Fromm International Symposium in Cooperation with the Washington School of Psychiatry, the William Alanson White Institute New York and the Mexican Psychoana- lytic Institute at Washington, May 5-8, 1994.

I am indebted to Ed Brooks, Norman Elrod, 1. Life history until the First World War Heinz Faulstich, Gerhart Fichtner, Michael Schmidt-Degenhard and Ann-Louise Silver Frieda Reichmann was born on 23 October It is a great honour for me to speak here in 1889 in Karlsruhe, the oldest of three daughters. Washington about a psychoanalyst who lived The parents were middle-class Jews, „solidly and worked 44 years in Germany. I will deal rooted in middle class respectability (Hoff, 1982, also deeper with two of the four colleagues p 115). Her father (1859-1924) worked in a Frieda Fromm-Reichmann devoted her principal bank; her mother (1867-1952) was a trained work „Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy“, teacher and worked at home. Kurt Goldstein and Georg Groddeck, and I will Karlsruhe had been for nearly a century the mention further colleagues who worked to- capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden, one of the gether with her, Hans Prinzhorn, Karl Landauer, more liberal German states. There, the 1848 Heinrich Meng and Sigmund Heinrich Fuchs, revolution found many adherents. Even the better known under his later English name Foul- Grand Duke himself supported it at the begin- kes. ning. The revolutionaries became so powerful in For the paper presented, I owe a lot of 1849 that the Prussian army intervened and de- credit to Ann-Louise Silver whom I met in feated the revolutionary army in the field. The Stockholm at the International Congress for the Prussians remained in Baden until 1852. After- Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia in August 1991. wards, many people left the country, due to There, we developped the idea to compile the poverty and to political disappointment, most biography of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, and do- of them for the United States. In most of the ing this work, I could learn a lot about psychia- towns (Mannheim, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, try and psychoanalysis in Germany before 1933. Freiburg, Konstanz), there were quite a few Frieda Fromm-Reichmann never wrote an Jews, not only in private enterprise, but also (in autobiography, she even left orders to have all contrast to Prussia) in the Civil Service and bank- documents in her house burnt. In 1956, one year ing. before she died, she gave a recorded interview The younger sisters, Grete and Anna, fled to Dr. Irwin Kasle and Edna Cailie Scott where after 1933 to Palestine and lived in Israel. Anna she spoke about her years in Germany. Parts of lived to be more than 80 years old (Hoff 1982, it are published in Ann-Louise Silver’s „Psycho- p 119). „These two sisters of mine had to suffer analysis and Psychosis“ (1989). terribly because I worked out to the dot exactly the way mother had dreamt it should be until I began to outshine her. That was not in the pro-

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gram.“ (Tape, p 2). education combined with manual training. The family moved to Königsberg in East Prussia Workers were granted free housing and worked in 1890 when Frieda was one year old. Her fa- not more than 10 hours a day. Sunday was a ther had found there a better position and once day off for everyone. According to Helene in Königsberg the Reichmanns belonged to the Simon his knowledge of economics was excel- more influential orthodox Jewish families. lent, his knowledge of psychology quite bad Founded in 1242 by the German Order, (1919, p 13). Towards the end of his life, he Königsberg became an important German town even fought for sexual liberation. From the age for trade with the Baltic countries and Russia. In of two years on, children should be educated in 1525, it became the capital of the Protestant work schools - education with production! More state of Prussia, and in 1544 the university was and more, Owen became critical towards the founded. Famous philosophers like Immanuel church, which promoted individualism too Kant (1724 - 1804) and Johann Georg Hamann much and did not care about ethics at the work (1730 - 1788) lived there. After the union of place. Because of this he encountered more and Brandenburg - Prussia in the 18th century it was more difficulties, and he eventually emigrated to the most eastern larger town in Germany. Hav- the United States in 1825. He bought a colony ing suffered during the First World War, it was there founded by the Suabian pietist Rapp, destroyed and nearly all the German inhabitants which was operated under strict Christian prin- expelled between 1945 and 1947. ciples. But also here he found no bed of roses. Very late in her life Fromm-Reichmann The inhabitants of the colony were forbidden to (1989, p 471) remembered how her father had consume alcohol or drugs, but they had a fa- loved his wife very much. She recalled how her mous distillery. Owen also bought a place called motherdid everything she could to make the New Harmony in 1825. It was supposed to be marriage harmonious. And she succeeded! When run according to communist principles, but she said „Move“ to a mountain, the mountain losses caused by fraud and corruption cropped moved. up quite soon after the takeover costing Owen Both Fromm-Reichmann’s mother and fa- $200,000, 80% of his fortune. Owen returned ther suffered from deafness which developed in to England in 1829 and spent the rest of his life late adulthood, and Frieda was also to suffer there. His main concern remained the coopera- from it later on. In her mother’s case, it started tive movement. He founded a consumers’ and after the youngest girl’s birth. In 1956, Frieda producers’ cooperative in London. From 1836 (1989, p 470) recounted what she heard her to 1844, Owen wrote his principal work „The parents say at that time. Her mother was un- New Moral World“. The term Socialists ap- happy that she could not have any more chil- peared here for the first time in history. dren, although she had very much wanted six Helene Simon considered Owen’s Socialism further children and a boy. By the time Frieda humanistic, although it was not party-bound. It was 16 years old, her mother was almost com- was a personal allegiance to a good idea. Her pletely deaf. niece Frieda took a similar stance in the psycho- Fromm-Reichmann’s aunt on her mother’s analytic movement. side was HELENE SIMON, who published a Getting back to Königsberg, it should be book about the socialist Robert Owen (1905, said that girls there could not obtain a regular second edition 1925) and a collection of Owen’s school matriculation. Frieda’s mother was a papers (1919). Robert Owen lived from 1771 to member of the Association for Women’s Educa- 1858. He grew up in conditions of poverty. But tion and Women’s University Studies. She he became a self-made man, founding a cotton founded a private high school where girls could factory. Needless to say he became quite rich. earn their „Form One“ in four years. Frieda But rich or not he established a cooperative for completed the course. „I was everything mother his workers in New Lanark in England. Local ag- wanted. „ (Tape p 2) In 1956 she recalled (tape, ricultural production oriented towards healthy p 2) that she had always been the smallest child, food was promoted. The children received free be it in competition with the boys or in compe-

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tition between Jews and non-Jews. Following showed a disturbed pupillary reaction to light. her family training, Frieda obeyed the Jewish Differentiating between the different forms of laws strictly up to 1926. schizophrenia, 53.4% of the hebephrenics, Having finished Form One in 1907, she 77.71% of the catatonics and 19.23% of the stayed at home for a year as she was too young paranoids showed this changed reaction. to start university studies. At home, she learned From 1914 to 1918, she worked as an assis- sewing, knitting and cooking. She played the pi- tant at this very psychiatric and neurological ano quite well. university hospital in Königsberg under Kurt Goldstein as her director. He kept this post although he was then already working in Frank- 2. Neuropsychiatry in World War I furt. She took on a great portion of Goldstein’s own duties but also had the opportunity to The brain-injured soldier and holistic treatment: write numerous publications together with him. Kurt Goldstein and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann Despite the tremendous work load - it was war- From 1909 to 1914, Frieda studied medicine time in Germany! - she stuck to her Jewish rules: in Königsberg and Berlin. At first she liked ob- „As far as the clinic went, I said ‘no’ to office stetrics very much (1989, p 473). Then, in the hours on Saturday. I was strictly orthodox then. course of attending psychiatric lectures, she de- So we had no office hours in a Prussian hospital. cided to go into psychiatry. In 1956, she de- Everybody knew why. I ran the hospital for two scribed her first meeting with a manic-depressive years, but it wasn’t me. You can go over the ex- patient: „And then I went to see him afterward, cellent records of two years and you will not much to the surprise of everybody. Whoever find my name anywhere.“ (1989, p 477) Offi- would say something to a crazy man and do it? cially, as a Jewish woman, she could not man- I can still see what the man looked like, with my age the hospital, but in real life, she did it and inner eye.“ (1989, p 474). The story of Frieda’s was quite respected by the public. meeting this patient made the rounds. - The pro- The articles she published between 1914 and fessor’s wife was a friend of Frieda’s mother, so 1918, partly alone, partly with Goldstein, are ex- that quite soon the mother knew about it. cellent examples of solid scientific neurological During her seventh term, she studied in research. They also reveal a devoted interest in Munich and attended psychiatric lectures given working for the underprivileged, as shown in ar- by Kraepelin. In 1956, she described an occur- ticles published in newspapers and journals for rence at one lecture: „He presented an epileptic, nurses about how to care for wounded soldiers. and I still can tell you what he looked like. I left In a psychiatric article written together with the class and thought, ‘this I could do better.’ I Goldstein, she investigates the changes in the was outraged about the way he did this talk in white blood cells of catatonics. Most scientific the presence of the patient about his epileptic articles are neurological, mainly neurotrauma- seizures, about the epileptic character.“ (1989, p tological. This was wartime, and there were 474). Already in those years, she regarded medi- many wounded soldiers! In one publication, she cine as a humanistic endeavour, as a dialogue differentiates somatic from psychogenic paresis with the patient. and states that most symptoms caused by gun- In 1914, Frieda graduated in medicine. She shots are somatogenic as well as psychogenic. wrote her dissertation under Kurt Goldstein, the Fifteen years later, her master Groddeck was to consultant of the psychiatric university hospital reemphasize this principle! Another paper, on in Königsberg (director: E. Mayer) about pupil- aphasia, stresses the training programs useful for lary changes in schizophrenics, an important patients suffering from this condition. topic even today (for example speeches given at In 1920, Goldstein and Reichmann give a the congress of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für comprehensive summary of the practical and Psychiatrie und Neurologie in 1992). After a re- theoretical results of the experiences with per- view of the literature she presented 149 Königs- sons with brain injuries. They repeat that train- berg cases of her own, of whom 79 (53%) ing programs are quite important (p 437) and

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ask for a job specific work therapy (p 450). ments, not the other way round. Thus, he made Freud, Storch, Pick and Goldstein are quoted as psychology to a basic science of medicine. That they, too, stress that psychological factors must holistic view put him in opposition to Karl Jas- be regarded as very important. „Psychology has pers and his model of psychic strata - organic, to be the guide in establishing physiological schizoid, affective and neurotic. Jaspers saw theories.“ (p 462) normal psychology and formulated the different Who was KURT GOLDSTEIN? He was born types of pathology, Goldstein investigated pa- in 1878 in Kattowitz / Oberschlesien, he studied thology to find laws about the healthy. Here, he medicine in Breslau and Heidelberg. He finished resembled very much Sigmund Freud. As we his dissertation in Breslau, on the „Zusammen- know, modern academic psychiatry has fol- setzung der Hirnstränge. Anatomische und kri- lowed all over the world Karl Jaspers who could tische Übersicht“ (The composition of the brain be seen in the same line as Emil Kraepelin. Gold- cords - anatomical and critical overview) in stein has always remained important in psychol- 1903. In 1904, he worked for several months ogy and neurology. His consequences in psychi- with Ludwig Edinger at the neurological institute atric treatment would have been psychothera- in Frankfurt. From 18.10.1904 until 23.9.1905, peutic ones, and that was strange to most aca- he worked under Alfred Hoche in the psychiatric demic psychiatrists who, for a long time, were university hospital in Freiburg / Breisgau. Hoche much more interested in nosology than in ther- fought strongly against psychoanalysis and apy. wrote, together with Binding, a booklet de- Goldstein called his own approach organ- manding euthanasia for people not worth to ismic and described it in the 1959 edition of the live. From 1905 to 1906, Goldstein worked with American Handbook of Psychiatry (Chapter 65, the famous Berlin neurologist Hermann Oppen- p 1333 - 1347). From a biological foundation heim. From 1906 to 1914, he worked in Königs- which he called inborn character or intrinsic berg, finished his habilitation in 1907 „Ueber das courage (p 1337) he formulated the single drive Realitätsurteil halluzinatorischer Wahrnehmun- towards self-realization. Goldstein saw an evolu- gen“ (About the reality testing in hallucinations). tion from the concrete thinking of the infant to Becoming an extraordinary professor in 1912, he the abstract thinking of the healthy adult. This went to Frankfurt in 1914, keeping his post in abstract thinking is the prerequisite for choice Königsberg. In 1922, he became director of the and is reduced in schizophrenia. Neurotics are neurologic institute in Frankfurt which was a able to think in the abstract way, in psychother- theoretical research institute. In 1917/18 he es- apy they have to be confronted with the value tablished the institute for the sequelae of brain question. From his stronlgy holistic view, Gold- injuries and the military hospital for brain in- stein advocates psychotherapy for all diseases as jured patients with more than 100 beds. „The transference is important in all treatments (p work in the military hospital for brain-injured 1339). The aim consists always in a communion patients has a distinctive character quite different with others. Also the schizophrenic patient can from that of other military hospitals. Here it is realize this in the therapeutic relationship. Gold- not a matter of only medical, but also of psy- stein quotes Sullivan, Klaesi, Fromm-Reichmann chological, pedagogical and occupational meas- and Rosen. He supports the psychotherapy of ures, and that naturally requires special equip- schizophrenics in the sitting position, and he ment and a special organization.“ (Laier 1992, p agrees with Fromm-Reichmann that the form of 4) In 1926, he established a sanatorium for the communication and the interpersonal rela- brain-injured patients where training and reha- tionship are more important than the direct con- bilitation prevailed. tents reported by the patient. - As well as Georg Being one of the leading neurologists in Groddeck, Kurt Goldstein is a monist, whereas Central Europa, Goldstein established a close Freud remained a dualist. cooperation with the gestalt psychologist Ad- Goldstein promoted the psychoanalytic hémar Gelb. For Goldstein, psychologic ques- movement without ever becoming a member of tions had to guide the physiological experi- the Psychoanalytic Society. He carried on a

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broad correspondence, e.g. with Ludwig ates. There was a man who didn’t take off his Binswanger etc. From 1930 to 1933, he was di- cap as the great professor came in. One of the rector of the neurological department in Berlin- attendants or the head nurse asked him, ‘Why Moabit. He fled first to Amsterdam, where he don’t you take off your cap?’ And he said, ‘But I wrote „Der Aufbau des Organismus“ (The Or- can’t. These birds which I have there underneath ganism), his principal work. From 1935 until his my cap will fly.’ And everybody laughed no death in 1965, he lived and taught in New York. end. I was so mad I could have killed them, be- He never lost his contact to European colleagues cause I knew it meant something...“ (Fromm- - in marked contrast to Frieda Fromm- Reichmann 1989, p 475) Reichmann. Going back to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, it does not seem that she conducted any psycho- 3. Frankfurt on the Main 1918 - 1920 analytic treatments during her time in Königs- berg. She recounted how she read Sigmund In 1918, Frieda followed Goldstein to Frankfurt Freud already then. She learned from him that to work in his Institute for brain-injured patients. transference phenomena are quite important in For three to four years, she took over the care the patient-doctor relationship. At the same of the child of a woman friend who was a mor- time, the famous psychoanalyst Karl Abraham phine addict. The child was 10 to 14 years old. was a military doctor in Allenstein / East Prussia and treated soldiers psychoanalytically (Laier 1989, p 10/11; Cremerius 1982, p xxvi). Frieda 4. Dresden 1920 - 1923 does not mention him. She seems to have heard of him neither in East Prussia nor in Frankfurt, After years of intensive work in neurology and where he gave the first psychoanalytic lecture at psychiatry, Frieda wanted to learn psychother- the annual assembly of the German Psychiatric apy. She took a job in J.H. Schultz’s „Weißer Association on 27 April 1907. He spoke on the Hirsch“ (white deer) sanatorium near Dresden. significance of sexual youth traumata for the Goldstein had recommended her to Schultz. symptomatology of dementia praecox (Abra- Both Goldstein and Schultz were active mem- ham 1982, p 397). bers of the „Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Later, Frieda gave some hints that her hu- Psychotherapie“ manistic attitude led her to a clinical approach In 1957, Frieda described JOHANNES H. which developed quite naturally into a genuine SCHULTZ as „the only man at that time who psychoanalytic attitude: „I personally remember really seriously did psychotherapy as such in only too well the time when I dealt psycho- Germany“ (1989, p 478). Born in 1884 in Göt- therapeutically with mental patients, before I tingen, he studied medicine from 1902 to 1909 was acquainted with Freud’s teachings. I realized there and in Breslau (Bonhoeffer). In 1905, he with distress that something went on in the pa- spent several vacation weeks with Karl Jaspers tient’s relations with me, and in my relations (1964, p 51). He started his medical career in with them, which interfered with the psycho- Frankfurt at Ehrlich’s institute (1964, p 59), therapeutic process.“ (1960, p 63) And in 1956, where he began to work with hypnosis. Some she stated: „When I was an intern at the psychi- years in Breslau and Chemnitz followed. In 1913, atric hospital of the medical school of the Uni- he entered Otto Binswanger’s clinic in Jena versity of Königsberg, nobody knew yet what (1964, p 67). There, he worked with Ernst psychotherapy was. But I knew it could be Speer, who also performed hypnosis and who done. What I did was sit with the psychotics. later became director of a small psychotherapeu- Day and night, and night and day, and listen to tic sanatorium for psychotic patients in Lindau, them and just say a few kind things so that they where he started after the Second World War went on. I got furious when they were mis- the „Psychotherapiewochen“ (1964, p 69). At treated. For instance, one day when we made his exam for District Medical Officer in 1914 Karl rounds, first the big boss and then all the associ- Bonhoeffer posed the question „Die Bedeutung

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der Psychoanalyse in der Psychiatrie“ (1964, p the poor. 71). His habilitation was delayed due to the First In those years, she also got to know Erich World War when he was a military doctor in Fromm, who knew her school friend Golde East Prussia. In Allenstein he met Karl Abraham. Ginsburg. Still in Dresden, she started her psy- In 1919, Schultz finished his habilitation in psychoanalytic training in 1923, first with Witten- chotherapy in Jena. In 1920, he accepted the of- berg (Karin Dittrich) in Munich, later with Hanns fer to become superintendent of Lahmann’s Sachs in Berlin. sanatorium in Dresden. Indeed, up to then, Together with Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Schultz might be called one of the very few, per- the famous psychiatrist HANS PRINZHORN haps the only university teacher in Germany (1886 - 1933) worked at the Weißer Hirsch in who did most of his scientific work in psycho- Dresden. He graduated first and took a doctor- therapy. He remained ambivalent towards psy- ate in art history, took instruction as a singer, choanalysis. He spoke about his three-year pro- but became well-known in his final profession as fessional attempt at self-analysis (1964, p 19). He a psychiatrist. 1918, he started his career in the took over Lahmann’s sanatorium in 1920. university hospital in Heidelberg under Wil- In his autobiography, Schultz describes manns. According to Geinitz (1986, p 173) he at- Frieda as a „convinced and devoted Zionist“. tended psychoanalytic courses there at the psy- „She did her work in a thorough, hard-working chiatric university hospital. and scrupulous way and made her patients On the 47th „Wanderversammlung der happy by her warm-hearted amiability. She, too, südwestdeutschen Neurologen und Irrenärzte“ came from the more spiritually orientated re- in Baden-Baden on 27 May 1922 (published in search world and needed experience in the col- the Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und ourful atmosphere of the sanatorium. Once, for Psychiatrie 1923) he claimed that psychoanalysis example, she treated a 40-year-old divorced has a decisive mission in society in general as woman with unclear but heavily lamented well as in psychiatry. He directly attacked Ho- symptoms. Already after a very few days of psy- che, who had damned psychoanalysis in 1910. chotherapy, she could report to me an astonish- He himself stated: „Since I have been working ing improvement which remained constant for practically with psychoanalytical points of view six weeks until shortly before the patient’s de- for some years, have been constantly in touch parture. At that time, the symptoms became with psychoanalysts and their patients, and per- quite strong and acute again. The patient had sonally spent a half-year in Vienna and Zurich in not told the doctor, in whom she had obviously studies at the sources. („da ich seit einigen Jah- seen a philistine puritan due to her disciplined ren unter psychoanalytischen Gesichtspunkten attitude that shortly after herself, her boyfriend praktisch arbeite, ständig mit Analytikern und ih- had also entered the sanatorium. The older ren Patienten in Verbindung stehe und eigens team members in the sanatorium personnel had ein halbes Jahr in Wien und Zürich Studien an known this already.“ (p 93) der Quelle getrieben habe“ (p 1)). Psychoanaly- In 1956, Frieda described the scepticism as sis meets the psychiatric emergency by looking well as the fascination she felt toward J.H. for reasons. It helps to develop a holistic ap- Schultz. On the one hand, he looked „so an- proach to the patient. Among those psychiatrists tisemitic“ (Tape, p 7). On the other hand, she working psychoanalytically he mentions Bleuler teased him back when he teased her by saying and Jung, who have meanwhile separated from the child living with her could only be her own. Freud, as well as Binswanger and Schilder. In the sanatorium, she insisted on kosher food In 1922, he published his famous collection for herself and for the other Jews. She also do- of pictures painted by mentally ill people, nated a big part of the tips given her by mostly from the psychiatric university hospital in „wealthy fools“ to poor people, to the blue and Heidelberg - 75% by schizophrenic patients - white Zionists whom she treated free of charge (Prinzhorn 1922, p 53), and called it a contribu- in her spare time. She worked enormously, dur- tion to psychology and psychopathology of ing daytime for the wealthy, in the evenings for form („Gestaltung“). Wilmanns had already be-

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gun to collect pictures, but Prinzhorn enlarged rotics in peacetime. this collection up to 5,000 pictures from mental Also in 1923, her paper „On the sociology hospitals in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy of neuroses“ („Zur Soziologie der Neurosen“) and Holland. In his theoretical remarks, he was published in the „Zeitschrift für die gesamte stressed the concept of schizophrenia developed Neurologie und Psychiatrie“, which was the by Eugen Bleuler, putting the affective and autis- journal of German academic psychiatry in those tic disturbances in the foreground (1922, p 54 - days. As a lecture, it was given at the annual as- 56). In 1922 / 23 he analyzed some patients to- sembly of the German Psychiatric Association. gether with C.G.Jung (Geinitz 1986, p 173). He Was it her farewell to the German psychiatrists? left Heidelberg in 1922 for the Weisser Hirsch in Was it her final message that psychiatry has to Dresden, where he met MARY WIGMAN, lived convert into a science encompassing psycho- together with her (Wolfgang Geinitz, oral in- analysis? Mentioning sociological, psychiatric formation, 2.6.1993) and where he worked to- (including Kraepelin) and psychoanalytic au- gether with Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. thors, she describes the psychopathological struc- Then he started a private psychotherapeutic ture of neurosis as „spezifisch wirklichkeitsfrem- practice in Frankfurt. In 1925, he presided over des - zuerst asoziales, später antisoziales - Ge- the sessions at the University in Frankfurt where füge“ (p 62) (specific structure which is unrealis- the members of the South West German Psy- tic, first asocial, later antisocial), and refers also choanalytic Group presented their papers and to Eugen Bleuler’s autistic thinking, which does brought psychoanalysis to public attention in the not seek truth, but wish fulfillment. In contrast university. to Bleuler, she sees this as not restricted to psy- Later on, he became a strong adherent of chotic states, but existing in every neurosis. The the characterologic school of Ludwig Klages. consequences drawn by Reichmann are quite Never being a member of a psychoanalytic soci- Adlerian: The neurotic feels disadvantaged, ex- ety, he edited in 1928 „Effects of Psychoanalysis cluded, and since this is quite frustrating, he in Science and Life“ („Auswirkungen der Psycho- overcompensates his passive isolation by achiev- analyse in Wissenschaft und Leben“), in which ing a kind of active isolation leading to a god- the authors, among them Prinzhorn himself and man-complex, a term used by Ernest Jones (p Victor von Weizsäcker, try to state the effects 63). Neuroses are seen in a teleological, almost and advantages of psychoanalysis, but attack the moralistic perspective. Valuable forces are re- rationalism of the discipline from the holistic moved from society or put into the wrong characterologic point of view. In any case, Dres- place. Reichmann mentions the productive den might have been very important for Frieda forces wasted by a hysterical fit and the intellec- Fromm-Reichmann. Psychotherapy under tual capacities exhausted in constructing a com- Schultz, dancing and dancing therapy under plicated paranoid system. Neuroses can infect Wigman, perhaps Prinzhorn, the idea to per- other people, as the neurotic often finds it at- form all this for the best of psychotic patients; tractive to construct an autistic inner world. As was Erich perhaps, too, more engaged in Dres- an example, she mentions homosexuality. den than we know up to now? Reichmann criticizes the high esteem for that In 1921, Schultz and Frieda published „On perversion by Magnus Hirschfeld et al. and by quick healing and peace-neuroses“ („Ueber the youth clubs in those days which led men Schnellheilung und Friedensneurosen“), Frieda’s open to bisexuality to start to practise homo- first psychotherapeutic publication. There had sexuality, which is „unnecessary and not at all been quite a few publications about war neuro- indifferent.“ (p 67) Today, the whole article ses. Even German academic psychiatry had ac- with its tendency to stress social utility sounds knowledged that psychoanalysis could help very conservative. Socially revolutionary atti- these patients, but since the war had ended, the tudes are not visible at all. It remains open if her influence of psychoanalysis on German psychia- teachers Goldstein and Schultz inspired her. try had diminished. Schultz’s and Frieda’s paper Reichmann herself announces at the end of the stressed that psychotherapy could also help neu- article that further publications will follow. That

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was not to happen, for reasons which remain troops and brought to the Vatican. To secure unclear. peace with France, the princess Lieselotte of the In „Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy“, Palatine was married to a French prince. She be- Frieda Fromm-Reichmann’s tendency towards came a famous writer in the seventeenth cen- homosexuality will have changed: „Instead of tury. However, she could not prevent the asking the patient whether he considers his fear French king, her brother-in-law Louis XIV from of women, perhaps his self-reflected engulfment conquering Heidelberg to obtain the Palatine or his unresolved overattachment to his mother, crown. He destroyed the city and castle in 1683 etc. responsible for his homosexuality, the psy- and 1689. In those years, many people emi- chiatrist should only ask the patient why he grated to the United States. In 1720, the mean- complains about it and why he wishes to get rid while Catholic duke was refused the right to of it, if he does.“ (p 50) have his family buried with catholic rites in the church. He promptly moved to Mannheim and built the new castle there. Mark Twain described 5. Heidelberg 1924 - 1933 Heidelberg in his „A Tramp abroad“ in 1880. The romantic age discovered Heidelberg, and In spring 1924 Frieda moved to Heidelberg, the town was highly regarded, mainly by where she opened her practice and psychoana- Americans. It did not receive a single bomb dur- lytic clinic at Mönchhofstraße 15 in the part of ing the Second World War. town called Neuenheim. It was the time of the Frieda described her sanatorium in 1956: great inflation, and economic conditions were „We analyzed people for letting them work. I quite harsh. Her great-uncle gave her $10,000 to analyzed the housekeeper, and the cook, and get started (Fromm-Reichmann 1989, p 475). you may imagine what happened if they were The clinic was organized on strong Jewish prin- in a phase of resistence! It was a wild affair, and ciples and was called as a joke the „Thorapeuti- later we decided to cut it out.“ (Fromm- kum“. With the years, the sanatorium became Reichmann 1989, p 480) too psychoanalytic for the orthodox Jews and One of the leading members of the Frank- too kosher for the professional colleagues like furt School and the Institute of Social Research, Kurt Goldstein. Every patient was supposed to LEO LÖWENTHAL, mentioned in his autobiog- be analyzed, and at the same time life was raphy (1980, p 27) having visited the sanato- scheduled around the Jewish rituals; meals were rium with his then wife Golde Ginsburg: „The quite important. sanatorium was a kind of Jewish-psychoanalytic HEIDELBERG had been the capital and resi- pension and hotel. There was a nearly cultic at- dence of the important state of Pfalz from the mosphere. Everybody was analyzed by Fromm- early Middle Ages until 1720. Already in 1386, Reichmann, also I myself. The sanatorium was Grand-Duke Ruprecht founded the university, led ‘Jewish’: it was cooked in the kosher way, the third one in German speaking countries after all festivals were kept. The religious-Jewish at- Prague (1348) and Vienna (1365). Many adher- mosphere was mixed with the interest in psy- ents of the official pope came to Heidelberg, as choanalysis.“ (Löwenthal 1980, p 27) Löwenthal the university of Paris was lead by adherents of himself was analyzed by Frieda Fromm- the anti-pope in these days. The grand-duke Reichmann. Thus, according to Jay (1981, p 114), converted to Calvinism in the sixteenth century, also Horkheimer got interested in psychoanalysis the Pfalz thus becoming one of the leading prot- and went into analysis with Karl Landauer (Jay estant states. In 1618, the Bohemian aristocracy 1981, p 115). elected the Palatine duke as their king, throwing Today, Ernst Simmel’s sanatorium in Tegel the imperial delegates out of the castle’s win- and Georg Groddeck’s Marienhöhe in Baden- dows. This „Prager Fenstersturz“ was the begin- Baden are better known in psychoanalytic cir- ning of the Thirty Years’ War. Heidelberg and cles. Nevertheless, Frieda was able to gain valu- the Pfalz were devastated. The world-famous li- able experience there in psychoanalytic treat- brary in the church was removed by Catholic ment of all kinds of patients, be it neurotic, psy-

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chosomatic or psychotic. Thus, she put up the zerland, and already in 1931, Erich and Frieda second pillar on which she later built a unique separated. „I learned lots from him along those career as a psychoanalyst and psychiatrist in the lines, but not with action. But since I was a very USA. During the years in Heidelberg, she pub- active and very energetic female myself, that lished no papers on neurology or psychiatry, al- was all right. I got what I wanted: a very intelli- though her teacher Goldstein continued to work gent, very warm, very well-educated man who in these fields in nearby Frankfurt. In 1928, knew lots of things in another field from mine. Frieda and Erich closed the sanatorium for fi- Later on, he learned to do. When I visited him nancial reasons, but also „because our con- in Davos, he had learned it already: there, he science and hearts were no longer in it.“ did the cooking.“ (Fromm-Reichmann 1989, p (Fromm-Reichmann 1989, p 481). 481) Both kept up contact until her death. In „Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy“ Frieda Fromm-Reichmann gives credit to Erich’s 6. Zionism and sociology work. She calls „mature love“ an important aim in psychotherapy. She defines it „in accordance One of Frieda’s analysands in Heidelberg was with E.Fromm and H.S.Sullivan, as the state of ERICH FROMM. They knew each other already interpersonal relatedness in which one is as con- from Dresden, Erich being the friend of Frieda’s cerned with the growth, maturation ,welfare, school friend Golde Ginsburg, later Leo Löwen- and happiness of the beloved person as one is thal’s wife. Frieda and Erich fell in love and mar- with one’s own.“ (p 34). „K.Goldstein’s concept ried on 16 June 1926 in Heidelberg. Frieda de- of „self-actualization“ and E.Fromm’s concept of scribed it this way in 1956: „You see, I began to the „productive character“ cover what I have analyze Erich. And then we fell in love and we tried to establish here as the ideal goal of psy- stopped. That much sense we had! Erich and I chotherapy.“ (1960, p 34) married when I was thirty-six, and we married Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, as she now in the middle of the sanatorium experience.“ called herself, became a full member of the (1989, p 480) According to his executor Rainer German Psychoanalytic Society in December Funk (1992, p 135) Erich learned about psycho- 1926. At the meeting on 18 December 1926 she analysis from Frieda although he did not give spoke about the Jewish food ritual; it is pub- her full credit for that in his writings (Funk 1992, lished in Imago in 1927. The Jewish rules con- p 138). He continued his psychoanalytic training cerning meat are connected with psychoanalytic in Berlin after he and Frieda had consulted Karl conceptions of the father murder in primitive Landauer in Frankfurt. In Berlin, he spoke on society. Frieda mentions two patients who break June 18, 1927 about „Cure of a case of pulmo- the ritual at the start of a love relationship. The nary tuberculosis during psychoanalytic treat- parallel to Frieda’s own biography is obvious! ment“ („Heilung eines Falles von Lungentu- In addition to her practice and clinic in berkulose während der psychoanalytischen Be- Heidelberg, Frieda became quite active in a psy- handlung“), a topic quite similar to one by choanalytic group which constituted itself in Georg Groddeck, and a topic which would later Frankfurt, about 80 kilometers north of Heidel- become a central one for Fromm himself and berg. From October to December 1925, mem- for his discussions with Groddeck. - Erich Fromm bers of the later Frankfurt Psychoanalytic Insti- had famous Jewish rabbis as ancestors and grew tute gave altogether six lectures at the University up quite orthodox, as did Frieda. Together they Teaching Hospital in Frankfurt. Frankfurt thus ate non-kosher food for the first time in their became one of the first places where psycho- lives in 1926 (Fromm-Reichmann 1989, p 480). analysis was acknowledged as a science with Frieda later told (tape p 13) that she and Erich equal rights (Rothe 1987, p 30). This was mainly had run a small department for psychotic pa- due to Kurt Goldstein and to Gustav von Berg- tients together in their sanatorium. Erich Fromm mann, the director of the clinic for internal became quite ill. Tuberculosis forced him to go medicine, the lectures were chaired by Prin- for a longish sanatorium stay in Davos in Swit- zhorn. Frieda gave a lecture on a kleptomaniac

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woman (Laier 1989, P 47). Prinzhorn summa- 1923 article! In her Frankfurt lectures, Frieda rized the lectures by saying that there was gen- stuck to instinct theory, and she spoke about it eral agreement that psychoanalysis is in the cen- in the 1929 summer term at the Frankfurt Insti- ter of medical interest and that great parts of its tute. theory, such as the unconscious, repression, resis- Whereas J.H. Schultz can be regarded as tance and symbolism have a secure place in quite a conservative psychotherapist with quite modern science (Landauer 1926, p 117). a critical attitude also towards Freud, KARL Frieda also gave lectures on psychoanalysis LANDAUER, the leader of the Frankfurt Insti- at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Hei- tute, can be seen as quite an important forerun- delberg under Professor Wilmanns, the father of ner of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann’s later work Ruth Lidz. According to the university calendar, and ideas. Born 1887 in a Jewish banking family Hans W. Gruhle, one of the consultants, had al- in Munich, he started his psychiatric training in ready given a series about psychoanalysis - only Munich under Emil Kraepelin in 1910. A registrar for experienced, also with exercises, in the win- in the university hospital mentioned that Lan- ter term 1927 / 28. In any event, this would dauer’s thought resembled Freud’s. Psychoanaly- have been one of the earliest instances of psy- sis is said to have been discussed in a lively way choanalytic teaching in the psychiatric depart- in the Munich hospital. ln 1912, Landauer started ment of a German university. his pychoanalytic training in Vienna with Freud In October 1926, a Frankfurt psychoanalytic and became a member of the Vienna Associa- working group constituted itself and met once a tion in 1913. At the Wednesday meetings, he of- month, after 1928 twice a month. In 1928 there ten discussed questions of narcissism and psycho- were the following members: Frieda Fromm- ses. He worked in the psychiatric hospital under Reichmann, Erich Fromm, Clara Happel, Karl Wagner-Jauregg. During the first World War, he Landauer, Ewald Roellenbleck (director of the worked as a military doctor and met Heinrich Darmstadt city library until 1933, he had done Meng, who worked in a neighbouring unit. Ac- his psychoanalytic training with Therese cording to Rothe (1991, p 15), Landauer moti- Benedek in Leipzig; (Rothe 1991, p 17), Heinrich vated Meng to start psychoanalytic training. In Meng and Franz Stein (nothing known else 1916, Landauer contracted a severe typhoid fe- about his biography) (Rothe 1987, p 31). ver. He became a doctor at a military jail in On 16 February 1929 the Frankfurt Psycho- Heilbronn. Later, he will criticize strongly the analytic Institute of the South-West German psy- conditions there, mainly solitary confinement choanalytic working group was officially and the confinement in darkness. All his war ex- opened. At the opening celebration, which was periences made him a pacifist. His orientation also attended by Anna Freud, Heinrich Meng remained left-wing, although he never joined a thanked the Institute for Social Research for ac- political group or party. commodating the psychoanalytic institute. In- In 1918, he continued his psychiatric training deed, it was quite unusual that a psychoanalytic at the university hospital in Frankfurt (not under institute could work in university rooms. Meng Kurt Goldstein, who lead a theoretical depart- stressed the applications of psychoanalysis to ment, but under Sioli - information Joachim pedagogy. Karl Landauer spoke on psychoanaly- Rothe 23.7.1993). When he settled in private sis and medicine. He stressed the scientific char- practice as a psychoanalyst in Frankfurt in 1923, acter of the psychoanalytic method which keeps he was a well trained psychiatrist and psycho- many variables constant. Accompanied by con- analyst who retained a keen interest in psychotic siderable public interest, Anna Freud spoke on conditions all his life. psychoanalysis and pedagogy (Peters 1984, p Together with his wife, Landauer organized 182). Frieda Fromm-Reichmann spoke on the the International Psychoanalytic Congress in psychoanalytic instinct theory and Erich Fromm Wiesbaden in 1932 (Rothe 1991, p 20). on psychoanalysis and sociology (Zeitschrift für In a late paper „On Loneliness“, Frieda psychoanalytische Pädagogik, III, p 261-263). Fromm-Reichmann will later take up Landauer’s Erich’s topic was just the same as that of Frieda’s early theses about depression.

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The Institute for Social Research was closed cized it for causing a too great psychotic regres- by the Nazis in 1933. Landauer and his family sion (1991, p 148). Landauer regarded himself to fled first to Sweden, then, still in the same year be in general agreement with Ferenczi, although according to an invitation by van Ophuijsen, to Ferenczi wanted an „active technique“. Wild the Netherlands where he continued his psychoanalysis can cause regression and worsening of analytic work. At the Psychoanalytic Congress in the symptoms (1991, p 171). If one interprets too Marienbad in 1936, he spoke about psychoana- actively, one experiences too little from the pa- lytic affect theory, congratulating Freud on his tient (1991, p 180). 80th birthday. Also in 1937, he spoke in Buda- In a case history presented in 1930 at the pest. Although Karl Menninger offered him a Frankfurt Psychoanalytic Institute (1991, p 183 ff) post in Topeka, Landauer stayed in Holland, Landauer extended his psychoanalytic findings was imprisoned in 1943 and died of hunger in to society and to the sick person’s function for 1945 in the concentration camp at Bergen- society. This work breathes the spirit of a left Belsen. His wife and children survived. wing orientation - quite a contrast to Frieda Landauer referred directly to the psychiatric Fromm-Reichmann’s paper of 1923 (the spirit of affect theories of his time, namely to the impor- J.H. Schultz). tant psychiatrist Kurt Schneider (1991, p 63). Another paper given at the Frankfurt Psy- Whereas psychiatry restricts itself to a descriptive choanalytic Institute in the winter term 1929/30 phenomenology, pychoanalysis tries a causal- showed Landauer’s devotion to a proper under- dynamic view which shows its success in ther- standing of outer and inner world, his interest in apy. The affect as such is hereditary, but the one-person as well as in two- and many-person trigger is founded in intersubjective interaction. psychology. From the very beginning, man lives He polemized against the kind of feeling, „We- in a symbiosis, not on his own, and this is inter- sensschau“ (view of essence) many psychiatrists nalized as primary narcissism as the baby „takes use and defend for their diagnosis and stressed pleasure in instinctive activity from the begin- that psychoanalysis with its concepts of the un- ning“ (1991, p 195), quite an interesting combi- conscious, transference and countertransference nation of drive, object relations and self psy- is more solidly scientific (p 86). He quoted Prin- chology. In the psychoanalytic treatment of psy- zhorn, Goldstein and Groddeck. chotic patients, one has to listen a lot, „just be Already in 1914 Landauer described a cata- there“ (1991, p 207), a term which recalls tonic patient who recovered after several hours Ludwig Binswanger’s „a loving being together“ of analytic work. Again, Landauer avoided di- and his „community of destiny“. Then the pa- rect interpretation. He just tried to get the patient can develop his own world. Through the tient to talk („passive Analyse“) and referred to analysis, a synthesis of the patient with his inner Ferenczi and Bleuler. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and outer world can occur. The distinction be- also obtained in Frankfurt also first-hand infor- tween psychosynthesis and psychoanalysis is mation on psychotherapy of psychotics! In 1924, therefore wrong - a true psychoanalysis is psy- he further described his passive technique with chosynthesis (p 208)! depressive and schizophrenic patients - impor- Concerning Foulkes’ biography, I refer to tant topics for Frieda Fromm-Reichmann later Erwin Lemche (1993, p 70 - 102): SIEGMUND on. The transference should be brought about as HEINRICH FUCHS was born in 1898 in soon as possible, but the analysis itself should Karlsruhe. He studied medicine in Heidelberg start quite slowly - Must one hear voices? What (1919 - 1921), Munich (1921) and Frankfurt (1921 does it think in him? - Landauer formulated - 1923). In 1919, through reading a paper writ- questions elaborated also by phenomenological ten by Sigmund Freud, he decided to become a psychiatrists like Kurt Schneider, but took that as psychoanalyst. After several months in the the starting point of a deeper understanding of Charité in Berlin he worked in his father’s wood the patient, not as an aim in itself. He discussed business in Karlsruhe. In 1925 he started to work Jung’s and Bleuler’s more direct and interpreta- with Kurt Goldstein and Adhémar Gelb in tive style of working with psychotics and criti- Frankfurt. In 1957 he stated: „Further, there is a

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common background as regards Gestalt psychoanalysis to benefit patients no matter how chology. The present writer learned to appreci- sick, and their courage in flexible experimenta- ate the holist view of the human organism and tion, indirectly inspired many of us over the en- all its consequences from his teacher K. Gold- suing years and decades.“ (Silver 1993, p 2) stein, and became convinced through his studies For Frieda, the relationship with GEORG with Adhémar Gelb of the dictum that the GRODDECK (1866-1934) became more and whole is prior and more elementary than its more important. „The friendship with Georg parts...“ (Foulkes & Anthony 1957, p 21). In Groddeck went out more from Frieda Fromm- 1928 he went to the psychiatric hospital in Vi- Reichmann.“ (Funk 1983, p 59) Georg Grod- enna (Wagner-Jauregg, Pötzl). He underwent his deck was a famous doctor and director of the training analysis with Helene Deutsch (1928 - Marienhöhe sanatorium in Baden-Baden from 1930), supervision with Hermann Nunberg and 1900 to 1934. Rooted in German romantic natu- Eduard Hitschmann. In 1931 he returned to ral medicine, he at first criticized Freud, then Frankfurt and took over the polyclinic of the developed his understanding of the „id“. Freud Frankfurt Institute. There he got to know Nor- took the term from him and tried successfully to bert Elias, Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse. win him for the psychoanalytic movement. Invited by Ernest Jones, he fled to England in Whereas Freud always held to scientific ideals, 1933. In Exeter, he started to practise group psy- Groddeck remained strongly opposed to them. chotherapy, worked later in Northfield military He always thought that every patient has to be hospital together with Tom Main, became a treated individually, that the patient’s id has to world famous group psychoanalyst and died in be discovered beneath his symptoms and that he 1976. Foulkes took his network concept from will then become healthy. Goldstein. In his book „Psychische Bedingtheit und There were close connections with the psychoanalytische Behandlung organischer Lei- Frankfurt Institute for Social Research under Karl den“ (Psychic causality and psychoanalytic Horkheimer, where Erich Fromm was an active treatment of organic illnesses) Groddeck claimed member. From the winter term 1930/31 on, the - for the first time in world literature - to have Frankfurt Institute also offered lectures in Hei- tried psychoanalysis for the treatment of organic delberg, where Frieda took part. diseases (Herbert Will 1987, p 50). From 1920 The requirements Fromm-Reichmann claims on, he had been a full member of the Interna- for a good psychiatrist in „Principles of Intensive tional Psychoanalytic Society (Will 1987, p 58), Psychotherapy“ (p 32) seem to follow Lan- although his speech starting with „I am a wild dauer’s and the Frankfurt School’s tradition: analyst“ on psychoanalytic treatment of organic „The need of an insecure psychiatrist to draw diseases gave rise to widespread opposition. (VI. security from a virtuous adjustment to the con- International Congress 1920 in Den Haag; The ventionalities of his time and from a quest for wild analyst) At the VIIth International Psycho- approval from „the good and the great“ may analytic Congress in Berlin in 1922 Groddeck turn out to be another agent interfering with his spoke about „The Flight into Philosophy“, ex- ability to listen in a therapeutically valid fashion plained the history of the term „id“ and stressed (66,70). This type of dependence gives rise to that psychoanalysis is useful in the treatment of the danger that the psychiatrist may consider the organic diseases, which most psychoanalysts changeable man-made standards of the society strictly denied. One of Groddeck’s biographers, in which he lives to be eternal values to which Herbert Will, writes: „Many of the attending he and his patients must conform...“ psychoanalysts started to know and esteem Groddeck personally; amongst them Karen 7. Applications in treating organic illnesses - Horney. After the congress she started a corre- Georg Groddeck and his sanatorium – spondence and friendship which lasted until his Frieda Fromm-Reichmann as his muse death. It is likely that Heinrich Meng and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann too became acquainted with „Their enthusiastic belief in the power of psy- Groddeck in Berlin..“ (1987, p 68/69).

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In 1931 Groddeck spoke in Heidelberg, on placed by the Nazis. On 16 May 1933 the invitation of Fromm-Reichmann, about Eng- promiment social democrats were lead through lish literature. He repeated this talk later in Eng- Karlsruhe on open lorries, amongst them Ludwig land (Will, p 95). For Groddeck, the contact Marum, a Jew and a former Badenian minister with Fromm-Reichmann became even more im- belonging to the social democratic party (Hug portant after Ferenczi’s death in 1933. Being an 1992, p 336/337). With a central law dated 7 Aryan, he did not suffer direct persecution by April 1933 all the Jews working as civil servants the Nazis. On the other hand, he became more had to leave the civil service without notice. All and more megalomaniac. He wanted to influ- those Badenian Jews who had not already emi- ence Hitler by his penetrating glance so that Hit- grated were deported to Gurs in Southern ler would realize that his followers were op- France on 22 and 23 October 1940; altogether pressing the Jews. Still in December 1933 (!) he there were 5,617 of them (Hug 1992, p 356). spoke in Heidelberg about „body and soul“. Most of them were later killed in concentration „He realized the realities of the world around camps. him in a more and more self-willed way.“ (Will 1987, p 99) Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, who was already living in Strassbourg, became afraid that 9. Final Conclusions Groddeck might do himself a lot of harm. To- gether with Martha Honegger, she arranged an In 1935, she went to the US. „There, Erich invitation to him by the Swiss Psychoanalytic So- Fromm called Ernest Hadley in 1935 to see if ciety. She went with him to Zürich, where there was work for Frieda in Washington. Had- Groddeck spoke on the significance of seeing, ley was analyzing Dexter Bullard Sr. and asked about the world of the eyes and about seeing him if he needed summer help from a German- without eyes. Groddeck developed cardiac Jewish immigrant. Bullard at first said no, then problems and Frieda brought him to Knonau, a changed his mind... Erich opened the door to sanatorium near Zürich belonging to the famous Chestnut Lodge for Frieda.“ (Silver, fax Swiss psychiatrist Jakob Klaesi and directed 11.10.1992) medically by the later famous psychoanalyst and For a psychoanalyst of her generation, it psychiatrist Medard Boss. Groddeck died there remains striking that Frieda Fromm-Reichmann on 11 June 1934. Grossman & Grossman (1965) seems never to have contacted Sigmund Freud report in their biography about Groddeck with personally. Of the four men to whom she de- the title „The wild analyst“ which refers mainly votes her main work „Principles of Intensive to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann’s records about Psychotherapy“, it was Goldstein with whom Groddeck that Frieda had spoken with him for the contact was most important between 1914 the last time several days before his death. and 1920. This contact continued until her death, although there are no letters in the Gold- stein-Archives in New York (I thank Michael 8. Straßburg 1933 - 1934 Laier for this information). Georg Groddeck was very important from 1922 until his death in The Nazis being in power, Frieda Fromm- 1934. It is quite striking that the guest book of Reichmann left Heidelberg on 1 July 1933 and Groddeck’s Marienhöhe sanatorium never men- went to Strassbourg. There, she continued to see tions her name. I know this thanks to Beate her patients. Being disappointed by the French Schuh at the Georg Groddeck Gesellschaft in psychoanalysis of those days, she left France and Frankfurt, where I was allowed to examine the emigrated to Palestine. original document. Whereas Heidelberg and Baden were in When she came to the US in 1935, Frieda general quite tolerant towards Jews, the coming was a very qualified psychiatrist and psychoana- to power of the Nazis proceded there as quickly lyst. The four important men in her life were as in most other German lands. Already on 11 quite different: Sigmund Freud, whom she seems March 1933, the centrist government was re- never to have met personally, was a big inspira-

Page 13 of 15 Hoffmann, K., 1994 Erich Fromm and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Their Years in Germany Propriety of the Erich Fromm Document Center. For personal use only. Citation or publication of mate- rial prohibited without express written permission of the copyright holder. Eigentum des Erich Fromm Dokumentationszentrums. Nutzung nur für persönliche Zwecke. Veröffentli- chungen – auch von Teilen – bedürfen der schriftlichen Erlaubnis des Rechteinhabers.

tion for her theoretical work. Once she was ac- Erfahrungen an Hirnschußverletzten. Ergebnisse cepted as a psychoanalyst, she followed and der inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde XVI- published his theories without criticism. Kurt II, p 405-530. Goldstein was her great neurological and psy- Fromm-Reichmann, F., Schultz, JH (1921), Ueber Schnellheilung von Friedensneurosen. Medizi- chiatric teacher who opened for her the doors nische Klinik XVII, p 380-384. to the scientific world, but also to J.H. Schultz Funk, R. (1983), Erich Fromm. Reinbek: rororo bild- and perhaps also to the USA. monographien. By contrast, Erich Fromm, at first her analy- Funk, R. (1992), Der Humanismus in Leben und Werk sand, impressed her by his genius. He became von Erich Fromm. Laudatio zum 90. Ge- one of the strongest internal critics of Freud, burtstag. Science of Man. Yearbook of the In- whereas Frieda would never have directly criti- ternational Erich Fromm Society, Band 3, cized any of her idols. Once Erich was gone, 1992, p 133-152. Georg Groddeck became quite important: the Geinitz, W. (1986), Hans Prinzhorn und Georg Grod- deck. in: Groddeck-Almanach. Basel / Frank- wild analyst, the chaotic thinker par excellence. furt: Stroemfeld / Roter Stern. The weaknesses as well as the strengths of Goldstein. K. (1903), Die Zusammensetzung der Hirn- Frieda Fromm-Reichmann might lie in the fact stränge. Anatomische Beiträge und kritische that she always tried to do both: to work hard, Übersicht. Inaugural Dissertation, University of to be scientifically correct and to strive towards Breslau. genius and uniqueness. Goldstein, K. (1908), Zur Theorie der Hallucinatio- nen. Studien über normale und pathologische Wahrnehmung. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Literature Nervenkrankheiten, 44, p 584-655; p 1036- 1106. Abraham, K. (1982), Gesammelte Schriften, Band II. Goldstein, K. (1939), The Organism. A Holistic Ap- Frankfurt: Fischer. proach to Biology derived from Pathological Cremerius, J. (1982), Einleitung zu Karl Abraham: Ge- Data in Man. New York: American Book sammelte Schriften. Frankfurt: Fischer. Company. Foulkes, SH, Anthony, EJ (1957), Group Psychothera- Goldstein, K. (1959), The organismic approach. In: py. The Psychoanalytic Approach. Harmonds- Arieti, S. (Ed.), American Handbook of Psy- worh: Penguin. chiatry. New York: Basic Books, Vol II, p 1333- Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1914), Ueber Pupillenstörun- 1347. gen bei Dementia Praecox. Archiv für Psychiat- Groddeck, G. (1917), Psychische Bedingtheit und psy- rie und Nervenkrankheiten LIII, p 302-321. choanalytische Behandlung organischer Leiden. Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1923), Zur Soziologie der Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Neurosen. Jahresversammlung des Deutschen Grossman, CM., Grossman, S. (1965), The Wild Ana- Vereins für Psychiatrie, V, 20; IX, 21. lyst. The Life and Work of Georg Groddeck. Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1927), Das jüdische Speiseritu- New York: George Braziller. al. Imago XIII, p 235-246. Hoff, S.G. (1982), VI. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, The Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1928), Psychoanalytische Early Years. PSYCHIATRY, Vol. 45, May 1982. Trieblehre. In: Zeitschrift für psychoanalytische Hug, W. (1992), Geschichte Badens. Stuttgart: Theiss. Pädagogik 2, p 266-268. Jay. M. (1973), The Dialectical Imagination: A History Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1960), Principles of Intensive of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of So- Psychotherapy. Chicago: The Universiy of Chi- cial Research 1923-1950. Boston - Toronto: cago Press. Little, Brown & Company. auf deutsch: Dialek- Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1989), Reminiscences of tische Phantasie: Die Geschichte der Frankfur- Europe (ed. A.-L. Silver). in: Silver, A.-L-, Psy- ter Schule und des Instituts für Sozialforschung choanalysis and Psychosis. Madison: Internati- 1923 - 1950. Frankfurt: Fischer, 1981. onal Universities Press. Laier, M. (1989), Das Frankfurter Psychoanaly- Fromm-Reichmann, F., Goldstein, K. (1914); Ueber tische Institut (1929 - 1933). Materialien aus die körperlichen Störungen bei der Dementia dem Sigmund-Freud-Institut Frankfurt 9. Praecox. Neurologisches Centralblatt XXXIII, p Laier, M. (1992), Kurt Goldstein - Zur Erinnerung an 343-350. einen vergessenen Neurologen (not published Fromm-Reichmann, F., Goldstein, K. (1920), Ueber manuscript). praktische und theoretische Ergebnisse aus den Landauer, K. (1926), Bericht zur psychoanalytischen

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Bewegung. Deutschland. in: Korrespondenz- gen und Irrenärzte in Baden-Baden am 27. Mai blatt der Internationalen Psychoanalytischen 1922. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie Vereinigung. und Psychiatrie 80, p 1 - 9. Landauer, K. (1991), Theorie der Affekte und andere Rothe, HJ. (1987), Zur Erinnerung an Karl Landauer. Schriften zur Ich-Organisation. Herausgegeben Materialien aus dem Sigmund-Freud-Institut von Hans-Joachim Rothe. Frankfurt: Fischer. Frankfurt, 4. Lemche, E. (1993), Der gestalttheoretische Aspekt und Rothe, HJ. (1991), Einleitung zu Karl Landauer: Theo- sein Einfluß auf die Interventionsweise bei S.H. rie der Affekte. Frankfurt: Fischer. Foulkes. Gruppenpsychotherapie und Grup- Schultz, J.H. (1964), Lebensbilderbuch eines Nerven- pendynamik 29, März 1993, p 70 - 102. arztes - Jahrzehnte in Dankbarkeit. Stuttgart: Löwenthal, L. (1980), Mitmachen wollte ich nie. Ein Thieme. autobiographisches Gespräch mit Helmut Du- Silver, AL (1993), Countertransference, Ferenczi and biel. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (in English: An Un- Washington, D.C. given at the Ferenczi Con- mastered Past. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Uni- ference Budapest July 1993. versity of California Press, 1987). Simon, H. (1919), Robert Owen und der Sozialismus. Peters, U.H. (1984), Anna Freud - Ein Leben für das Berlin: Paul Cassirer. Kind. Frankfurt: Fischer. Simon, H. (1925), Robert Owen - Sein Leben und sei- Prinzhorn, H. (1922), Bildnerei der Geisteskranken - ne Bedeutung für die Gegenwart. Jena: Gustav Ein Beitrag zur Psychologie und Psychopatho- Fischer, 2. unveränderte Auflage logie der Gestaltung. Heidelberg: Springer. Will, H. (1987), Georg Groddeck - Die Geburt der Prinzhorn, H. (1923), Der Psychiater und die Psycho- Psychosomatik. München: deutscher taschen- analyse. Vortrag gehalten auf der 47. Wander- buchverlag.. versammlung der südwestdeutschen Neurolo-

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