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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Diplomarbeit Titel der Arbeit Zur Frage der sozialen Verantwortung der Psychoanalyse im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit (1918-1938). Verfasser Anthony Ussher Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2008 Studienkennzahl: 298 Studienrichtung: Psychologie Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Slunecko Inhaltsverzeichnis 0. Einleitung ................................................................................................... 4 1. Die historische Situation psychisch kranker Menschen............................. 8 1.1. Die Zeit bis zur Aufklärung…………………………………………………..8 1.2. Die Entwicklung von Psychiatrie und Anstaltswesen .................................... 11 1.3. Anstaltswesen und Psychiatrie in Österreich.................................................. 14 1.4. Soziale Unterschiede im Umgang mit psychisch kranken Menschen ............ 17 1.5. Psychotherapeutische Therapieformen zur Jahrhundertwende....................... 20 1.5.1. Hypnose .................................................................................................. 20 1.5.2. Symptomatische Psychotherapie ohne Hypnose (Suggestivbehandlung im Wachen)............................................................................................................. 21 1.5.3. Psychische Allgemeinbehandlung .......................................................... 22 2. Die soziale Lage an der Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert.............................. 23 3. Die Entstehung der Psychoanalyse .......................................................... 28 3.1. Von der Psychokatharsis zur Psychoanalyse.................................................. 28 3.2. Das Milieu der Psychoanalyse........................................................................ 31 3.3. Theorienbildung bei Freud im Kontext des Wiener Bürgertums ................... 35 4. Individuum, Gesellschaft und Psychoanalyse.......................................... 40 4.1. Das Menschenbild bei Sigmund Freud........................................................... 40 4.2. Soziale Vorurteile bei Sigmund Freud ?......................................................... 42 4.3. Das Gesellschaftsbild bei Sigmund Freud...................................................... 44 5. Die Psychoanalyse nach dem 1. Weltkrieg.............................................. 51 5.1. Die Psychoanalyse in Wien nach 1918........................................................... 51 5.2. Psychoanalyse und Sozialdemokratie............................................................. 55 5.3. Freudomarxismus................................................................................................. 60 5.3.1. Wilhelm Reich ........................................................................................ 61 5.3.2. Siegfried Bernfeld................................................................................... 65 5.3.3. Otto Fenichel........................................................................................... 66 6. Die gesellschaftliche Situation nach dem 1. Weltkrieg ........................... 68 1 7. Die psychonalytische Behandlung unbemittelter Bevölkerungsgruppen im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit (1918-1938) ............................................... 71 7.1. Das Psychoanalytische Ambulatorium ........................................................... 71 7.1.1. Die Gründung des psychoanalytischen Ambulatoriums......................... 71 7.1.2. Zur Frage der Laienanalyse .................................................................... 76 7.1.3. Statuten des psychoanalytischen Ambulatoriums (1923)....................... 78 7.1.4. Organisation............................................................................................ 81 7.1.5. Lehrinstitut.............................................................................................. 83 7.1.6. Patienten.................................................................................................. 85 7.1.7. Krankheitsgruppen.................................................................................. 88 7.1.8. Behandlung ............................................................................................. 90 7.1.9. Aufnahmeprotokolle ............................................................................... 90 7.1.10. Mitarbeiter .............................................................................................. 95 7.1.11. Die erste Erziehungsberatungsstelle (im Ambulatorium)..................... 101 a) Die Entstehung der ersten Erziehungsberatungsstelle.................................. 101 b) Organisation.................................................................................................. 102 c) Klienten......................................................................................................... 102 d) Gründe .......................................................................................................... 103 e) Behandlung ................................................................................................... 103 f) Mitarbeiter .................................................................................................... 104 7.1.12. Die zweite Erziehungsberatungsstelle (Wasagasse)............................. 105 a) Die Entstehung der zweiten Erziehungsberatungsstelle ............................... 105 b) Organisation.................................................................................................. 106 c) Klienten......................................................................................................... 107 d) Gründe .......................................................................................................... 108 e) Behandlung ................................................................................................... 109 g) Mitarbeiter .................................................................................................... 114 7.1.13. Abteilung für Grenzfälle und Psychosen.............................................. 115 a) Entstehung .................................................................................................... 115 b) Patienten........................................................................................................ 116 c) Behandlung ................................................................................................... 116 d) Mitarbeiter .................................................................................................... 117 2 7.2. Das psychotherapeutische Ambulatorium………………………………….117 7.2.1. Entstehung ............................................................................................ 117 7.2.2. Organisation.......................................................................................... 118 7.2.3. Patienten................................................................................................ 119 7.2.4. Behandlung ........................................................................................... 120 7.2.5. Mitarbeiter ............................................................................................ 121 7.3. Die Sexualberatungsstellen........................................................................... 122 7.3.1. Mitarbeiter ............................................................................................ 126 8. Zusammenfassung.................................................................................. 128 9. Literaturverzeichnis................................................................................... 130 3 0. Einleitung Erstmalig in Kontakt mit der Psychoanalyse kam ich während meiner Schulzeit, und zwar durch die Lektüre von Viktor Frankls Schrift Psychotherapie für den Laien. Obwohl ich die Beschäftigung mit psychoanalytischen Fragestellungen zunächst nicht weiter fortsetzte, blieb es mir doch stets ein Anliegen, mich zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt ausführlicher mit der Psychoanalyse auseinanderzusetzen. Den Ausgangspunkt, mich speziell mit sozialen Fragen der Psychoanalyse zu befassen, bildeten dabei zwei mir als widersprüchlich erscheinende Aspekte: Einerseits vermittelte sich mir etwa aus privaten Gesprächen zur Psychoanalyse wie auch aus gelegentlich am Rande auf die Psychoanalyse zur Sprache kommenden Kulturdebatten der Eindruck, die Psychoanalyse sei eine elitäres theoretische Konzeption, werde als Therapie vorwiegend von Angehörigen der gehoben Mittelschicht bzw. Oberschicht in Anspruch genommen und sei von ihrer Konzeption her im Wesentlichen auf deren Bedürfnisse und psychischen Befindlichkeiten abgestimmt. Hingegen auf ein ganz anderes Bild der Psychoanalyse stieß ich andererseits durch einen Bericht, der vor einigen Jahren in einer wissenschaftlichen Radiosendung des österreichischen Rundfunks ausgestrahlt wurde, in dem das Buch des russischen Psychoanalytikers Alexander Etkind mit dem Titel Eros des Unmöglichen vorgestellt wurde. Etkind beschäftigte sich darin mit der Frage, auf welche Weise die Psychoanalyse nach Russland gelangte und verwies dabei auch auf die Rolle Leo Trotzkis, der großes Interesse an der Psychoanalyse zeigte und an einer institutionellen Verankerung der Psychoanalyse in Sowjetrussland bestrebt war. So wurden nach der Oktoberrevolution beispielsweise in mehreren Städten psychoanalytische Gruppen gegründet und ein staatliches Institut für Psychoanalyse ins
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