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Refugee Narratives in Montreal: Negotiating Everyday Social Exclusion and Inclusion

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Refugee Narratives in Montreal: Negotiating Everyday Social Exclusion and Inclusion Refugee narratives in Montreal: negotiating everyday social exclusion and inclusion Lalai Manjikian Communication Studies program Department of Art History and Communication Studies McGill University, Montreal July 2013 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Lalai Manjikian, 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines the complex predicament of refugee claimants residing in Montréal. I argue that as claimants wait for immigration officials to determine their status, they become active social and political agents in the city. Drawing on in-depth, semi-structured interviews that I conducted in Montréal with individuals who had claimed refugee status, I examine everyday life practices and tactics through the lenses of social exclusion and inclusion. I use theories from refugee studies, sociology, urban studies, cultural studies, literature on alternative modes of citizenship, qualitative research and narrative inquiry. While much of the existing literature on the subject of refugees has focused predominantly on their marginalization, I contend that social inclusion and exclusion overlap, unfolding simultaneously in refugee claimants’ everyday lives. Without dismissing the significant obstacles refugee claimants encounter as they re-settle—such as xenophobia, administrative barriers, economic instability, limited access to basic rights, and even fear of deportation—I focus on instances of social inclusion, revealing claimants’ proactive practices and the positive contributions they make to society. During the re-settlement stage that I refer to as a sort of temporal and spatial “in-betweenness”, refugee claimants engage in various practices such as volunteering in the community and partaking in political advocacy. In this way they create moments and sites of inclusivity, belonging, and generate modes of alternative or informal citizenship. Such rarely acknowledged revelations act as a counterpoint to negative perceptions of refugees who are often referred to as “bogus”, “system abusers” or “passive”. These are common misconceptions, often spread through certain media, government and public discourses. To further clarify how refugee claimants negotiate social inclusion and belonging, I also invert the common theory that migrants are “absent” in their place of arrival. I demonstrate the ways refugees navigate and narrate their presence in the city. Furthermore, I argue that the way their forced departure is remembered and articulated is also valuable, as it shapes their construction of their place of origin, and creates a bridge to the way their lives have unfolded in Montréal. Finally, I conduct a textual analysis of two Montréal-based theatrical scripts that integrate actual refugee narratives. I demonstrate how these specific examples of urban cultural production portray the complexities of social exclusion and inclusion associated with forced displacement, while offering alternative and unheard voices to audiences. Overall, I argue that it is imperative to examine the tensions between social exclusion and inclusion in order to better understand the refugee predicament. Identifying and acknowledging refugees’ roles as informal citizens provides new avenues to reflect on refugee presence in the city beyond the scope of the prejudices, stereotypes, and labels commonly associated with individuals who are forced to flee their homes, seeking to build safer ones. ii Résumé Cette dissertation examine la situation complexe dans laquelle se trouvent les demandeurs d’asile en tant que réfugiés qui habitent Montréal. Alors que ceux-ci attendent que les agents d’immigration prennent une décision face à leur statut, ils deviennent des agents actifs socialement et politiquement dans leur quotidien. Mon étude est basée sur des entrevues semi-directives faites auprès de gens qui font une demande d’asile en tant que réfugiés. L’analyse porte sur leur quotidien, et considère les notions d’inclusion et d’exclusion. Mon cadre théorique est multidisciplinaire et s’inspire de la sociologie, l’urbanisme, les études sur les modes de citoyenneté alternatives, les méthodes qualitatives et les récits narratifs. Alors que la plupart des études sur les demandeurs d’asile en tant que réfugiés se concentrent sur leur marginalisation, j’affirme plutôt que l’inclusion et l’exclusion sont deux choses qui s’interpellent dans le quotidien. Sans nier les difficultés auxquelles ils font face dans leurs nouvelles vies – la xénophobie, les obstacles administratifs, l’instabilité économique, l’accès limité à certains droits civiques, et même la peur de la déportation – je mets l’accent sur l’inclusion sociale, leur participation active dans la société et ce qu’ils contribuent à leur nouvelle communauté. Durant la période de ‘l’entre-deux’, alors qu’ils tentent de s’établir, ils s’impliquent dans la société, par exemple dans les domaines du bénévolat ou encore l’action politique. Ils créent ainsi des lieux et des moments d’inclusion, qui leur permettent d’appartenir d’une manière informelle à une certaine citoyenneté. Cette perspective permet donc de contrebalancer les étiquettes sociales négatives qui sont parfois rattachées à ces personnes : « abuseurs du système » ou « paresseux ». Ces fausses perceptions sont communes, et se propagent au sein des medias, du gouvernement et du public en général. Afin de mieux comprendre leur situation, je démontre que ces nouveaux arrivants se forgent une place dans la ville. De plus, je soutiens que la façon dont ils ont quitté leur pays d’origine – souvent involontairement – structure la perception de leur pays d’origine et les liens d’attachement avec leur nouveau domicile. Finalement, je propose une analyse qualitative de deux scénarios de pièces de théâtre intégrant des récits réels de réfugiés. Je démontre que ces exemples spécifiques contribuent à une production culturelle urbaine qui dénote toute la complexité des phénomènes d’inclusion et d’exclusion qui émergent suite à la migration des gens, permettant ainsi de s’exprimer d’une manière nouvelle. De ce fait, je note qu’il est impératif de bien examiner les tensions qui existent entre l’inclusion et l’exclusion sociale afin de bien comprendre la situation des demandeurs d’asile en tant que réfugiés. Le fait d’accepter que ces demandeurs d’asile aient un rôle informel en tant que citoyens procure de nouvelles alternatives pour étudier la présence des réfugiés dans la ville, en rejetant les préjugés, stéréotypes et étiquettes. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Jenny Burman. Without her dedicated support, critical engagement, and patience, this dissertation would not exist. Her constructive feedback and consistent enthusiasm for my project provided the challenge and motivation I needed, while granting me ample space to explore and evolve as a researcher. Over the years, I have learned immensely from my supervisor. Her inspirational work, exceptional intellect and joyful outlook has made my doctoral experience stimulating, productive, and exciting at every stage of the journey. I owe her endless thanks. I would also like to thank Dr. Darin Barney, who provided invaluable guidance and feedback, as well as a consistent willingness to answer my questions throughout the process. I am indebted to him for his remarkable intellectual rigor. I am grateful to Dr. Will Straw and Dr. Jonathan Sterne for enriching my academic path, as their teaching methods and extraordinary ways of thinking have been eye-opening for me. Over the years, the Art History and Communication Studies department has become a home for me and I feel very fortunate to have been part of such a nurturing academic environment. I would also like to thank Maureen Coote and Susana Machado, who always answered my questions when I needed administrative support. This dissertation was written with the generous financial support of the Beaverbrook/Media@McGill Graduate Research Fellowship for the Continuing Doctoral Students award, the Beaverbrook/Media@McGill Merit Scholarship, the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada Charles R. Bronfman & Alex K. Paterson Top-up Award, as well as with the financial support of the Media and Urban Life in Montreal research group. I would also like to acknowledge the various Research Assistantship opportunities offered by my supervisor, funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Research Grant. So many individuals helped me along this lengthy and arduous journey, I thank them all. I especially owe countless thanks to the individuals whose help led me to find research respondents. To the ten remarkable individuals who agreed to be interviewed for the purposes of this research, I am truly indebted. The initial vision and the actual core of this dissertation would have been impossible without your generosity. Your willingness to share your experiences with a stranger, to re- visit difficult realities with such openness have filled me with humility, and have also acted as a driving force throughout the pursuit of this degree. My only hope is that I have somehow done justice to your experiences. No words can thank you enough. I also would like to thank Annabel Soutar and Joël Richard at Projet Porte Parole, who assisted me in obtaining a copy of the Montréal La Blanche’s script. Also, special thanks to Bachir Bensaddek, author of Montréal La Blanche, who generously answered my questions about the script. I would also like
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