CESSDA Workshop: Exploring Data in Europe, 29/05/2018, Prague Where to find and how to work with attitudinal data on immigration

Yana Leontiyeva Institute of Sociology CAS, ČSDA Structure of the presentation

Challenges of attitudinal research on immigration

Challenges in definition and measurement

Data on migration attitudes in Europe

► main cross-national surveys

► examples of research questions and topics

► interpretation challenges and discussion Attitudinal research on immigration

Challenge of attitudinal research + sensitivity of the topic

Effect of social desirability

Problem of missing answers, “lacking attitudes”

Importance of theoretical concepts:

► modern racism

► integrated threat,

► ethnic competition,

► contact theory,

► social distance concept etc. Definition and measurement

Who is an immigrant?

► different wording in surveys (immigrants, foreigners, people from other countries, people of other race or ethnic origin etc.)

► problem of translation and different national context What attitudes are measured?

► sympathies and stereotypes towards ethnic/nationality groups

► personal experience/contacts with immigrants

► social distance, willingness to accept different groups in different social interactions

► view on impact of immigration (local and national level)

► estimation of immigration

► cultural adaptation of immigrants and their rights

► view on immigration policies and practices (in general and towards different groups of migrants) Data on migration attitudes in Europe - I

International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)

► http://www.issp.org

► Mainly rotating module on National Identity (1995, 2003, 2013)

► Data distributed by GESIS

European Social Survey Programme (ESS)

► http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/

► Most of the modules, different questions. Wide range of question in Round 7 - 2014

► Data distributed by the project: http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/ Data on migration attitudes in Europe - II

The European Commission's Eurobarometer Surveys (Eurobarometer)

► Special Eurobarometer 469: Integration of immigrants in the European Union Selected data distributed by GESIS ; and the European Union Open Data Portal

World Values Survey (WVS)

► http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org

► Data distributed by WVS

► WVS-7 – 10 items on migration

European Values Study (EVS)

► http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/

► Data distributed by GESIS Type of questions in attitudinal research on migration

Likert Scale It is impossible for people who do not share Czech customs and traditions to become fully Czech.

1 2 3 4 agree strongly agree disagree disagree strongly

Guttman Scale Would you feel comfortable to have immigrants as…. 1) husband or wife 2) son- or daughter-in-law 3) close friend 4) member of your sport or interest club 6) next door neighbour 7) someone who lives in your country

Semantic differential According to you Vietnamese are…

lazy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 hard-working intelligent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 unintelligent selfish 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 unselfish responsible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 irresponsible Perception of the impact of immigration

Questions are often focused on different spheres of life

► economic situation/ labour market

► culture, criminality

► social welfare system

► demographic situation etc.

Generalized statements are often used: „ Immigration is in general bad or good for country “ or „ Immigrants make country worse or better place to live “

Different wordings:

► Agreement with positive/negative statement „increase crime rates “/„brings new ideas “

► Semantic differential (different wording): undermine cultural life - enrich cultural life; take jobs away – do not take jobs away Perception of impact on local/national and global level Impact of immigration in EVS

Q78. Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views on this scale?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

A. immigrants take jobs immigrants do not take jobs away from natives in a country away from natives in a country B. a country’s cultural life country’s cultural life is undermined by immigrants is not undermined by immigrants C. immigrants make immigrants do not make crime problems worse crime problems worse D. immigrants are a strain immigrants are not a strain on a country’s welfare system on a country’s welfare system E. in the future the proportion of immigrants in the future the proportion of immigrants will become a threat to society will not become a threat to society F. for the greater good of society it is better for the greater good of society it is better if immigrants maintain their distinct customs if immigrants do not maintain their distinct customs and traditions and traditions but adopt the customs of the country

Zdroj: European Values Study 2008 Impact of immigration in ESS

B41. Would you say it is generally bad or good for [country]'s economy that people come to live here from other countries? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Bad for the economy Good for the economy

B42. And, using this card, would you say that [country]'s cultural life is generally undermined or enriched by people coming to live here from other countries? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Cultural life undermined Cultural life enriched

B43. Is [country] made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live here from other countries? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Worse place to live Better place to live

Zdroj: European Social Survey Round Round 4 (2008)*

10 Perception of impact of immigration positive 10

7 Impact on economy Impact on culture 6

5

4 Perception of immigration impact immigration of Perception

3 France Poland Portugal negative 0 Hungary Slovakia Germany Switzerland Netherlands Great Britain Great Czech Republic Czech

Source: ESS 2004 11 Accepting people from poor countries outside Europe

Czech Republic Slovakia 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 2004 2009 2013 2004 2008-2009 2012-2013 Hungary Poland 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 2005 2009 2012-2013 2004 2008-2009 2012-2013

Allow many Allow some Allow a few Allow none N/A

Source: ESS Round 2 (2004-2005), Round 4 (2008-2009), Round 6 (2012-2013) „Contact hypothesis“: a threat of the unknown?

10 10 „totally comfortable to have as colleague at work“ 9 1 „not at all comfortable to have as a colleague at work” 8 7 6 5 4 SE UK LU ES IE NL FR DK PL HRCY PT SI MTHU LV BEDERO FI AT EL LT BGEE IT SK CZ 3 2 a Roma person 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 SEUKDK LU FR IE NL ES BE PT CY PL DE SI MT IT HR EL FI LVROHU LT AT EEBG CZ SK 3 2 a black person 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 SE LU DK FRUK IE NL ES BEMTDE PT CY PL SI ATHR IT EL FI LV BGROHUEE LT CZ SK 3 2 1 an Asian person Source: Eurobarometer 83.4, May-June 2015; N=27 718. Cnathptei“ heto h nnw?-II threat a- „Contact of hypothesis“:the unknown? 100% 25% 50% 75% 0% 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Source: Eurobarometer 83.4, May-June 2015; 718N=27 Source: Eurobarometer 83.4, May-June 2015; 718N=27 Share of people who have friends among other ethnicother among havefriends who people of Share EF KD UI LE TS RB YM LB EE OF TH TL TE LT LV AT HU IT FI RO EL DE BG PL MT CY BE HR SI PT ES NL IE LU DK UK FR SE EL KF YI LE KB RL EP LL TF ID OI KH TC MT HU SK IT RO DE SI FI AT LT EL PT BE LV HR BG DK ES NL IE CY FR UK LU SE 85% personMuslim A 84% 80% 77% 77% 75% 75% 74% 73% 72% 71% . . 70% 67% 1 „not at „notat all comfortable have to a colleague as work at 1 10 „totally comfortable have as to colleague work“ at 67% 64% 61% 61% 60% groups, EU-28, 2015 EU-28, groups, 59% 57% 55% 54% 54% 48%

46% CZ SK E

PLZ 32% ” 21% Explore attitudinal data on migration Thank you for you attention!

Mgr. Yana Leontiyeva, Ph.D. [email protected]

Institute of Sociology CAS, ČSDA