Aportes a La Genealogía De Los Jardines Botánicos Y Del Coleccionismo De Orquídeas En Colombia

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Aportes a La Genealogía De Los Jardines Botánicos Y Del Coleccionismo De Orquídeas En Colombia Aportes a la genealogía de los jardines botánicos y del coleccionismo de orquídeas en Colombia Rafael Andrés Robles Cuellar Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Artes, Maestría en Museología y Gestión del Patrimonio Bogotá, Colombia 2017 Aportes a la genealogía de los jardines botánicos y del coleccionismo de orquídeas en Colombia Rafael Andrés Robles Cuellar Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magíster en Museología y Gestión del Patrimonio Directora: Doctora en Antropología, Clemencia Plazas Uscátegui Línea de Investigación: Historia de la Museología Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Artes, Maestría en Museología y Gestión del Patrimonio Bogotá, Colombia 2017 Para el amparo y la roca, abuela y abuelo Para los que, al hacerme falta, están en mí Para quien soñé, la compañera en esta vida Resumen y Abstract VII Resumen En el contacto de universos de significado que fue la ‘conquista de América’, los peninsulares construyeron imaginarios nuevos para interpretar las tierras recién encontradas. El ‘infierno verde’ del mapa de Juan de la Cosa caló en la mentalidad europea, acrecentado por mitos de lugares inhóspitos. En un principio, los dorados de minerales valiosos fueron las presas que estimularon el avance de la frontera. Con excepción de pocos ejemplos anteriores, desde el siglo 18, viajeros, coleccionistas, visitadores y comerciantes dieron cuenta de las diversidades botánicas americanas y sus potenciales económicos. El continente recibió a partir de allí las grandes expediciones de inventarios, motivadas por los imaginarios de selvas, los nuevos dorados botánicos y los dineros de las coronas europeas. El coleccionismo de plantas, los herbarios, jardines botánicos reales y las expediciones de inventario fueron los bastiones de museología de plantas. Palabras clave: Jardines botánicos, coleccionismo, orquídeas, historia de la museología. VIII Aportes a la genealogía de los jardines botánicos y del coleccionismo de orquídeas en Colombia Abstract The 'conquest of America' forced the Spaniards to build new imaginaries to understand the recently-found land. The 'Green Hell' that appeared in the map of Juan de la Cosa seeped into the European mind, which was enhanced by the myths of inhospitable places. Initially, the ‘dorado’ of valuable minerals stimulated the conquerors to expand the frontier. With few previous examples, the 18th century was the scene of travelers, collectors, visitors and traders whom reported the American botanical diversity and its economic potential. Therefore, the continent received the great inventory expeditions, which were persuaded by the jungle descriptions, and the new botanical ‘dorado’, with the European empires founding. Plant collections, herbarium, royal botanic gardens and inventory expeditions became the cornerstone of plants museology. Keywords: Botanical gardens, collecting, orchids, history of museology. Contenido IX Contenido Pág. Resumen ........................................................................................................................ VII Abstract......................................................................................................................... VIII Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................... XI Introducción .................................................................................................................... 1 Justificación ................................................................................................................ 1 Objetivos .................................................................................................................... 3 Definiciones ................................................................................................................ 3 Tesoros, reliquias y trofeos ................................................................................. 4 Colección y jardín botánico ................................................................................. 6 Orquídeas ........................................................................................................... 7 Metodología ............................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo 1. Los jardines botánicos, espacios de modernidad ................................... 11 1. El contacto: una expedición botánica ............................................................. 11 La selva-infierno ................................................................................................ 11 Los trofeos y el Dorado ..................................................................................... 13 La naturaleza, la guerra y Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo ................................. 14 El Nuevo Mundo para el Viejo Mundo ............................................................... 18 2. El germen de los jardines botánicos en Europa ............................................. 19 La modernidad, los gabinetes y las plantas ....................................................... 19 Jardines botánicos en Europa ........................................................................... 20 Conclusión ............................................................................................................... 22 Capítulo 2. Germinan los jardines botánicos en la Nueva Granada .......................... 25 1. La botánica y la ilustración ............................................................................. 25 2. La Expedición Botánica de la Nueva Granada ............................................... 27 Mutis y la Expedición Botánica .......................................................................... 28 El jardín botánico de Mariquita .......................................................................... 30 El jardín botánico de Santafé ............................................................................ 31 Arte en la expedición botánica........................................................................... 33 El doble expolio de la Expedición ...................................................................... 39 Conclusión ............................................................................................................... 42 X Aportes a la genealogía de los jardines botánicos y del Título de la tesis o trabajo de investigación coleccionismo de orquídeas en Colombia Capítulo 3 Orquídeas: botánica, coleccionismo y expolio ..........................................45 1. El inicio de la botánica de orquídeas ..............................................................45 2. Antecedentes de expolio de orquídeas ...........................................................46 3. La expedición de Humboldt ............................................................................49 La expedición .....................................................................................................49 Aimé Bonpland, primer 'orquideólogo' que visitó América ..................................52 4. Exportación de orquídeas, final del siglo 18 y primera mitad del siglo 19 .......56 Los cargamentos de tesoros ..............................................................................56 Un barco cargado de... Cattleyas .......................................................................58 Las expediciones especializadas en orquídeas .................................................59 5. Darwin y la fecundación de las orquídeas ......................................................61 6. La joya de la corona .......................................................................................62 El descubrimiento del tesoro ..............................................................................62 El furor del coleccionismo: odontoglossum alexandrae ......................................67 Conclusión ................................................................................................................71 Capítulo 4. José Jerónimo Triana, orquideología neogranadina y las exposiciones de orquídeas ..................................................................................................................73 1. Botánica colombiana en el siglo 19 ................................................................73 2. Comisión corográfica ......................................................................................73 José Jerónimo Triana, botánico de la comisión ..................................................74 Triana, el botánico ....................................................................................................75 Triana el político de las orquídeas .....................................................................76 Las orquídeas de Triana, símbolo nacional ...............................................................78 Conclusión ................................................................................................................81 Conclusiones .................................................................................................................83 1. Jardines Botánicos .........................................................................................83 2. Orquídeas, coleccionismo y museografía: actualidad .....................................84 Coleccionismo y exposiciones ...........................................................................84 Museografía de orquídeas .................................................................................88
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