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T.C. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Anabilim Dali Çin A

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T.C. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Anabilim Dali Çin A T.C. ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN’İN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEME BAKIŞI VE ABD’YE YÖNELİK DIŞ POLİTİKASI (2003-2013) Doktora Tezi Hazırlayan Cemre PEKCAN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ahmet Mete TUNCOKU Çanakkale – 2015 i ÖZET ÇİN’İN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEME BAKIŞI VE ABD’YE YÖNELİK DIŞ POLİTİKASI (2003-2013) Küreselleşen dünyada, 1980’lerde uyguladığı ekonomik reformlarla birlikte dış dünyaya açılan ve bu sayede günümüzde ikinci büyük ekonomi haline gelen Çin, büyük güç olma yolunda ilerlerken, kültür ve geleneklerinden etkilenmektedir. Binlerce yıllık tarihsel ve kültürel geçmişe sahip bu medeniyetin, dış politika ilkelerini oluştururken faydalandığı en etkili öğreti Konfüçyüs felsefesidir. Ancak, yükselişi bu kadar hızlı devam eden bir devlet, başta ABD olmak üzere bazı Batılı devletleri endişelendirmiş ve Çin hakkında çeşitli tehdit kuramları ortaya atılmasına neden olmuştur. Buna karşılık Çin, “barışçıl bir devlet olduğunu ve statükoya baş kaldırmayacağını ispatlamak adına”, Konfüçyüs öğretisinin temel alındığı uluslararası ilişkiler kuramları ve dış politika ilkeleri oluşturma yoluna gitmiştir. Çin’in bakış açısını daha iyi anlamak için, tez çerçevesinde, bu kuramların en etkilisi olduğu düşünülen Tianxia kuramına yer verilmiştir. 2005’te Çinli Profesör Zhao Tingyang tarafından ortaya atılan Tianxia kuramı, dünyayı tüm insanlar için bir ev gibi düşünen ve devletlerin çıkarlarından ziyade, dünyanın çıkarının ön planda tutulduğu, temelinde barış ve uyumun öngörüldüğü bir kuramdır. Çalışmada, Konfüçyüs öğretisi ve bu öğreti temelinde oluşturulmuş Tianxia kuramı çerçevesinde, 2003-2013 yılları arasında Çin Cumhurbaşkanı Hu Jintao dönemindeki dış politika ilkeleri ve bu ilkelerinin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile ilişkilerdeki rolü ve etkileri ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Çin ve ABD arasındaki ekonomik ve diplomatik ilişkilerin yanı sıra, bazı problemli konular incelenerek, belirtilen dönemde, Çin’in ABD politikasının Konfüçyüs öğretisinin etkisiyle şekillenen dış politika ilkelerine uygun olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. ii ABSTRACT CHINESE OUTLOOK TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND FOREIGN POLICY FOCUS ON THE UNITED STATES (2003-2013) China became the second largest economy via its reforms and opening up to the outside world. Throughout this process of being a great power it has been under the influence of its culture and traditions. One of the most influential creeds of the Chinese civilization has been Confucian philosophy. On the other hand the pace of China’s rise fuelled anxieties, particularly, in the West. China in order to rebuff Western threat perceptions underlined pro-status quo and peaceful emphases of Confucian philosophy as a basis of its foreign policy. This thesis focuses on Tianxia System, said to be the one of the most influential element of Confucian philosophy on Chinese foreign policy outlook. This system was analysed and proposed by Zhao Tingyang. According to Tingyang, the world is seen like a house with a conception of general interests. The interest of the world itself is primary, relying on peace and harmony; and individual states’ interests are secondary. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the role and effect of Confucian philosophy with a particular focus on Tianxia on the Chinese foreign policy and its relations with the US during the Presidency of Hu Jintao, from 2003 to 2013. To this end, in addition to the Sino-American diplomatic and economic relations, some problematic issues were also taken into consideration. The thesis argues that in this period Chinese foreign policy, specifically Sino-American relations, were in conformity with foreign policy principles, to some extent derived from Confucian philosophy. iii ÖNSÖZ Bu tez çalışmasında; küresel bir güç haline gelen Çin’in, uluslararası sistemi ne şekilde gördüğü, Konfüçyüs öğretisinin Çin’in uluslararası sisteme bakışında ve dış politika davranışlarında ne derece etkisi olduğu ve bu etkinin ABD’yle ilişkilerindeki yeri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle tez konusunu seçerken benim isteklerimi göz önünde bulunduran, tüm süreç boyunca bana her konuda destek olan, verdiği güven, cesaret ve bana olan inancıyla tezi bitirebilmemi sağlayan çok değerli hocam ve danışmanım Prof. Dr. Ahmet Mete TUNCOKU’ya minnettarlığımı belirtmek istiyorum. Yardımları olmasaydı, muhtemelen tez süreci oldukça uzar, konuların içinde kaybolup giderdim. Çin’de Fudan Üniversitesi’nde bulunduğum süre içerisinde, tez konusunun gelişimine ve şekillenmesine olan katkılarından dolayı, saygıdeğer hocam Prof. Dr. Ren Xiao’ya da sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Tezi yazarken, her bölümü dikkatle okuyan ve farklı bakış açısıyla, benim göremediğim noktalardaki eksikleri söyleyerek tezin gelişimine katkıda bulunan saygıdeğer hocam Doç. Dr. Soner KARAGÜL’e de ayrıca teşekkürlerimi sunmak istiyorum. Ayrıca teze değerli katkılar sunan değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Yücel ACER, Prof. Dr. Nuri YURDUSEV ve Doç. Dr. Mehmet Bülent ULUDAĞ’a da çok teşekkür ediyorum. Son olarak, tez konusu bulmaya çalışırken fikirleriyle beni yönlendiren ve tezi bitirmem konusunda her daim cesaretlendiren sevgili dostum Arş. Gör. Ceyhun ÇİÇEKÇİ’ye ve yine tez sürecinde verdiği destekten ötürü sevgili dostum Dr. Hilal GÖRKEM’e teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Bu çalışmayı, beni yetiştiren, maddi manevi her konuda bana destek olan aileme ithaf ederim. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... ii ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... iii İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. iv KISALTMALAR ......................................................................................................... viii TABLOLAR .....................................................................................................................x GİRİŞ ...............................................................................................................................1 BÖLÜM I ÇİN’İN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEME BAKIŞININ FELSEFİ TEMELLERİ 1.1. Konfüçyüs ve Öğretisi ............................................................................................6 1.1.1. Konfüçyüs’ün Hayatı (Kng Z ᏍᏊ ) (M.Ö. 551-479) ...................................7 1.1.2. Konfüçyüs Öğretisi/Konfüçyüsçülük ...............................................................9 1.1.3. Konfüçyüs’ün Takipçileri .............................................................................. 15 1.1.3.1. Mencius (Měngzì, ᆏᆀ ) (M.Ö. 380-300) ............................................... 15 1.1.3.2. Xunzi (Xtnz ,㥰ᆀ ) (M.Ö. 310-230) ..................................................... 17 1.2. Çin’deki Diğer Düşünce Okulları .......................................................................... 19 1.2.1. Mohizm ( Mòjiā, ໘ᇦ ) .................................................................................. 19 1.2.1.1. Mozi / Mo Tzu ( Mpz, ໘ᆀ ) (M.Ö. 479-381) ...................................... 20 1.2.2. Taoizm (Dàojiā, 䚃ᇦ ) .................................................................................. 24 1.2.2.1. Laozi/Lao Tzu (L~oz , 㘱ᆀ) (M.Ö. 500’ler) ......................................... 25 1.2.2.2. Zhuangzi (Zhu vngz , ᒴᆀ ) (M.Ö. 369- M.Ö. 286) ............................... 28 1.2.3. Legalizm ( Fă jiā, ⌅ᇦ ) ................................................................................ 29 1.2.3.1. Han Feizi (Hán F ēi Zi ,七䶎ᆀ) (M.Ö. 280- 233) .................................... 31 1.3. Çin’in Geleneksel ‘Uyum’ Düşüncesi (Hé-઼) ...................................................... 32 v 1.3.1. Değişimler Kitabı ( Book of Changes/I Ching, ᱃㏃ / Yìjīng) ......................... 34 1.3.2. Yin Yang ( 䱤䱣 / yīn yáng ) .......................................................................... 35 1.4. Çin’de Konfüçyüsçülüğün Yeniden Yükselişi ....................................................... 38 BÖLÜM II BATI MERKEZLİ OLMAYAN ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER KURAMLARI VE TİANXİA FELSEFESİ/KAVRAMI 2.1. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmalarında Batı Merkezli Olmayan Kuram İhtiyacına Yönelik Tartışmalar ..................................................................................................... 48 2.2. Çin’de Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları ............................................................... 53 2.2.1. Çin’de Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmalarının Gelişimi ..................................... 53 2.2.2. Çin Merkezli Bir Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramı Oluşturma Gereksinimi ......... 57 2.3. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramlarına Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Olarak Tianxia ................... 61 2.3.1. Tianxia Düşüncesinin Kökenleri .................................................................... 61 2.3.1.1. Hanedanlıklar Döneminde Tianxia ......................................................... 63 2.3.1.2. Tianxia ve İnsancıl Otorite ..................................................................... 66 2.3.2. Tianxia’nın Günümüz Dünyasına Uyarlanması ............................................. 68 2.3.2.1. Tianxia’nın Anlamları ............................................................................ 69 2.3.2.2. Tianxia’nın Temel İlke ve Hedefleri .....................................................
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