Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment
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Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment April 2007 WFP Somalia 2 Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment Prepared by: Philip McKinney August 2007 © World Food Programme This report was commissioned and funded by the United Nations World Food Programme Somalia Office. World Food Programme Somalia PO Box 64902 Nairobi Kenya Photograph credits: The photographs on the front cover were taken by Philip McKinney and may be published freely, without alteration, on the understanding that they be credited to the photographer. 3 Puntland Household Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment Conducted April 2007 4 Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment 5 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 9 Executive Summary......................................................................................... 10 1 Scope and methods ................................................................................. 10 2 Who are the hungry poor?....................................................................... 10 3 How many are they? ............................................................................... 11 4 Where do they live? ................................................................................ 11 5 What are the underlying causes of food insecurity?................................ 11 6 What are the interventions recommended?............................................. 12 Part I – Assessment Objectives and Methodology 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 13 2 Puntland assessment objectives ............................................................. 13 3 Definitions, terminology and concepts .................................................... 14 3.1 Food security ...................................................................................... 14 3.2 Vulnerability ....................................................................................... 14 4 Sources of data ....................................................................................... 15 4.1 Secondary data review ......................................................................... 15 4.2 Primary data collection ......................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Survey instruments ........................................................................ 15 4.2.2 Survey teams and supervision.......................................................... 16 4.2.3 Sampling procedures ...................................................................... 16 4.2.3.1 Universe.................................................................................. 17 4.2.3.2 Stratification ............................................................................ 17 4.2.3.3 Number of clusters.................................................................... 17 4.2.3.4 Modifications during field work.................................................... 17 4.2.3.5 Second stage sampling (household selection) ............................... 18 4.2.4 Data entry and statistical analysis..................................................... 18 5 Limitations to the assessment................................................................. 20 5.1 Map disclaimers................................................................................... 21 6 Coordination of assessment .................................................................... 22 Part II – Background and Overview of Socio-Economic Issues 1 General historical and political context ................................................... 23 2 Geography, climate and natural resources .............................................. 23 3 Population and livelihoods ...................................................................... 24 3.1 Human capital ..................................................................................... 25 3.2 Population displacements...................................................................... 26 4 Economy and markets ............................................................................. 26 4.1 Transportation and communication......................................................... 27 4.2 Credit system and remittance................................................................ 28 5 Literacy and education ............................................................................ 28 6 Gender issues.......................................................................................... 29 7 Health and nutrition................................................................................ 30 6 Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment 7.1 Health................................................................................................ 30 7.2 Nutrition (from UNICEF Somalia and FSAU) ............................................. 31 8 Livestock and agriculture ........................................................................ 31 8.1 Herds and migration............................................................................. 31 8.2 Animal welfare and veterinary issues ...................................................... 32 8.3 Agriculture.......................................................................................... 32 9 Water access........................................................................................... 32 10 Intervention strategies and food security policies .................................. 33 11 Sources of food insecurity and vulnerability ........................................... 34 Part III – Analysis of food security and geographical distribution 1 Livelihood food security and vulnerability profiles .................................. 35 1.1 Household food consumption profiling..................................................... 35 1.1.1 Frequency of consumption and dietary diversity.................................. 35 1.1.2 Methodology for analyzing food consumption data............................... 35 1.1.3 Household food consumption groups and profiles ................................ 36 1.1.4 Geographic distribution of consumption profiles .................................. 38 1.1.5 Distribution of consumption profiles across income activity groups ........ 39 1.2 Household access profiling .................................................................... 39 1.2.1 Household access to food ................................................................ 40 1.3 Household food security and vulnerability profiling.................................... 41 1.3.1 Methodology for analyzing food security and vulnerability data ............. 41 1.4 Household food security and vulnerability profiles..................................... 42 2 Geographic distribution of food security and vulnerability profiles ......... 42 2.1 Geographic distribution of food security and vulnerability profiles ............... 43 2.2 Distribution of food security and vulnerability profiles among livelihood zones and groups ................................................................................ 44 Part IV – Community and household survey results/outcomes 1 Circumstances of the households............................................................ 45 1.1 Demographics ..................................................................................... 45 1.2 Income activity groups (within the sample) ............................................. 45 1.3 Migration............................................................................................ 48 1.4 Socio-economic characteristics .............................................................. 49 1.4.1 Education...................................................................................... 49 1.4.1.1 Adult education ........................................................................ 49 1.4.1.2 Child education......................................................................... 50 1.4.1.3 Primary school access................................................................ 51 1.4.2 Health .......................................................................................... 52 1.4.2.1 Important diseases ................................................................... 52 1.4.2.2 Health facilities......................................................................... 52 1.4.3 Access to truck road ....................................................................... 52 1.5 Markets.............................................................................................. 52 1.5.1 Market access................................................................................ 52 1.5.2 Marketplace credit .......................................................................... 53 1.5.3 Commodity prices .......................................................................... 54 1.6 Water access ...................................................................................... 54 7 2 Household food security and vulnerability .............................................. 57 2.1 Availability and access to food ............................................................... 57 2.1.1 Household Debt ............................................................................. 57 2.1.2 Productive assets ..........................................................................