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Nutritional Value of Selected Wild Edible Indigenous Fruits of Southern Africa and Their Commercial Potential

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Nutritional Value of Selected Wild Edible Indigenous Fruits of Southern Africa and Their Commercial Potential COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SELECTED WILD EDIBLE INDIGENOUS FRUITS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA AND THEIR COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL BY NOZIPHO PATIENCE SIBIYA Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Botany In Botany and Plant Biotechnology Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Professor A. Moteetee Co-supervisor: Doctor E. Kayitesi March 2019 DISSERTATION CONTENTS PART A: PREAMBLE PART B: STRUCTURED STUDY PART C: APPENDICES PART A PREAMBLE DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation titled “Nutritional value of selected wild edible indigenous fruits of southern Africa”, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein, is my own original work, and that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated). Reproduction and publication by the University of Johannesburg will not infringe any third party rights. I declare that I have not previously submitted this dissertation for obtaining any qualification. Signature: ……………………. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Immeasurable appreciation for invaluable support is extended to the following persons, who in one way or another have contributed in making this study a success: My supervisor, Prof. Annah M. Moteetee, I owe you a great debt of gratitude, for the support, motivation, patience and your motherly advice throughout this study. Sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr. Eugenie Kayitesi, your guidance, advice and assistance was of utmost importance. Acknowledgment to the National Research Foundation (NRF), for substantial financial support, without your assistance, this study would not have been possible. Much appreciation to the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Nelspruit branch, for assisting with fruit-collection, without the fruits, this study would not have been possible. May I express appreciation to Mr. Witness Qaku and team (UJ Doornfontein Campus), for laboratory assistance and immense knowledge (on food technology) shared throughout this study. A special thank you to my friends (in science) Mr. Abdul Ajao and Ms. Minenhle Khoza, I’ve learned so much from you, your hard work ethics have made me a better person. Research is not easy, but with people like you, one can conquer the world. My fellow colleagues: Rudzani, Wendy, Mpho, Khumo and every one in team Taxeth, thank you for your assistance during plant collection, assistance in the laboratory and great team relation you have shown throughout. Last but not least, my mother Ms. Zanele Msibi, thank you for being a prayer warrior, my mainstay, my motivator, and my daughter’s mother, I am because you are. To my husband Mr. Mthobisi Zulu, thank you for your love, patience, and your endless support. You have been my source of strength, and without your support, this study would not have been possible. May God bless you all abundantly. ii DEDICATION I devote this dissertation to the memory of my father, who ensured I continue my studies even when he is gone, my mother, my step-father, my daughter and my husband. iii RESEARCH OUTPUTS/CONFERENCE CONTRIBUTIONS Sibiya, N.P., Kayitesi, E. and Moteetee A.M., 2018. Nutritional value of indigenous fruits of southern Africa and their commercial potential. Paper at the 14th University of Johannesburg Symposium of Postgraduate Students. Johannesburg, South Africa Sibiya, N.P., Kayitesi, E. and Moteetee, A.M., 2017. Nutritional value of indigenous fruits of southern Africa and their commercial potential. Paper at the 13th University of Johannesburg Symposium of Postgraduate Students. Johannesburg, South Africa Sibiya, N.P., Kayitesi, E. and Moteetee, A.M., 2017. Nutritional value of indigenous fruits of southern Africa and their commercial potential. Paper at Indigenous Plants Use Forum (IPUF). Pretoria, South Africa iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A – PREAMBLE DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................... iii RESEARCH OUTPUTS/CONFERENCE CONTRIBUTIONS ..................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ xii PART B – STRUCTURED STUDY CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 An overview of the prominence of wild edible indigenous fruit plants ........................................................ 1 1.2 The contribution of wild edible indigenous fruits to alleviate nutrition and food insecurity ....................... 3 1.3 Wild edible indigenous fruits: Economic considerations .............................................................................. 4 1.4 Aims and objectives of the study.................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 References .................................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Results and discussions .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 23 2.5 References .................................................................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 30 v 3.2 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Fruit samples for evaluation .............................................................................................................. 32 a) Selected fruits for analysis ................................................................................................................. 32 b) Processing of fruits ............................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.2 Proximate analysis ............................................................................................................................. 33 a) Moisture content determination ....................................................................................................... 33 b) Protein content determination .......................................................................................................... 33 c) Ash content determination ................................................................................................................ 34 d) Fat content determination ................................................................................................................. 34 e) Fibre content determination .............................................................................................................
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