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AA&D STYLE GUIDE

Harvard University AA&D Marketing and Communications CONTENTS

About This Guide 2 Numbers 12–14 3 Addresses Spelled or Abbreviated? Beginning a Sentence Periods in Abbreviations Centuries and Decades Place Names Direct Discourse Titles Before Names Millions and Billions Academic Honors 4 Money Advisor 4 Multiple Numbers in a Sentence Alumni 4 Ordinal Numbers Campaign 4 Parts of a Publication Company Names 4 Percentages Composition Titles 5 Phone Numbers 14 Course Titles 5 Possessives 14 Degrees 5–8 14–17 University-Wide Publications in Plurals FAS Publications Capitalization After a GSAS Degrees in Dates Current Students Commas in Pairs Honorary Degrees Commas in a Series Non-Degrees Ellipses Non-Graduates Em Parents En Dashes Couples After a Period Widows and Widowers Reunions 17 Faculty Degrees States and Cities 17 Degrees in Prose Stand-Alone Cities Emails and URLs 8 Washington, D.C. Fellowships 9 Time of Day (a.m./p.m.) 18 Foreign Words 9 Noon and Midnight Harvard Proper Nouns 9–10 Zeros in Times American Repertory Theater Titles and Names 18–19 Alan M. Garber Titles in Apposition Professor Michael D. Smith Emeritus Schools Chair Headline-Style Capitalization 11 Dr. House Renewal 11 Social Titles Hyphenated Words 11–12 Resources 20 Hyphenated Compounds Appendix A: Hyphenation Guide in Titles and Headlines Appendix B: Marks Jr. and Sr. 12

Appendix C: Digital Guidelines

1 ABOUT THIS GUIDE

AA&D Marketing and Communications uses The Chicago Manual of Style as its style guide of choice—with certain exceptions and additions, which are detailed in this guide. Chicago is prevalent in scholarly , and is used by several key partners at Harvard, including Mass Hall, , and many teams within AA&D. Comprehensive and highly technical, Chicago is the best fit for AA&D’s content and audience.

For anything not listed in the AA&D Style Guide (or for further explanation of many of the style rules listed in this guide), consult Chicago. Where AA&D style and Chicago style disagree, follow AA&D style.

This guide comprises editorial style best practices recommended by AA&D Marketing and Communications; however, to quote the first edition of The Chicago Manual of Style: “Rules and regulations such as these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of rock-ribbed law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity.” In other words, exceptions may be called for in certain instances and should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

For questions about anything in this guide or about AA&D style in general, contact Ben Aaronson, marketing communications editor/writer, at [email protected].

Special thanks to Whitney Espich and Ed Perlmutter for their assistance in putting together this guide.

2 ______Abbreviations For a more detailed guide to abbreviations, see chapter 10 in The Chicago Manual of Style. : Where AA&D style and Chicago style disagree, follow AA&D style.

Spelled or Abbreviated? Spell proper names in full at first reference and give the in parentheses. The abbreviation alone may be used in subsequent reference.

Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) (HBS)

However, if an abbreviation is more common than the spelled name, use the abbreviation alone (e.g., CIA, HMO, IBM, NFL, YMCA).

Also see Company Names and States and Cities.

Periods in Abbreviations Use periods with abbreviations that end in a lowercase letter (etc., e.g., i.e., a.k.a., a.m., p.m., Ms., Dr.), except for academic degrees (e.g., MDiv, MArch).

Use periods in initials in a personal name (e.g., J. K. Rowling, W. E. B. Dubois), but do not use periods for an entire name replaced by initials (e.g., JFK, FDR).

Do not use periods with most abbreviations that appear in full capitals, even if lowercase letters appear within the abbreviation (e.g., VP, CEO, MD, PhD), with the following exceptions: A.R.T., D.C., U.K., U.S.

Place Names Spell out terms such as Fort and Mount in place names (e.g., Fort Lauderdale, Mount Fuji). Always spell out Mount in Mount Auburn Street.

Saint is more commonly abbreviated in place names (e.g., St. Paul, St. Louis).

Titles Before Names Many civil or military titles preceding a full name may be abbreviated. Preceding a surname alone, however, they should be spelled out.

Sen. Elizabeth Warren; Senator Warren Gen. Martin E. Dempsey; General Dempsey

The abbreviations Rev. and Hon. are used before a full name when the does not precede the title. When preceded by the, such titles should be spelled out.

Rev. Sam Portaro; the Reverend Sam Portaro Hon. Henry M. Brown; the Honorable Henry M. Brown

3 ______Academic Honors Set cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude in roman (not italics) and do not set off with commas.

She graduated magna cum laude with a degree in history.

______Advisor Use advisor, not adviser. Note: The Advising Programs Office prefers adviser, so an exception may be appropriate for content focused on College advising.

______Alumni In the singular, use alumnus for a man, alumna for a woman. In the plural, use alumni for an all-male group, alumnae for an all-female group. For a mixed-gender group, it is generally acceptable to use alumni, but alumni/ae (or alumni and alumnae) may be used to emphasize alumnae. Avoid the informal alum or alums.

Anyone who attended Harvard, even for one term, receives alumni status. Always use present tense to refer to the Harvard connection.

He is in the Class of 1985. (Not: He was in the Class of 1985.) Jack and Susan are classmates. (Not: Jack and Susan were classmates.)

When referring to Harvard classes, use the form Class of XXXX. When preceded by Harvard and Radcliffe or , classes are listed differently depending on the class year, as follows:  1962 and earlier: Harvard and Radcliffe Classes of XXXX  1963–1999: Harvard and Radcliffe Class of XXXX  2000 and later: Harvard College Class of XXXX (or Harvard Class of XXXX in College publications)

______Campaign Capitalize The as part of The Harvard Campaign or The Harvard Campaign for Arts and Sciences. Always capitalize Campaign in reference to the current Campaign.

______Company Names In running text, company names are best given in their full forms on first reference. It should be noted that some full forms include and abbreviations. If in doubt, check the company’s website. Such elements as Inc., Ltd., & Co., and LLC may be omitted unless relevant to the context. Where included, do not set these elements off with commas, even if the company does.

4 When the precedes the name of a company (or institution, organization, etc.) in running text, it may be lowercased, even if the is part of the official title.

For more, see sections 6.48, 8.69, and 10.23 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

______Composition Titles Use italics for the titles of , periodicals, pamphlets and reports, long poems, plays, movies, TV and radio programs (but episodes in quotation marks), blogs (but blog entries in quotation marks), works of art, operas, musicals, albums, and other long musical compositions.

Use quotation marks for the titles of articles, parts of a , essays and short stories, short poems, and songs.

When and periodicals are mentioned in text, an initial the, even if part of the official title, is lowercased (unless it begins a sentence) and not italicized (e.g., the , , the Wall Street Journal).

For more, see sections 8.161–8.195 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

______Course Titles Capitalize course titles; use quotation marks around the descriptive title but not the area of study/course number.

Computer Science 50 (CS50): “Introduction to Computer Science I” Engineering Sciences 21 (ES21): “The Innovators’ Practice”

______Degrees The following guidelines represent a standard approach to formatting various Harvard degree designations. Formatting may vary across clients and publications, particularly in donor lists, which tend to follow donor preference.

University-Wide Publications List each Harvard degree (do not use periods in abbreviations) followed by the year, typically the last two digits preceded by a “smart” (e.g., AB ’08, not AB 2008); if there is any ambiguity about the century, use all four digits (e.g., AB 1908). Leave a space between the degree and year. Do not use a between the name and the first degree, but do use a comma before each subsequent degree. List degrees in chronological order (alphabetical order for degrees in the same year).

John J. Moon AB ’89, PhD ’94 Nicholas J. Sakellariadis AB ’73, JD ’77, MBA ’77

5 Do not list non-Harvard degrees unless specifically requested. When listed, set off with commas and do not include the year (unlike Harvard degrees).

Annette Burke, MD (MD is non-Harvard degree) Ming Tsuang, MD, PhD, AM ’87 (only AM is Harvard degree)

FAS Publications Follow the same formatting as University-Wide Publications, but do not list the degree earned (AB/SB) for College alumni, only the class year.

John J. Moon ’89, PhD ’94 (omit AB)

Some FAS publications also omit non-FAS degrees.

Nicholas J. Sakellariadis ’73 (omit AB and non-FAS degrees)

GSAS Degrees Only list the terminal degree—do not list an AM or SM for alumni with a PhD.

John J. Moon ’89, PhD ’94 (omit AM ’93 since PhD is terminal degree) Ann Bennett Spence AM ’69 (include AM since it is terminal degree)

Current Students List current undergrads with their class year alone (no AB/SB).

Seitu Smith ’15 Mary Parker ’16

List graduate students with their anticipated degree and year, except PhDs. Do not list PhD and year after the student’s name (but any completed degrees, such as an AB or AM, should be listed). In running text, a descriptor such as “doctoral student” or “PhD candidate” may be used.

For example, Ari Hoffman, a PhD candidate (listed in Advance as PhD ’16) who also holds Harvard AB and AM degrees, should be listed as: Ari Hoffman AB ’10, AM ’12 (do not include PhD ’16). However, once Hoffman completes his PhD, it should be listed in place of the AM: Ari Hoffman AB ’10, PhD ’16 (see GSAS Degrees).

Honorary Degrees Add (hon.) after the year for honorary degrees. The (hon.) may be omitted in donor lists and places where space is tight. Harvard honorary degrees include AM, ArtD, DD, LHD, LittD, LLD, MusD, and SD.

Yo-Yo Ma AB ’76, MusD ’91 (hon.) Oprah Winfrey LLD ’13 (hon.)

6 Non-Degrees Do not include certificates, fellowships, Executive Education, or other programs listed in Advance as “non-degree” unless specifically requested.

Non-Graduates Alumni who attended but did not graduate may be listed with the School code (instead of a degree) and class year. Only list the non-graduate year for alumni who hold no other Harvard degrees, or by specific request.

Matt Damon COL ’92 (attended College but did not graduate) Rita Hauser HLS ’58 (attended Law School but did not graduate)

Use the following School codes:  COL (Harvard College)  EXT (Extension School)  GSAS (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences)  GSD (Graduate School of Design)  GSE (Graduate School of Education)  HBS (Harvard Business School)  HDS ()  HKS ()  HLS ()  HMS ()  RAD ()  SDM (School of Dental Medicine)  SPH (School of Public Health)

Parents Parents of Harvard College students and alumni may be listed with a P followed by their child’s class year. Unlike with degrees, do not include a space between P and the year. For parents of more than one student, list the years in reverse chronological order (most recent first) but do not repeat the P. For parents who are alumni themselves, list any individual degrees first. Do not list parent years for parents of students and alumni of other Schools.

Mary Jones P’06 Mark Harris P’08, ’04, ’01 James Rothenberg AB ’68, MBA ’70, P’04

Parent years are typically included where parent affiliation is emphasized (e.g., Parents Fund materials) and sometimes for individuals who have no other Harvard affiliation. Where parent years are included, be consistent: if parent years are listed for one set of parents, they should be listed for all.

7 Couples If the couple shares a last name and it is listed only once, list each individual’s degree(s) after his/her first name. List any parent years after the last name.

William AB ’82 and Ami AB ’84 Danoff Lori and Ted ’77, MBA ’81 Samuels P’14, ’13

If a last name is listed for each person, list each individual’s degree(s) after his/her last name. List any parent years after each last name (after degrees).

James Swartz AB ’64 and Susan Shallcross Swartz Ashley Garrett MBA ’87, P’16 and Alan Jones AB ’83, MBA ’87, P’16

Widows and Widowers Widows and widowers of College alumni may be listed with a W followed by their deceased spouse’s class year. Do not include a space between W and the year. A widow may be addressed by her name or her husband’s name, according to personal preference.

Marshall Ludwig W’35 Barrie Landry W’66 (or Mrs. Kevin Landry W’66)

Faculty Degrees Many Harvard faculty members are also alumni. Harvard degrees—excluding the honorary AM given to all tenured faculty—may be listed for faculty if desired. Be consistent: if degrees are listed for one faculty member, they should be listed for all faculty. Do not include non-Harvard degrees.

Degrees in Prose When a degree is mentioned as part of a sentence and not part of a formal degree listing, it may be spelled out or abbreviated. When spelled out, degrees should be lowercased.

She has a master of divinity from Harvard Divinity School. She has an MDiv from Harvard Divinity School.

______Emails and URLs Email is one word, no (not e-mail). Set email addresses in roman.

URLs should be set in italics in running text. In most cases, http:// and www. can be omitted (browsers will automatically add these where applicable), but always check links to ensure they work before publishing.

If an email address or URL must be broken over two lines, the break should be just before any punctuation or other symbols. Never break at a hyphen.

8 ______Fellowships Capitalize Fellow/Fellowship in the names of specific fellowships; lowercase alone.

She is a Radcliffe Fellow. She is a fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

______Foreign Words Set familiar foreign words and phrases in roman (also see Academic Honors). If in doubt, check the dictionary.

For more, see sections 7.49–7.53 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

______Harvard Proper Nouns Capitalize the full, formal names of Harvard departments, offices, institutions, organizations, buildings, programs, awards, etc. Most academic departments use the form Department of Biology, rather than biology department. Capitalize the first usage, but not the second—except for proper nouns (e.g., English department).

Capitalize generic terms (office, department, center, etc.) only when they appear as part of the full name, with the following exceptions:  Capitalize Campaign in reference to the current Campaign (see Campaign)  Capitalize College, School, and University when referring to Harvard  Capitalize Corporation referring to the Harvard Corporation  Capitalize House referring to the residential Houses (see House Renewal)  Capitalize Overseer referring to a member of the Board of Overseers  Capitalize Yard referring to  In HAA publications, capitalize Clubs referring to Harvard Clubs, and Shared Interest Groups referring to Harvard Shared Interest Groups (SIGs)  When referring to a Harvard Reunion, capitalize Reunion as a noun but not as an adjective (see Reunions)

American Repertory Theater (A.R.T.) It’s theater, not theatre (though many other Harvard venues use theatre, e.g., Agassiz Theatre, Sanders Theatre, Tercentenary Theatre). Always use periods in the abbreviation A.R.T. Note: A.R.T. Artistic Director Diane Paulus is also professor of the practice of theatre in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

Alan M. Garber Use Alan M. Garber on first reference, Provost Garber or Garber on subsequent reference. His full title is Provost of . In running text, capitalize Provost before his name, lowercase after. In display text, capitalize Provost before or after his name.

9 Drew Gilpin Faust Use Drew Gilpin Faust on first reference, President Faust or Faust on subsequent reference. Her full title is President and Lincoln Professor of History, Harvard University. In running text, capitalize President before her name, lowercase after. In display text, capitalize President before or after her name.

Michael D. Smith Use Michael D. Smith, Edgerley Family Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences on first reference Dean Smith, FAS Dean Smith, or Smith on subsequent reference. His full title is Edgerley Family Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and John ;H. Finley, Jr. Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Schools The full name and preferred abbreviation for each of Harvard’s Schools (and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) are listed below. The abbreviation for a given School may not be the same as the School code (see Non-Graduates).

 Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS)  Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)  Harvard Business School (HBS)  Harvard College (College)  Harvard Divinity School (HDS)  (Extension School)  Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD)  Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) 

 Harvard KennedyJohn A. Paulson School School(HKS) of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Harvard(Harvard Law Paulson School School) (HLS)  Harvard Medical School (HMS)  Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM)  Harvard School of Public Health ( )  Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study (Radcliffe Institute) T.H. Chan Harvard Chan School The following Schools are preceded by the in running text:  Faculty of Arts and Sciences (and the FAS)  Graduate School of Artstypically and Sciences  Harvard Graduate School of Design (and the GSD)  Harvard Graduate School of Education  the Harvard Paulson School  Harvard SchoolJohn A. ofPaulson Dental School Medicine of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Harvard(and School of Public) Health the Harvard Chan School  Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study the Radcliffe Institute T.H. Chan (and ) (and ) 10 ______Headline-Style Capitalization

 The first and last words Use Nouns, headline-style pronouns, capitalization verbs, adjectives, (title case) adverbs, in titles and andsome headlines. conjunctions Capitalize:  Prepositions of five letters or more  Prepositions of any length that are used adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look Up, on in The On Button, to in Come To, etc.)  Any words immediately following a colon, em , or period

Lowercase:  Prepositions of four letters or fewer, unless used adverbially or adjectivally  The articles the, a, and an  The conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor  Part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von

Use sentence-style capitalization for subheads.

Also see Hyphenated Compounds (sentence in Titles case) and Headlines.

______House Renewal House Renewal should be capitalized as a proper noun. House should also be capitalized alone in reference to Harvard’s residential Houses. The Houses are Adams, Cabot, Currier, Dudley, Dunster, Eliot, Kirkland, Leverett, Lowell, Mather, Pforzheimer, Quincy, and Winthrop.

______Hyphenated Words Modern usage is to eliminate the hyphen between a prefix and a root unless the root is a proper noun or adjective, such as anti-American. If there is a question as to proper formation, consult Webster’s Dictionary and/or The Chicago Manual of Style (see sections 7.77–7.85, or see Appendix A: Hyphenation Guide), with the following exceptions:  Hyphenate titles such as co-chair, co-director, co-master, and co-president  Do not hyphenate email

Compound modifiers (also called phrasal adjectives) are usually hyphenated when they precede the noun they modify. When such compounds follow the noun they modify, hyphenation is usually unnecessary, even for adjectival compounds that are hyphenated in Webster’s (such as well-read or ill-humored).

He has a full-time job. He works full time.

11 Compounds formed by an adverb ending in ly plus an adjective or participle are never hyphenated (e.g., largely irrelevant, smartly dressed). However, compounds formed by an adjective ending in ly plus a noun may be hyphenated before the noun they modify but not after (e.g., early-stage but research in the early stages).

Hyphenated Compounds in Titles and Headlines In titles and headlines (see Headline-Style Capitalization), always capitalize the first element of a hyphenated compound. Capitalize any subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions (of four letters or fewer), coordinating conjunctions, or such modifiers as flat or sharp following musical key symbols. Always capitalize the second element in a hyphenated spelled-out number (e.g., Thirty-Fifth) or hyphenated simple fraction (e.g., Two-Thirds).

______Jr. and Sr. Do not use a comma before or after Jr. or Sr. unless it is part of the name of an endowed professorship, fellowship, etc., most notably, Dean Smith’s professorship: John H. Finley, Jr. Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Never use commas to set off II, III, and the like when used as part of a name.

______Numbers As a general rule, spell out numbers between zero and nine; use numerals for 10 and above.

Addresses Numbered streets follow the general rule (e.g., Fifth Avenue, 122nd Street).

Use numerals for building number (e.g., 5 James Street) unless it is part of the building name (e.g., One Federal Street).

Use numerals for floor number in an address; in running text, follow the general rule.

124 Mount Auburn Street, 2nd Floor Marketing and Communications is on the second floor.

Beginning a Sentence Always spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Recast to avoid awkwardness.

Centuries and Decades Centuries follow the general rule (e.g., fifth century, 21st century).

12 Decades can be spelled out and lowercased (as long as the century is clear) or expressed in numerals (e.g., sixties or 1960s). When using numerals, do not use an apostrophe between the year and the s.

Direct Discourse In a direct quote, numbers that might otherwise be rendered as numerals can often be spelled out. Years can usually be rendered as numerals.

“A lot has changed since I graduated fifty years ago,” he said. “I donated twenty-five thousand dollars to Harvard in 2013,” she said.

Millions and Billions Whole numbers followed by million, billion, and so forth follow the general rule (e.g., five million, 10 billion), but always use numerals for dollar figures (e.g., $6.5 billion; see Money).

Money Use numerals and the $ symbol for sums of $1 or more (e.g., $5, $20). Spell out amounts less than $1 (e.g., seventy-five cents). For sums in a range, repeat the $ symbol (e.g., $5–$10).

For large sums, the abbreviations K (for thousands), M (for millions), and B (for billions) may be used where space is tight. Do not include a space between the number and the abbreviation (e.g., $500K, $150M, $6.5B). For foreign currencies, see section 9.24 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Multiple Numbers in a Sentence Where many numbers occur within a sentence, set numbers alike that modify the same thing. The style for the larger number governs the smaller.

A mixture of buildings—one of 103 stories, five of more than 50, and a dozen of only 3 or 4—will be constructed over the next three years. (stories set consistently; other numbers follow general rule)

When a number must be spelled out at the beginning of a sentence, disregard any inconsistency this may cause with other numbers in the sentence.

Fifty-three students applied for summer internships with my firm, and another 40 with Bob’s.

When two numbers occur consecutively with no intervening punctuation, spell out the first number or recast for clarity.

The fundraising total includes ten $10 million gifts. (spell first number) The fundraising total includes 10 gifts of $10 million. (recast)

13 Ordinal Numbers Ordinal numbers follow the general rule (i.e., spell first through ninth, use numerals for 10th and above). Do not use superscripts (10th, not 10th).

Do not use ordinals in a month-day reference; however, ordinals may be used when the day is not preceded by the month.

The meeting is scheduled for May 5. (not May 5th) I look forward to our meeting on the fifth. Are you going to the fireworks on the Fourth of July?

For reunion years, see Reunions.

Parts of a Publication Use numerals for pages, chapters, volumes, illustrations, tables, and other parts of a publication.

Percentages Use numerals for percentages. Spell out percent in running text; only use the % symbol in tables, graphics, and other places where space is tight. For percentages in a range, do not repeat the word percent (e.g., 90–95 percent), but do repeat the % symbol (e.g., 90%–95%).

______Phone Numbers Use rather than periods (XXX-XXX-XXXX). Do not put parentheses around the area code. Avoid breaking phone numbers over two lines if possible.

______Possessives The possessive of most singular nouns is formed by adding ’s. The possessive of plural nouns (except for irregular plurals that do not end in s) is formed by adding an apostrophe only. The general rule extends to proper nouns, including names ending in s, x, or z.

For more, see sections 7.15–7.28 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

______Punctuation For a more detailed guide to punctuation, see chapter 6 in The Chicago Manual of Style. Note: Where AA&D style and Chicago style disagree, follow AA&D style.

Apostrophes in Plurals Apostrophes are rarely used to form plurals, most commonly with lowercase letters (e.g., dotting the i’s and crossing the t’s). The plurals of capital letters,

14 numerals, and abbreviations usually form the plural by adding s (e.g., ABCs, 1990s, PhDs).

For more, see section 7.14 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Capitalization After a Colon When a colon is used within a sentence, the first word following the colon is lowercased unless it is a proper noun. When a colon introduces two or more sentences, when it introduces speech in dialogue or a quotation, or when it introduces a direct question, the first word following the colon is capitalized.

For more, see section 6.61 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Commas in Dates Always use commas to set off the year in a month-day-year reference, even if the date is used adjectivally. Similarly, set off the date when preceded by the day of the week. No commas are needed in a month-year reference.

The performance took place on March 12, 2014, in Sanders Theatre. ReConnect was held on Saturday, March 8, in Los Angeles. March 2014 was unseasonably cold.

For more, see sections 5.82 and 6.45 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Commas in Pairs Whenever a comma is used to set off an element, a second comma is required if the phrase or sentence continues beyond the element being set off (see Commas in Dates and States and Cities).

Commas in a Series (Serial Commas) Items in a series of three or more are normally separated by commas. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a comma—known as the serial or series comma, the Oxford comma, or the Harvard comma—should appear before the conjunction. When elements in a series include internal punctuation, or when they are very long and complex, they may be separated by rather than by commas.

For more, see sections 6.18–6.19 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Ellipses Use three points (...) to indicate the omission of text in a quoted passage. Do not add any spaces between or around ellipsis points. Use a period in addition to ellipsis points (....) to indicate the omission of text at the end of a sentence or immediately following a sentence. Capitalize the first word after an ellipsis if it begins a new grammatical sentence.

15 For more, see sections 13.48–13.56 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Em Dashes The longest of the dashes, em dashes (—) are used to set off an amplifying or explanatory element and in that sense can function as an alternative to parentheses, commas, or a colon—especially when an abrupt break in thought is called for. Do not add spaces around an em dash.

Keyboard shortcuts:  Mac: Shift + Option + Hyphen (at the top of the keyboard)  PC: Control + Alt + Minus Sign (on the numeric keypad at right)

For more, see sections 6.82–6.89 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

En Dashes Longer than a hyphen but shorter than an em dash, en dashes (–) are principally used to connect numbers and, less often, words. Do not add spaces around an en dash.

In number ranges—such as dates, times, and page numbers—it signifies up to and including (or through). The word to, never the en dash, should be used if the word from precedes the first element in such a pair; similarly, and, never the en dash, should be used if between precedes the first element.

Reunion will be held May 28–June 1. Reunion will be held from May 28 to June 1. (not from May 28–June 1)

In other contexts, such as scores and directions, the en dash signifies to.

The London–Paris train leaves at 2:30 p.m. Green Bay defeated Chicago, 13–6.

The en dash is also used in a compound adjective in which one element consists of two or more words.

post–Civil War years New York–based company

Keyboard shortcuts:  Mac: Option + Hyphen (at the top of the keyboard)  PC: Control + Minus Sign (on the numeric keypad at right)

For more, see sections 6.78–6.81 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

16 Space After a Period Add only one space after a period at the end of a sentence. Note: Two spaces may be used in correspondence from President Faust, per her preference.

______Reunions When referring to a Harvard Reunion, capitalize Reunion as a noun but not as an adjective. Use numerals for reunion years (e.g., 5th, 10th, 25th; see Ordinal Numbers).

The class is celebrating its 35th Reunion this year. (capitalize as noun) will serve as reunion headquarters. (lowercase as adjective)

______States and Cities Always spell out state names in running text. In addresses, states are typically abbreviated using the two-letter postal codes, though they are often spelled out in invitations, programs, and the like. The two-letter abbreviations may also be used in tables, lists, and other places where space is tight.

When following the name of a city, the names of states, provinces, and countries are enclosed in commas, whether they are spelled out or abbreviated. In an exception to the rule, no comma appears between the postal code and a zip code in an address.

Stand-Alone Cities The following cities can usually stand alone in running text:  Local: Allston, , Cambridge  U.S.: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Indianapolis, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle  International: Amsterdam, Baghdad, Bangkok, Beijing, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Cairo, Dublin, Geneva, Guatemala City, Havana, Helsinki, Hong Kong, Islamabad, Istanbul, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, Kuwait City, London, Macau, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Montreal, Moscow, Munich, New Delhi, Panama City, Paris, Prague, Quebec City, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, São Paulo, Shanghai, Stockholm, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Vienna, Zurich

Washington, D.C. Always use periods in D.C. and set off with commas.

President Faust gave a speech in Washington, D.C., last week.

17 ______Time of Day (a.m./p.m.) Use lowercase with periods (a.m./p.m.) in running text. In display text, use small caps without periods (AM/PM) or lowercase with periods.

Noon and Midnight Use noon and midnight, never 12 p.m. or 12 noon (or 12 a.m. or 12 midnight).

Zeros in Times Use zeros after the hour if the exact time is being emphasized (common in display text: invitations, programs, etc.) or if other times in a series indicate minutes. Otherwise, just the numeral for the hour is sufficient.

The first bell rings sharply at 8:00 a.m. The program runs from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. The office hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

______Titles and Names In running text, civil, military, religious, and professional titles are capitalized when they immediately precede a personal name (but see Titles in Apposition); they are lowercased when they follow a name or stand alone. In display text, such titles are usually capitalized even when following a name.

The Chicago Manual of Style also includes the following note, which is certainly applicable to AA&D: “Exceptions may also be called for in other contexts for reasons of courtesy or diplomacy.”

Titles in Apposition When a title is used in apposition before a personal name—that is, not alone and as part of the name but as an equivalent to it, usually preceded by the or a modifier such as former or then—it is considered not a title but rather a descriptive phrase and is therefore lowercased.

the provost, Alan M. Garber (but Provost Alan M. Garber) former president (but President Drew Gilpin Faust)

Professor Capitalize Professor before a name when it appears alone or is preceded by Harvard or a School.

Professor Nicholas Watson Harvard Professor Nicholas Watson

18 However, if the field of study is included, it is considered not a title but rather a descriptive phrase and is therefore lowercased, except for any proper names (e.g., American, Asian, English).

professor of English Nicholas Watson English professor Nicholas Watson

Named professorships are always capitalized regardless of their position in the sentence.

Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor Gary King Gary King, Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor

Spell out professor before a name in running next. Prof. may be used in listings and other places where space is tight.

Emeritus Emeritus and emerita are honorary designations and do not simply mean “retired.” The plural forms are emeriti and emeritae; like alumni, emeriti is usually acceptable for a mixed-gender group.

Set emeritus/emerita in roman and do not set off with commas. As part of a title before a name, capitalize Emeritus/Emerita wherever Professor is capitalized (see Professor). After a name, lowercase emeritus/emerita, even as part of a named professorship (it is not considered part of the name of the professorship).

Professor Emeritus Paul Horowitz professor of divinity emeritus David Hall Leo Damrosch, Ernest Bernbaum Professor of Literature emeritus

Chair Use chair, not chairman or chairwoman, for positions within Harvard (for positions outside of Harvard, follow organizational style). Always hyphenate co-chair but never vice chair.

Dr. Do not use Dr. unless specifically requested.

Social Titles Social titles (Mr., Ms., Mrs.) are rarely used. When social titles must be used, be consistent: use social titles for everyone in a given publication or no one.

19 RESOURCES

The Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition) chicagomanualofstyle.org

Consult Chicago for anything not listed in this guide or for further explanation of many of the style rules listed in this guide. Where AA&D style and Chicago style disagree, follow AA&D style.

Merriam-Webster merriam-webster.com

Webster’s is AA&D’s dictionary of choice. Consult Webster’s for questions of spelling, hyphenation, etc., if not listed in this guide or in Chicago.

Courses of Instruction (FAS Registrar’s Office) registrar.fas.harvard.edu/courses-exams/courses-instruction

Consult the Courses of Instruction to confirm FAS faculty titles, as well as the names of departments and courses. Do not use Advance to check titles.

20 Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85

according to parts of speech. The third section lists examples for words commonly used as elements in compounds. The fourth section lists com- mon prefixes, most of which join to another word to form one unhyphen- ated word; note especially the hyphenated exceptions, not all of which agree with Webster’s. (Compounds formed with suffixes—e.g., nation- hood, penniless —are almost always closed.) Appendix A: Hyphenation

Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category age terms a three- year- old Hyphenated in both noun and a fi ve- year- old child adjective forms (except as in a fi fty- fi ve- year- old woman the last two examples); note the a group of eight- to ten- year- olds space after the fi rst hyphen in but the fourth example (see 7.84 ). seven years old The examples apply equally to eighteen years of age ages expressed as numerals. chemical terms sodium chloride Open in both noun and adjective sodium chloride solution forms. colors emerald- green tie Hyphenated before but not after reddish- brown fl agstone a noun. This departure from blue- green algae Chicago’s former usage serves snow-white dress both simplicity and logic. black- and- white print but his tie is emerald green the stone is reddish brown the water is blue green the clouds are snow white the truth isn’t black and white compass points and northeast Closed in noun, adjective, and directions southwest adverb forms unless three direc- east- northeast tions are combined, in which a north–south street case a hyphen is used after the street runs north–south the fi rst. When from . . . to is implied, an en dash is used (see 6.78 ). ethnic terms. See proper nouns and adjectives relating to geography or nation- ality in section 2. foreign phrases an a priori argument Open unless hyphens appear in a Sturm und Drang drama the original language. in vitro fertilization a tête- à- tête approach

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category (continued) fractions, compounds a half hour Noun form open; adjective form formed with a half- hour session hyphenated. See also numbers a quarter mile in this section and half in sec- a quarter-mile run tion 3. an eighth note fractions, simple one- half Hyphenated in noun, adjec- two-thirds tive, and adverb forms, except three- quarters when second element is already one twenty-fi fth hyphenated. See also number + one and three- quarters noun and 9.14 . a two- thirds majority three- quarters done a one twenty-fi fth share number + the 33 m distance Always open. See also number abbreviation a 2 kg weight + noun. a 3 ft. high wall number + noun a hundred-meter race Hyphenated before a noun, a 250- page book otherwise open. Note the space a fi fty- year project after the fi rst number in the last a three- inch- high statuette example. See also number + it’s three inches high abbreviation. See also 9.13 . a one- and- a- half- inch hem one and a half inches a fi ve- foot- ten quarterback fi ve feet ten [inches tall] fi ve- to ten- minute intervals number + percentage 50 percent Both noun and adjective forms a 10 percent raise always open. number, ordinal, + on the third fl oor Adjective form hyphenated be- noun third- fl oor apartment fore a noun, otherwise open. See 103rd- fl oor view also century in section 3. fi fth- place contestant twenty-fi rst-row seats number, ordinal, + a second- best decision Hyphenated before a noun, super lative third-largest town otherwise open. fourth- to- last contestant he arrived fourth to last numbers, spelled out twenty-eight Twenty- one through ninety- nine three hundred hyphenated; others open. See nineteen forty- fi ve also fractions, simple. fi ve hundred fi fty relationships. See foster, grand, in- law, and step in section 3.

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category (continued) time at three thirty Usually open; forms such as the three- thirty train “three thirty,” “four twenty,” a four o’clock train etc., are hyphenated before the the 5:00 p.m. news noun. 2. compounds according to parts of speech adjective + noun small-s tate senators Hyphenated before but not after a high- quality alkylate a noun. a middle- class neighborhood the neighborhood is middle class adjective + participle tight- lipped person Hyphenated before but not after high- jumping grasshoppers a noun. open- ended question the question was open ended adverb ending in ly + a highly paid ragpicker Open whether before or after a participle or adjective a fully open society noun. he was mildly amusing adverb not ending a much-needed addition Hyphenated before but not after in ly + participle or it was much needed a noun; compounds with more, adjective a very well- read child most, less, least, and very usually little- understood rules open unless ambiguity threat- a too- easy answer ens. When the adverb rather the best-known author than the compound as a whole is the highest- ranking offi cer modifi ed by another adverb, the the worst- paid job entire expression is open. a lesser- paid colleague the most effi cient method a less prolifi c artist a more thorough exam the most skilled workers (most in number) but the most- skilled workers (most in skill) a very much needed addition combining forms electrocardiogram Usually closed if permanent, socioeconomic hyphenated if temporary. See politico- scientifi c studies 7.78 . the practico- inert gerund + noun running shoes Noun form open; adjective form cooking class hyphenated. See also noun + running- shoe store gerund. noun + adjective computer-literate accountants Hyphenated before a noun; usu- HIV- positive men ally open after a noun. the stadium is fan friendly she is HIV positive

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued) noun + gerund decision making Noun form usually open; adjec- a decision- making body tive form hyphenated before a mountain climbing noun. Some permanent com- time- clock- punching employees pounds closed (see 7.78 ). a Nobel Prize–winning chemist (see 6.80 ) bookkeeping caregiving copyediting noun + noun, single student nurse Noun form open; adjective form function (fi rst noun restaurant owner hyphenated before a noun. Some modifi es second directory path permanent compounds closed noun) tenure track (see 7.78 ). tenure-track position home- rule governance shipbuilder gunrunner copyeditor noun + noun, two nurse- practitioner Both noun and adjective forms functions (both nouns philosopher- king always hyphenated. equal) city-state city-state governance noun + numeral or type A Both noun and adjective forms enumerator a type A executive always open. type 2 diabetes size 12 slacks a page 1 headline noun + participle a Wagner- burdened repertoire Hyphenated before a noun, fl ower-fi lled garden otherwise open. a clothes- buying grandmother a day of clothes buying participle + noun chopped- liver pâté Adjective form hyphenated cutting-edge methods before but not after a noun. their approach was cutting edge participle + up, out, dressed- up children Adjective form hyphenated and similar adverbs burned- out buildings before but not after a noun. Verb ironed- on decal form always open. we were dressed up that decal is ironed on phrases, adjectival an over-the- counter drug Hyphenated before a noun; usu- a matter- of- fact reply ally open after a noun. an up-to- date solution sold over the counter her tone was matter of fact his equipment was up to date

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued) phrases, noun stick- in- the- mud Hyphenated or open as listed in jack- of- all- trades Webster’s. If not in the diction- a fl ash in the pan ary, open. proper nouns and African Americans Open in both noun and adjective adjectives relating to African American president forms, unless the fi rst term is geography or nation- a Chinese American a prefi x or unless between is ality French Canadians implied. See also 8.38 . South Asian Americans the Scotch Irish the North Central region Middle Eastern countries but Sino- Tibetan languages the Franco- Prussian War the US- Canada border Anglo-American cooperation Anglo-Americans 3. compounds formed with specific terms ache toothache Always closed. stomachache all all out Adverbial phrases open; adjecti- all along val phrases usually hyphenated all over both before and after a noun. an all- out eff ort an all- American player the book is all- encompassing but we were all in [tired] book reference book Closed or open as listed in coupon book Webster’s. If not in the diction- checkbook ary, open. cookbook borne waterborne Closed if listed as such in food- borne Webster’s. If not in Webster’s, e- mail- borne hyphenated; compounds retain mosquito- borne the hyphen both before and after a noun. century the twenty-fi rst century Noun forms always open; ad- fourteenth-century monastery jectival compounds hyphenated twenty-fi rst- century history before but not after a noun. See a mid-eighteenth- century poet also old (below), mid (in section late nineteenth-century politicians 4), and 7.83 . her style was nineteenth century

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued) cross a cross section Many compounds formed with a cross- reference cross are in Webster’s (as those cross- referenced listed here). If not in Webster’s, cross- grained noun, adjective, adverb, and cross- country verb forms should be open. crossbow crossover e e- mail Hyphenated except with proper e- book nouns. See also 8.163 . eBay elect president- elect Hyphenated unless the name vice president elect of the offi ce consists of an open mayor- elect compound. county assessor elect ever ever- ready help Usually hyphenated before but ever- recurring problem not after a noun; some perma- everlasting nent compounds closed. he was ever eager ex ex- partner Hyphenated, but use en dash if ex- marine ex- precedes an open compound. ex–corporate executive foster foster mother Noun forms open; adjective foster parents forms hyphenated. a foster- family background free toll- free number Compounds formed with free as accident-free driver second element are hyphenated the number is toll- free both before and after a noun. the driver is accident-free full full- length mirror Hyphenated before a noun, the mirror is full length otherwise open. Use ful only in three bags full such permanent compounds as a suitcase full cupful, handful. general attorney general Always open; in plural forms, postmaster general general remains singular. lieutenants general grand, great- grand grandfather Grand compounds closed; great granddaughter compounds hyphenated. great-grandmother great-great- grandson

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued) half half- asleep Adjective forms hyphenated half- fi nished before and after the noun; noun a half sister forms open. Some permanent a half hour compounds closed, whether a half- hour session nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. halfway Check Webster’s. See also frac- halfh earted tions in section 1. house schoolhouse Closed or open as listed in courthouse Webster’s. If not in the diction- safe house ary, open. rest house in- law sister- in- law All compounds hyphenated; parents- in- law only the fi rst element takes a plural form. like catlike Closed if listed as such in childlike Webster’s. If not in Webster’s, Christlike hyphenated; compounds retain bell-like the hyphen both before and after a penitentiary-like institution a noun. mid. See section 4. near in the near term Noun forms open; adjective a near accident forms hyphenated. a near- term proposal a near- dead language odd a hundred-odd manuscripts Always hyphenated. 350- odd books old a three- year- old Noun forms hyphenated. Adjec- a 105- year-old woman tive forms hyphenated before a a decade- old union noun, open after. See also age a centuries- old debate terms in section 1. a child who is three years old the debate is centuries old on online Sometimes closed, sometimes onstage hyphenated. Check Webster’s and ongoing hyphenate if term is not listed. on- screen See also 7.79 . on- site percent 5 percent Both noun and adjective forms a 10 percent increase always open.

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Category/specifi c termGuide Examples Summary of rule 3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued) pseudo. See section 4. quasi a quasi corporation Noun form usually open; adjec- a quasi- public corporation tive form usually hyphenated. A quasi- judicial handful of permanent com- quasiperiodic pounds are listed in Webster’s. quasicrystal self self-restraint Both noun and adjective forms self-realization hyphenated, except where self is self- sustaining followed by a suffi x or preceded self- conscious by un. Note that unselfconscious, the behavior is self- destructive Chicago’s preference, is contrary selfl ess to Webster’s. unselfconscious step stepbrother Always closed except with grand stepparent and great. step-granddaughter step-great- granddaughter style dined family- style Adjective and adverb forms 1920s- style dancing hyphenated; noun form usually danced 1920s- style open. Chicago- style hyphenation according to Chicago style headline- style capitalization use headline style vice vice- consul Sometimes hyphenated, some- vice- chancellor times open, occasionally closed. vice president Check Webster’s and hyphenate if vice presidential duties term is not listed. vice admiral viceroy web a website Noun form open or closed, as a web page shown; if term is not in any dic- web-related matters tionary, opt for open. Adjective form hyphenated. See also 7.76 . wide worldwide Closed if listed as such in citywide Webster’s. If not in Webster’s, Chicago- wide hyphenated; compounds retain the canvass was university- wide the hyphen both before and after a noun.

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4. words formed withGuide prefixes Compounds formed with prefi xes are normally closed, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjec- tives, or adverbs. A hyphen should appear, however, (1) before a capitalized word or a nu- meral, such a sub- Saharan, pre- 1950; (2) before a compound term, such as non- self- sustaining, pre– War (before an open compound, an en dash is used; see 6.80 ); (3) to separate two i’s, two a’s, and other combinations of letters or syllables that might cause misreading, such as anti-intellectual , extra- alkaline, pro-life ; (4) to separate the repeated terms in a double prefi x, such as sub-subentry ; (5) when a prefi x or combining form stands alone, such asover- and underused, macro- and microeconomics. The spellings shown below conform largely to Merriam- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Compounds formed with combining forms not listed here, such as auto, tri, and para, follow the same pattern. ante antebellum, antenatal, antediluvian anti antihypertensive, antihero, but anti- infl ammatory, anti- Hitlerian bi binomial, bivalent, bisexual bio bioecology, biophysical, biosociology co coequal, coauthor, coeditor, coordinate, cooperation, coworker, but co- op, co- opt counter counterclockwise, counterrevolution cyber cyberspace, cyberstore extra extramural, extrafi ne, but extra- administrative fold fourfold, hundredfold, but twenty- fi ve- fold, 150- fold hyper hypertension, hyperactive, hypertext infra infrasonic, infrastructure inter interorganizational, interfaith intra intrazonal, intramural, but intra- arterial macro macroeconomics, macromolecular mega megavitamin, megamall, but mega- annoyance meta metalanguage, metaethical, but meta- analysis (not the same as metanalysis) micro microeconomics, micromethodical mid midthirties, a midcareer event, midcentury, but mid- July, the mid-1990s, the mid- twentieth century, mid- twentieth- century history mini minivan, minimarket multi multiauthor, multiconductor, but multi- institutional neo neonate, neoorthodox, Neoplatonism, neo- Nazi (neo lowercase or capital and hyphenated as in dictionary; lowercase and hyphenate if not in dictionary) non nonviolent, nonevent, nonnegotiable, but non- beer- drinking over overmagnifi ed, overshoes, overconscientious post postdoctoral, postmodernism, posttraumatic, but post- Vietnam, post–World War II (see 6.80 ) pre premodern, preregistration, prewar, preempt, but pre- Columbian, Pre- Raphaelite (pre lowercase or capital as in dictionary; lowercase if term is not in dictionary) pro proindustrial, promarket, but pro- life, pro- Canadian

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4. words formed withGuide prefixes (continued) proto protolanguage, protogalaxy, protomartyr pseudo pseudotechnocrat, pseudomodern, but pseudo- Tudor re reedit, reunify, reproposition, but re- cover, re- creation (as distinct from recover, recreation) semi semiopaque, semiconductor, but semi- invalid sub subbasement, subzero, subcutaneous super superannuated, supervirtuoso, superpowerful supra supranational, suprarenal, supraorbital, but supra- American trans transsocietal, transmembrane, transcontinental, transatlantic, but trans- American ultra ultrasophisticated, ultraorganized, ultraevangelical un unfunded, unneutered, but un- English, un- unionized under underemployed, underrate, undercount

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Marks

figure 2.6. Proofreaders’ marks.

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C Digital Guidelines DIGITAL GUIDELINES

• Email subject lines and preheaders o Always use sentence case (capitalize first word and proper names) o No period at end of sentence o or exclamation point OK where appropriate o Should be short and compelling o Preheader should complement subject line, not duplicate it o For more, see guidelines.hwp.harvard.edu/getting-open • Don’t use smart quotes • Use a.m./p.m. (no small caps) • Email addresses should be all lowercase • Buttons should be in title case (e.g., RSVP Today) • Posting to alumni.harvard.edu o Use title case for headlines/titles, sentence case for subheads o Subheads should be written and punctuated as a sentence o Always apply AA&D style o When repurposing print content, adjust for web as needed ! Does formatting make sense? ! Is more context needed? ! Is voice/tone appropriate?