Vidarigandhadi Gana of Sushruta Samhita: a Review of Its Clinical Indications

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Vidarigandhadi Gana of Sushruta Samhita: A Review of its Clinical Indications

Dipti1*, Kumar S2 and Rath SK1 1PG Department of Dravyaguna Vigyana, NIA, India Conceptual Paper 2Department of Kayachiktisa, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, India Volume 4 Issue 3 Received Date: July 20, 2020

*Corresponding author: Dipti, PhD Scholar (Ayu), PG Department of Dravyaguna Vigyana, Published Date: August 25, 2020 NIA, Jaipur, India; Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.23880/jonam-16000262

Abstract

Acharya Sushrut gana sutra and these are to be used in later sthana of the text Medicinal substances are classified in Ayurveda in many ways for convenient learning, understanding and applications. (chikitsa sthan, uttar tantra etc.) as per ayurveda gana i.e. vidarigandhadi gana is taken for analysis for its has classified medicinal substances under clinical indication from sushrut samhita gana vis-a-vis shosha, principle. The first gulma, shwasa, kasa have clinical applicability in other Sthana of Sushrut samhita. Study reveals it can be given in various other and its commentaries. Review showed that the indication of this clinical conditions like udaroga, apasmara, vidradhi, abhishyanda, atisaar, raktapitta, pratishyaya, trishna, mutrakriccha etc. after analysing the dosha. This vidargandhadhi gana sutra being used in later part of text and it is not only having vata pitta vitiating property but also balya by its nature. follows the principle of

Keywords: Gana; Vidarigandhadi; Ayurveda; Clinical applications; Sutra; Sushrut samhita

Abbreviations As there are countless medicinal substances, though

Su: Sushrut samhita; T: Tika (Commentary); u: uttar tan- and apply each medicinal substance individually. Therefore tra; chi: chikitsa sthana; sh: sharira sthana; su: sutra sthana; not impossible but it is very difficult to learn, understand Ch.chi: Charak samhita chikitsa sthana. common parameters like morphology, pharmacological action,medicinal therapeutic substances uses, are etc classified[4]. Charaka on basis of certain Introduction medicinal substances into groups such as mahakashaya, moolini, phalini, etc. Sushruta has classified the is the most important tool in therapeutics. It is Dravya substances into different Gana. Gana means group of also one of the four foundational factors of therapeutics; drugs having similar and special hascharacteristics classified medicinaleither in physician, patient and attendant being the other three [1]. swaroop (morphology), rasa (taste), guna ( properties), Here explains that success of therapeutics is not Charaka karma (pharmacological actions). Vagbhatta has used both ensured only by mere presence of these four but by their mahakashaya and gana at separate places for classifying qualitative excellence. Ayurveda states that any substance of medicinal substances. rationale and in correct indication [2]. states that Charaka Acharya Sushruta has explained 37 gana and each gana athis single world medicinal can be used substance as medicine can be when used applied in various with clinicalproper has multiple indications. The components in these gana are conditions depending upon dose, dosage, condition of the patient, etc [3]. Therefore there are practically countless properties. The nomenclature of Gana drugincluded in that in suchparticular a way Gana that theye.g. in have Vidarigandhadi similar action Gana and- is given by the first medicinal substances which are used in therapeutics. Vidarigandhadi Gana of Sushruta Samhita: A Review of its Clinical Indications Nat Ayurvedic Med 2 Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine

Vidarigandha gana. Each Sushrut Samhita and its available gana dosha, dhatu, mala and clinical indication.is the first drug mentioned in this was collected from is followed by its potential action on mentionedcommentaries. in Sutra These Sthana refecrences and actual were usesthoroughly in other analysed sthana The Ayurvedi samhita ofto sushrut establish samhita linkages (Chikitsa between Sthana, the uttar indications tantra andetc). usesThe sutra (principles) are described in the beginning of samhitas indications and uses of Vidarigandhadi gana in the sutrasthana texts follow a method wherein categorized on basis of its use in diseases mentioned in chapters like nidan (diagnosis) and chikitsa (therapeautics) Sutra Sthana, as per Dosha prabhava of the Gana and was also then in [5]. Gana is one such with sutra a tenet of using them in subsequent be used in the later part of samhita. Also Sushrut has opined based on the doshic involvement of the disease. that these groups of drugs (principle),(gana) are whichmentioned logically in brief would in conditions where in linkages could be logically established sutrasthana Observation & Results

, their detail uses would be describedVidarigandhadi in section Vidarigandhadi gana comprises of 20 dravyas all of ganaof treatment in other [6]. sthana Against of sushrut this background, samhita. present study was plant origin. This gana is said to be useful in Shosha, Gulma, taken to review the clinical implication of Angamarda, Kasa, Shwasa and having Vata-Pittanashak Materials and Methods property (Tables 1 & 2).

All references regarding Vidarigandhadi gana

Sno Sanskrit name Botanical name Family Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka doshashaman Desmodium gangeticum Madhur, 1 Vidaarigandha Fabaceae Guru, snigdha Ushna, Madhur Tridoshhar DC. tikta Vidarikanda(alpakshira)- Pueraria Fabaceae 2 Vidaari tuberosa DC. Madhur Guru, snigdha Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahar Kshirvidari(bahu kshira)- Ipomeadigitata Linn. Grewia populifolia Vahl. Passifloraceae laghu, snigdha 3 Vishwadeva Tiliaceae Madhur Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahar ,picchilla Fiori] [= Grewia tenex (Forssk.) Sahadeva/ Laghu, snigdha, 4 balabheda (PV Madhur Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahar picchila sharma)

5 Swadamshtra Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Madhur Guru, snigdha Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahar

Madhur, 6 Prithakparni Uraria Picta Desv. Fabaceae laghu, snigdha Ushna Madhur Tridoshhar tikta

Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Madhur, 7 Shatavari Guru, snigdha Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahar Willd. (asparagaceae) tikta

Madhur, 8 Saariva Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Periplocaceae Guru, snigdha Sheeta Madhur Tridoshhar tikta Krushnasaariva Cryptolepis buchanani Madhur, 9 Periplocaceae Guru, snigdha Sheeta Madhur Tridoshhar (API Vol-4) Roem and Schult. tikta Jivaka (API Microstylis wallichii Snigdha, 10 Orchidaceae Madhur Sheeta Madhur Vatapittahara volume 5) Lindll. picchila Microstylis mucifera Madhur, 11 Rishbhaka Orchidaceae Laghu, snigdha Sheeta Madhura Vatapittahara Ridley. kashaya

Madhur, Vatapitthara, 12 Mahasaha Teramnus labialis Spreng. Fabaceae Laghu, snigdha Sheeta Madhur tikta kaphavardhak Madhur, Vatapitthara, 13 Kshudrasaha Phaseolus trilobus Ait. Fabaceae Laghu, snigdha Sheeta Madhur tikta kaphavardhak Katu, Laghu, ruksha, 14 Bruhati (Big) Solanum indicum Linn. Solanaceae Ushna Katu Kaphavatashamak tikta tikshna Solanum xanthocarpum Katu, Laghu, ruksha, 15 Bruhati (Small) Solanaceae Ushna Katu Kaphavatashamak Schrad. And Wendle tikta tikshna Madhura, 16 Punarnava Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae tikta, Laghu, ruksha Ushna Madhur Tridoshhar kashaya Madhura, Snigdha, anurasa- 17 Eranda Ricinius communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae tikshna, Ushna Madhur kaphavatahar katu, sukshma kashaya Adiantum lunulatum 18 Hamsapadi Adiantaceae Kashaya Guru Sheeta Madhur Kaphapittashamak Burn.

Vrishchikali (API Katu, Laghu, ruksha, 19 Pergularia extensa N.E. Br. Asclepiadaceae Anushna Katu kapha nisaraka Volume 6) kashaya vishad Madhura, Vatahar, kapha 20 Rishabhi Mucuna pruriens DC. Fabaceae Guru, snigdha, Ushna Madhura tikta pitta vardhak Table 1: Botanical identity and rasapanchaka of Dravya of vidarigandhadi gana [7-10].

Gana Indication Reference Indication in text Description The patient of shosha have been uncted(snehana done) Su.u.T. Shoshapratisheda ghrit sthiradi Shosha 41/32,33 adhyaya varga (vidarigandhadi group) before emesis and with of goat andpurgation. sheep processed with All Arishta danti Su.u.T. 42/60- Gulmapratishedha Gulmaangamarda and chitraka and also thed rugs of vata alleviating 61 adhyaya shouldgroups( beVidarigandhadi prepared with )roots of Ghee pippalayadi drugs along pratham gana (vidarigandhadi drugs) Urdhwa Shwas Su.u.T. 51/17 Shwasha processed with paste of shwasa (dyspnea) and with decoction of cough added with five salts alleviates pippalayadi drugs along Su.u.T. 51/17 kasa pratham gana (vidarigandhadi drugs) Ghee processed with paste of kasa (cough) with decoction of Su.u. 52/26 drugs Kasa vatika kasa chikitsa added withGhrit five salts alleviatesvidarigandhadhi dyspnea and Ghrit vidarigandhadi, utpaladi, cooked with Su.u. Kasa caused by pitta, sarivadi, and madhura (kakolyadi) drugs, sugarcane juice, 52/32,33 kshata and excessive sex cooked with decoction ofkakolyadi drugs should be

water, milk along with paste of Indication of Vidarigandhadi gana related to diseases. Table 2: taken with sugar in morning

Reference Indication in text Description Pittanashana Su.chi.14/6 Pittodar chikitsa vidarigandhadi gana is given for feeding Ghee pratham gana (vidarigandhadi gana) and Su.u.T. 61/29 Paittika apasmaar Mik processed with paste of kakolyadi gana cooked with decoction of Vatanashan added with mik, honey and sugar Su.chi.T. 4/14- Salvana kakolyadi, and vataghna (bhadradarvadi, Vataroga 15 vidarigandhadi gana) is prepared with Su.chi. 4/29 Vatavyadhi chikitsa Sahsra paka taila ingredient Snehan vidarigandhadi drugs. non- vidarigandhadi decoction added Su.chi.14/5 Vata udar chikitsa dantidone with ghee cooked with unctuous and unctuous enemavidarigandhadi with gana with oil of seeds. Patient should be fed with milk processed with Su.chi.T. 16/4- Kakolyadi gana and tarpana (vidarigandhadi gana Vataj vidradhi 5 ) mixed with marshy vidarigandhadi gana is useful in vata associated Su.u.T. 9/10 Vataabhishyandapratisheda and aquatic meat cooked with fat, sours and salts used as poultice pitta Milk processed with Su.u.T. 24/25 Vatik pratishyaya Ghee vidarigandhadi gana is given for drinking with Oil or ghee gokshura, cooked with five salts and Su.u. 59/18 Vataja mutakricha chikitsa pashanabheda etc., vidarigandhadi gana. Given as internal administration mixedor withunctuous other enema three fatsor urethral should bedouching. cooked with sthiradi gana( vidarigandhadi gana) Su.u.T. 17/33 Vataraktaj timira (kakolyadi gana) group Oil cooked with and sweet Table 3: Indication of Vidarigandhadi Gana Related to Doshik Predominance.

Reference Indication in text Description vidarigandhadi Sutika paricharya Su.sh.10/16 gana Fatty gruel or Milk gruel processed with Decoction of viadarigandh Makkala shula Su.sh.10/22 after purification maricha i drugs mixed with devadaru and vataghna dravya i.e. vidarigandhadi gana Hanuasthi bhagna Su.chi.T. 3/39/40 is used as snuff Ghee cooked with Virechan dravyavikalp vigyaniya adhyaya Su.su.T.44/35-36 Sauviraka nirmana Virechan dravyavikalp vigyaniya adhyaya Su.su.T.44/40-44 Tushodaka ingredient

Garbha appyayan Su.sh.10/57 vidarigandhadi plants is given If there is pain without bleeding, milk processed with prithakparnyadi (vidarigandhadi Garbha apyayan Su.sh.T.10/4 drugs) Ghee processed with Visarpanadistanarogachikitsa Su.chi.T.17/ 12 Gauryadi ghrita ingredient Ghee vidarigandhadi drugs, meat Aptanak chikitsa Su.chi. 5/18 juice, milk and curd is given after shira shudhi cooked with decoction of Ardit chikitsa Su.chi. 5/22 kshira taila ingredient vidarigandhadi Raktapitta (basti) Su.u. 45/38 gana Non-unctuous enema with milk boiled with

Decoction of brihman dravya (vidarigandhadi drugs) mixed Brihmana basti Su.chi.T. 38/83 kakolyadi gana ghee and meat juice

with the paste of with Four types of sneha Karnashula Su.u.T. 21/28 makes weight promoting enema of vataghna gana (vidarigandhadi gana) cooked with urine, sour and decoction Ghee or oil preparation from vataghna dravya Pratishyaya Su.u.T. 24/38 (vidarigandhadi drugs)-(ingredient) Shirorogpratisheda adhyaya (Shankhaka Irrigation and paste of sheeta virya drugs ( vidarigandhadi Su.u.T. 26/41 chikitsa) gana) is used vata alleviating drugs(vidarigandhad gana) Pravahika Su.u.T 40/ 144 Oil cooked with Shulayukta pravika chiktsa(bhojan) Su.u. 40/146 and salt is beneficial for processing food and intake trikatu and vidarigandhadi gana In case of pain, patient should take food with milk pratham gana Vataja trishna Su.u.T. 48/19 processed with (vidarigandhadi gana) Warm water processed with with sarivadi, trinapanchamula, Kshataj trishna Su.u.T, 48/25 utpaladi and prataham gana (vidarigandhadhi gana) is Decoction preparedgiven with for drinking Roots of Prithakparnyadi varga (vidarigandhadi gana) and Mutraghata (Retention of urine caused by Su.u.T. 58/33 gokshura vata and kapha) should be cooked in water and milk. It should be Vidarigandhadi Gana in other Clinical Conditions. Table 4: taken with sugar and honey Discussion sutika paricharya, makkala shula, hanuasthi bhagna, garbha Vidarigandhadi gana from sushruta samhita appyan,processed aptanak, formulations ardita, are shankhaka, advised inpratishaya, new indications pravahika, like and analysed from the text and commentaries as per their trishna and mutraghata (Table 4). It seems that this gana has is reviewed vata dosha is aggravated along indication. It is indicated in Shosha, Gulma, Angamarda, bala. In sutika paricharya, after shodhan (3 days given indication and to find out possibility of any new Kasa, Shwasa and having Vata-Pittanashak property [11]. On afterbeen useddelivery), in situations acharya where has advised vidarigandhadi gana with loss of other section of text is given in various clinical conditions like vata dosha and enhance the body strength. Makkal shula preliminary review, it has been found that its indication in Vatavyadhi, Udararoga, Atisaar, Raktapitta, Mutrakricha etc isprocessed the pain milkfound gruel. at nabhi, It would basti have and beenudar, givenin sutika to alleviate (female vidarigandhadi for 45 days after delivery) along with bloated stomach due gana is given as food in pittaj udara roga (Table 3) in to aggravated vata, here Sushrut indicated decoction of (Table 3). For instance, Milk processed with uttartantra vidarigandhadi gana devdaru and maricha sutrasthana as per their indication given. On analysing, it has which could be the implication of principle of been found that vidarigandhadi gana has 8 direct indication Sushrut indicated vidarigandhadi sprinkled with gana processed milk to related to vata dosha and 2 indication related to pitta dosha alleviatepowder. Ifvata there is pain without bleeding during pregnancy,aptanak in different clinical conditions like udaroga, apasmara, vata vyadhis, sushrut indicated the use of vidradhi, abhishyanda, atisara, pratishyaya, etc. (Table 3) and Ghee which is the obviousvidarigandhadi cause of pain. drugs, In meat one for each shosha, gulma and shwasa. It is given 3 times for juice,which milk comes and under curd is given after shira shudhi to control the kasa angamarda (Table 2). spreadability cooked withof vata decoction. In karnashula of , shushrut mentioned sneha cooked while no reference is found for Gana give direct indication for shosha, gulma vidarigandhadi gana. In kasa but their dosage form, adjuvant etc. are being explained raktapitta,that the ear rakta should and be pittafilled bothwith arefour in types its aggravated of form , shwas, and by sushruta in its descriptive chapter. For instance, ghee thereforewith urine, sushrut sour andgive decoctionvidarigandhadi of processed milk basti Vidarigandhadi gana is directly indicated for in such situation (Su.u. 45/4-5). In shankhaka, irrigation and Vatika kasa [12]. Vidarigandhadi gana paste of sheeta virya drugs i.e. vidarigandhadi gana etc. is used processed with and ghrit are commonly used dosage forms used in various to reduce the intensity of aggravated vata, pitta, kapha, rakta processed with milk clinical conditions by acharya sushruta. Vidarigandhadi gana to get the relief from pain. In trishna main aggravated doshas

Dipti, et al. Vidarigandhadi Gana of Sushruta Samhita: A Review of its Clinical Indications. Nat Copyright© Dipti, et al. Ayurvedic Med 2020, 4(3): 000262. 6 Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine are vata and pitta, sushrut 2. Agnivesha (2016) Charaka Samhita elaborated vidarigandhadi gana in vataj trishna havesarivadi, mentioned trinapanchamula, Warm water commentary by Chakrapanidatta edited by Acharya YT, utpaladiprocessed and with vidarigandhadhi with gana in kshataj trishna to Chaukhambaby Charaka Sanskrit & Dridhabala Prakashana: with Varanasi. Ayurveda Sutrasthan Deepika andmaintain decoction the mentioned prepared doshas with . In Vata-Pittaj Mutraghata, 26/12, pp: 138. sushruta has given that the roots of vidarigandhadi gana and gokshura 3. Agnivesha (2016) Charaka Samhita elaborated sugar and honey to compensate the intensity of doshas and get the homeostasis. should be cooked In pravahika in water and milk and taken with commentary by Chakrapanidatta edited by Acharya YT, Chaukhambaby Charaka Sanskrit & Dridhabala Prakashana: with Varanasi. Ayurveda Sutrasthan Deepika vata and agninasha frequent (Ch.chi.19/30). watery bowel For 4/22,29, pp: 61. themovements management leads of to such loss situation of water Sushrut and electrolyte indicated alongfood 4. Acharya YT (1997) Dravyaguna Vigyanam I, 7th (Edn.), with alleviation trikatu of and vidarigandhadhi gana, trikatu Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhavan: Nagpur, pp: 6. is to maintain the agni and vidarigandhadhi gana drugs processed with 5. Agnivesha (2016) CharakaSamhita elaborated vata dosha to maintain the haemostasis. After analysing the withclinical milk condition, to compensate dose, dosage the lossforms of mentioned fluid and toby holdacharya the, commentary by Chakrapanidatta edited by Acharya YT, it is found that the vidargandhadhi gana is not only having Chaukhambaby Charaka&Dridhabala Sanskrit Prakashana: with Varanasi. Ayurveda Sutrasthan Deepika vata pitta vitiating property but also balya by its nature. It 30/45,46, pp: 190. sutra being used in later part of text. 6. also follows the principle of Dalhana edited by Acharya YT, et al. (Eds.), Chaukambha Conclusion SanskritSushruta sansthan: (2014) Sushrutasamhita Varanasi, Sutrasthana with commentary38/80, pp: 170. of

Acharya sushrut have aggregated some ingredients into 7. Sharma PV (2014) Dravyaguna vigyan (Vedic plants and one gana based upon their commonality in morphology, history of Dravyaguna); Vol 2, Varanasi: Chaukhambha gana, Vidarigandhadi gana is bharti academy. sutraproperties, actions, etc. The firstsutra sthana 8. API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) (1999) Ministry analysedin later part and of it samhitashowed thati.e. the it follows indication the ofprinciple this gana in whichvis-a- vis shosha, is described gulma, brieflyshwasa, in kasa have clinical which applicability is to be used in Delhi. of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New other Sthana of Sushrut samhita 9. Sharma PV, Talmale SR (2002) Plants and other drugs of be given in various other clinical conditions like udaroga, Susruta samhitas aptaadhyayi. The Director, Rashtriya apasmara, vidradhi, abhishyanda,. Study Atisaar, showed thatraktapitta, it can pratishyaya, trishna, mutrakriccha etc. after analysing the separate dosha or mixed dosha. 10. AyurvedaChunekar Vidyapeeth,KC (1982) New Delhi.Bhavaprakasa Nighantu. Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi, India References 11. 1. Agnivesha (2016) Charaka Samhita elaborated Dalhana edited by Acharya YT, et al. (Eds.), Chaukambha SanskritSushruta sansthan: (2014) Sushrutasamhita Varanasi, Sutrasthana with commentary 38/5, pp: 164. of commentary by Chakrapanidatta edited by Acharya YT, Chaukhambaby Charaka Sanskrit & Dridhabala Prakashana: with Varanasi. Ayurveda Sutrasthan Deepika 12. 9/3, pp: 61. Dalhana edited by Acharya YT, et al. (Eds.), Chaukambha SanskritSushruta sansthan: (2014) Sushrutasamhita Varanasi, Uttar tantra with commentary52/26, pp: 768. of