Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

SUSHRUTA COMPLETE TREATISE OF - A REVIEW ARTICLE Madgundi Anand K1 Ade Jaykumar S2 Bhabad Pradeep R3 Jain Atul S4 1. Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Rachana Sharir, SGR Ayurved College, Solapur, Maharash- tra, India 2. Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Kriyasharir, SGR Ayurved College, Solapur Maharashtra, India 3. Associate Professor, Dept. Of Samhita, SMBT Ayurved College, Dhamangaon, Nasik, Maharashtra, India 4. Jain Atul S., Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Rachana Sharir,Vidharbha Ayurved College, Amarvati, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT Samhita is one of the two most ancient, encyclopaedic & authoritative classical books of the Indian . The Sushrut Samhita expounded by Kashiraja Divodasa Dhan- vantari, compiled by Sushruta, supplemented by & Chandrata is a classical work on Indian . is the creation of the sage of the first type. The extent Sushruta Samhita consists of six section with 186 chapters. But it was obvious that the original Samhita consisted of only five sections with 120 chapters. While the first five section deals almost extensively with surgery, the last section is designed to deal briefly with the other six branches of Ayurveda leaving out the toxicology. These six section are Sutrasthana (46 chapters), Nidanasthana (16 chapters), Shareer sthana (10 chapters), Chikista sthana (40 chapters), sthana (08 chapters), & last Uttartantra (66 chapters). Sustrasthana provides the framework of surgery as the focal theme of the work. It also deals with preliminary mat- ters concerning medical study. Interesting aspects of this section which can be called as ‘first principle’ are the introduction to medical science especially surgery, medical education & training, the theory of therapeutic substances, & dietetics. Nidansthana concern with pathol- ogy, cause, symptoms of various diseases. Shareer Sthana is mainly devoted to anatomy & . Chikitsastana is an elaborate account of therapeutics in various diseases. The supplementary section Uttarantra is pertaining to diseases & treatment of ear, nose, throat, paediatrics, general medicine, insanity & epilepsy with reference to supernatural aetiology & last four chapters of this section is general in nature, dealing with six tastes (Rasa), principles of hygiene, medicinal terminology & abnormal operations of the Dosha. The Sushrut Samhita is remarkable in concern with surgery hence Sushruta is known as father of surgery. Keywords- Ayurveda, Brahtrayyi , Nagarguna, Sushruta Samhita, Surgery. Sushrut Samhita is the main treatise and source of about surgery in Ancient India. INTRODUCTION: Sushruta Samhita is one of the popular Madgundi Anand K Et;All: Sushruta Samhita Complete Treatise Of Ayurveda- A Review Article treatise of the three Samhita i.e. websites related to Sushrut Samhita. All Brahtrayyi. It is expounded by Kashiraja matter is analyzed and attempt has been made to draw some conclusions Divodasa , completed by Su- Structure & Content of Susrut Samhita. shruta, who was the son of Sage Vishvami- The Compendium of Sushruta tra and disciple of Divodasa Dhanvantari, Samhita is the comprehensive treatise which deals with the entire medicine disci- the king of Kasi & later redacted by Na- pline. For the sake of knowledge today’s garjuna. This treatise was called Shalya most of Sushruta Samhita is divided into and consisted of only 5 division’s two parts. Initial part composed of Pur- vardha which consists of Sutrasthana (46 viz. , Nidana, Shareer, Chikitsa and chapters),Nidansthana (16 chapters), Kalpa. Shalyatantra was later revised and Shareersthana (10 chapters), Chikisthast- supplemented and addition of Uttartantra hana (40 chapters) and Kalpathana (8 i.e sixth section with 66 chapters was chapters). The second part is called as Uttartantra or Uttarardha consists of 66 added. chapters. This part this part come across in This treatise deals with various details with different branches of medical branches of Ayurved as shalyatantra (sur- discipline viz Shalakayatantra (26 chap- gery), Kaumaryabhritya (paediatrics), ters),Kaumaryabhritya (13 chapters), Kay- Kayachikitsa (medicine). Of the commen- achikistha (21chapters),Bhutvidya taries on Sushruta Samhita, the most re- (3chapters) and Tantrayukh (4 chapters). nowned is that of Dalhana commentary Sutrasthana: The first section consists of named Nibhanda Samgraha written in the Sutrasthan containing 46 chapters. This 12th century A.D. Another commentary is section emphasis on various topics as such by Chakrapanidatta written in the 11th origin of Ayuryeda, description of different century, called Bhanumati and only a por- branches of Ayurveda and its significance. tion of it is available now. As per Dal- In this section Sushruta has stressed to un- hana, commenter of Sushruta Samhita, derstand the text thoroughly so that the sage Nagarjuna was the pratisamskarta of physician should be expertise on his speci- Sushruta Samhita or redactor of this sam- alities. The topic enlights on pre-surgical hita. Emendation or Pathashudhi of Su- preparative measures as such sterilization, shruta Samhita was done by Chandra- fumigation, preparation of patient etc. De- datta, the son of Tisata. Divodas and his scription of various surgical appliances, disciple are historical sage physicians; instruments, their names, shapes, and probably belong to 1500 B.C.and 1000 methods of use are also described. Impor- B.C.Sushruta was renowned as father of tance of practical training by performing Surgery. surgical acts on dummies according to the MATERIALS & METHOD situation is been nicely explained. Su- This is conceptual type of research. shruta has explained qualification of the All sorts of references has been collected surgeon before he enters the profession and compiled from various available Ay- and code of ethics has been explained. urvedic classics texts like Sushrut samhita This section also contains descrip- and available commentaries on it. Re- tion of preparation of like’s al- search article is also searched from various kalies, cautery procedure, application of 654 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 Madgundi Anand K Et;All: Sushruta Samhita Complete Treatise Of Ayurveda- A Review Article leeches, draining wounds. Technique of each and every structure like bones, or- bandages, dressing methodology, man- gans, skin layers, sense organs is seen in agement of wounds and ulcers are de- this section. In this section one of the im- scribed here. Prognosis of diseases, wound portant chapter is about Marma shareer. and ulcers are explained according to the Marma is the vital part of human body sign and symptoms seen. Over all in sec- which is important from surgical point of tion basic principles as such code of con- view. Description of circulatory system, duct of Vaidya, introduction to instru- artery, veins, therapy of venus section, use ments, their uses, preparation of antiseptic of venus section in treating various disor- medicines, methods of bandaging, dress- ders is been anatomically explained. ings, prognosis ,seasonal regimen and Chikitsasthana: This section consists of therapeutic dietary chart. Shalya is defined 40 chapters, deals with description of vari- in terms of extraneous matter that is intro- ous disorders. Treatments of various dis- duced into body. Diseases are classified & eases such as ulcers, wounds, fractures, prognostics details are mentioned. Drugs haemorrhoids, & diseases of nervous sys- are classified & their curative merits speci- tem are explained in details. In this section fied. systemic diseases, urinary disorders, skin ailments, diabetes, abscess, abdominal dis- Nidansthana: This section consists of 16 orders, mouth ulcers, swellings ,minor chapters dealing with aetiology, patho- ailments is explained in respective head- genesis, sign and symptoms of diseases ings. Rejuvenation and virilification are which are exclusively important than sur- also described here. Preparation of medi- gical diseases. Diseases as such neurologi- cated oils, baths, purgatives, syringes, cal disorders (Vatavyadhi), ano-rectal dis- , inhalations and gargles is ex- eases, renal calculi and urinary system, etc plained in pharmological way. along with diseases which are often ig- Kalpasthana: This section deals with nored but form the main causative factor Toxicology part of Ashtang Ayurved for major diseases are well explained in (Eight divisions of Ayurved).This section roga chapter. deals with effects of poisonous foods, Shareersthana: This section contains 10 vegetables, minerals, various poisons of chapters which exclusively explain funda- animals and inanimate origin. Along with mental and basic concepts of human anat- its ill effect, symptamatology of poisonous omy, physiology, and genet- effects along with its treatment is elabo- ics. Here evolution of human body through rately described here. Description of snake metaphysically activity i.e.24 Tatva (con- bite; bites of animals like rat, dogs, and stituents) is explained. Description of qual- jackals have been described along with its ity of semen, fertilization. menstrual cycle, treatment and drugs to be used. Interesting ovulation, have been explained from em- topic in this section is loud sounds of the bryological view. Concept of sex determi- drum smeared with antidotes are capable nation, foetal development, factors respon- of destroying poisonous germs that float in sible for fertility, infertility and factors the air. Hearing these sounds or looking at responsible for quality pregnancy is been the flags and festoons, smeared with the described here. System wise anatomy antidotes or touching there prevent of poi- along with numerological explanation of son.

655 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 Madgundi Anand K Et;All: Sushruta Samhita Complete Treatise Of Ayurveda- A Review Article Uttaratantra: Sixth section known as tains the integrity of the terrestrial Uttaratantra is very important of Susrut globe. samhita as it deals with Kayachikitsa  The Sushruta Samhita had been the (General medicine), Kaumaryabhretya first classical text to mention the ety- (Paediatrics), Shalakya, Bhuta , parts mological meaning of Tridosha. of 8 divisions of Ayurveda along other es-  Acharya Sushrut had been pioneer to sential subject matters of Ayurveda as Tri- present a genuine & composite defini- dosa, Six Rasas, Swasthavritta Tantrayuk- tion of health which has been proved to thi etc. Description of eye diseases with be most ideal & scientific with the test their aetiology and symptamatology is of time & become parallel to the defi- dealt in first chapter along with is treat- nition put forth by W.H.O. ment and some of minor related  The Sushruta Samhita had been the with eye disorders. Further section deals first text which gave great importance with disease of nose, ear and head. In this of Dhatu & Mala in addition to Dosha further diseases of children’s (paediatric for maintenance of life by establishing disorders) effects of evil spirits on children the principles of Dosha; Dhatu & (seizures) is also dealt. Next subsection Mala are the foundation of body to deals with general medicine Kayachikitsa, maintain the life. etiopathology and management of various  Sushruta Samhita describes 76 kinds of disease as such fever, diarrhoea, Shosa eye diseases of which 51 are regarded (pthisis), Humours, Heart diseases, Anae- as cases for ophthalmic surgery. It mia, jaundice, Haemophilia, syncope, al- deals with crouching. Sushruta coholism, asthma, cough warm , was aware of optical lens being the digestive disorders, dysceria and has been seat if vision. expand here. Further some of the chapters  In Sushruta Samhita 101 blunt & 20 deal with etiopathology symptomatology sharp instrument suitable for surgery epilepsy and insanity with reference to su- had been described. Different kinds of per natural aetiology (there called bhuta operations like excision, incision, vidya tantra) as well as with normal medi- scarification, puncture, probing, drain- cal aspects. The last few chapters of this ing of fluid & suturing also seen. section deals with six tastes (Rasa), princi-  Operative treatment of hair lip, rhino- ples of hygiene, medicinal terminology & plasty, herniotomy, extirpation of tu- abnormal operations of the Dosha. mours, removal of ovaries & fistula are SALIENT FEATURES OF SUSHRUT dealth with. SAMHITA:  As many as 300 surgical operations  Acharya Sushrut describing the impor- (with 42 different surgical processes) tance & indispensability of Tridosha are considered here. The amputations for the maintaining the life of an indi- of limb, setting of fractures abdominal vidual i.e the vital humours (Tridosha) sections, treatment of splenic enlarge- maintain the integrity of the animated ment, removal of fistula & haemor- organism by creating, assimilating & rhoids, reduction of & ruptures diffusing the strength in the same way & obstetric manipulation are some of as the moon, the sun, & the wind main- surgical problems that have been at- tended.

656 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 Madgundi Anand K Et;All: Sushruta Samhita Complete Treatise Of Ayurveda- A Review Article  Midwifery is a special area of the student of M.M.Kaviraj Dwarkanathsan medical care & treatment that is elabo- published Sushruta Samhita English trans- rated in Sushruta Samhita. Application lation without text and brought in 3 vol- of forceps & caesarean section in cases umes (1907-17), which is available now. of difficult delivery are suggested here. Sushruta Samhita was translated in to  Sushruta Samhita deals with 1120 dis- Hindi by many authors. Some of them are eases, grouped under 3 heads bodily Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Dr Anantram ailments due to injury, natural infirmi- Sharama, and Dr Brahamanand Tripathi. It ties due to old age & mental disorder. is also translated in Marathi by Dr P.G. It mentions over 700 plants of medici- Athavale & Datto Ballal Borkar. nal & also classified them into 37 groups (Ganas) of diseases in which CONCLUSION: they are indicated. Considering the above fact it is  Vegetables drugs are prescribed in Su- concluded that Sushruta Samhita is com- shruta Samhita are larger in number plete encyclopaedia for Ayurvedic per- than Charak Samhita & drug of animal spective. It mainly deals with Surgery but origin are less in number, while the other branches of Ayurveda also elabo- number of minerals & metals are used rated. The classical view of surgery is as drugs remains the same in both. gifted to today’s society in the form of Su- COMMENTARIES OF SUSHRUT shruta Samhita by Sushruta. Hence Su- SAMHITA: The earliest commentary on shruta is called as ‘Father of Surgery’. Sushruta Samhita was by Jejjata. The work has unfortunately not come down to REFERENCES: us. There is an incomplete commentary by 1. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- Gayadasa known as Nyayachandrika. shruta edited with Ayurved There is another incomplete commentary Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- by Chakrapanidutta called as Bhanumati. tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- There are references to two other commen- hana chapter 26 verse no 3-4 page taries by Bhasakara & Madhwa. The most no 107 Chaukhambha Sanskrit important commentary however is Ni- prakashan , Reprinted bandha Samgraha by Dalhana. 2008. TRANSLATION OF SUSHRUT SAM- 2. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- HITA: Having seen its importance & prac- shruta edited with Ayurved Tattva tical applicability the Sushruta Samhita Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- has been translated into many foreign as tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- well as Indian languages such as Arabic, hana chapter 21 verse no 8 page no Latin, German, English, Hindi, and Mara- 88 Chaukhambha Sanskrit praka- thi. Sushruta Samhita was translated into shan Varanasi, Reprinted 2008. Arabic before the end of the 8th century 3. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- A.D. known as Kitab-Shah-shun-al Hindi; shruta edited with Ayurved Tattva it was rendered from the original Sanskrit Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- into Arbic by Ibn Abillsaibial. It was trans- tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- lated in English by U.C.Dutta in 1883, hana chapter 21 verse no 5 page no Ambika charan Chatterji in 1885 and Hor- nele 1897, Kaviraja Kunjalal Bhishagratna 657 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 Madgundi Anand K Et;All: Sushruta Samhita Complete Treatise Of Ayurveda- A Review Article 87 Chaukhambha Sanskrit praka- prakashan Bombay on behalf of Dr. shan Varanasi, Reprinted 2008. V. Parameshvara charitable trust 4. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- Banglore. shruta edited with Ayurved Tattva Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- hana chapter 15 verse no 48 page no 64 Chaukhambha Sanskrit prakashan Varanasi, Reprinted CORRESPONDING AUTHOR 2008. Dr. Ade Jaykumar Sadashiv Designa- 5. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- tion: Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Kriya shruta edited with Ayurved Tattva Sharir, S.G.R. Ayurved College, 21-A/13, Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- Budhwar peth, Samrath Chowk, Solapur, tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- Maharshtra, India- 413002 hana chapter 15 verse no 3 page no Email: [email protected] 56 Chaukhambha Sanskrit praka- shan Varanasi, Reprinted 2008. 6. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Su- shruta edited with Ayurved Tattva Sandipaka by Kaviraj Ambika Dut- tta Shastri Part I Susrut Sutrast- hana chapter 38 verse no 3 page no 141 Chaukhambha Sanskrit praka- shan Varanasi, Reprinted 2008. 7. Encylopedia of Indian Medicine Volume I Historical perspective editor , Vidyalankara Prof S.K Ramchandra Rao, page 97 first publish 1985 , publish by popular prakashan Bombay on behalf of Dr. V. Parameshvara charitable trust Banglore. 8. Encylopedia of Indian Medicine Volume I Historical perspective editor , Vidyalankara Prof S.K Ramchandra Rao, page 97 first publish 1985 , publish by popular prakashan Bombay on behalf of Dr. V. Parameshvara charitable trust Banglore. 9. Encylopedia of Indian Medicine Volume I Historical perspective editor , Vidyalankara Prof S.K Ramchandra Rao, page 97 first publish 1985 , publish by popular 658 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014