Cover Tonga-English English-Tonga Dictionary and Phrasebook To aide those learning Citonga Compiled by: Aaron Cass Harris, CHIP 2011-2013 With help from: Peace Corps Tonga Language Trainers Updated: May 2013 International (A4) Version To request edits (including the addition of new words and phrases) simply contact the author via email at: [email protected] OR [email protected] Page 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Section Title Page I Table of Contents 2 II Introduction 3 III Using this guide 4 Dictionaries IV Tonga-English 7 V English-Tonga 116 Grammar VI Nouns 225 VII Demonstratives 226 VIII Verbs 227 IX Pronouns 228 X Adjectives 229 Phrase Books XI Survival Guide 231 XII Time 234 XIII Shopping 235 XIV Travel 236 XV Family 237 XVI Peace Corps 238 XVII CHIP Tech Vocab 239 XVIII LIFE Tech Vocab 242 XIX RED Tech Vocab 247 XX RAP Tech Vocab 248 XXI Reproductive health and HIV/AIDS Vocab 249 Short-Cut lists XXII All Nouns 254 XXIII All Verbs 304 XXIV All Demonstratives 349 XXV All Conjunctions 352 XXVI All Adverbs 354 XXVII All Adjectives 356 XXVIII All Interjections 360 XXIX All Questions 361 XXX All Pronouns 362 XXXI All Phrases 365 XXXII All Prepositions 366 XXXIII All Proverbs 367 Dialect Lists XXXIV Ila Dialect 369 XXXV Lenge Dialect 373 XXXVI Mukuni Dialect 374 XXXVII Sources 377 Page 2 Introduction Introduction This guide is intended to aid Peace Corps Trainees learning Tonga, Peace Corps Volunteers in Southern Province, Counterparts, and any other group associated with the Peace Corps. It has been compiled with the aid of several Tonga language resources available to volunteers as of 2011. Currently, there are over 6700 words, with more being added constantly through the help of current and future volunteers. If you learn any new words and want to include them, don’t hesitate to contact either the Language and Homestay Coordinator or your language teacher. There are five main parts. The first contains a Tonga-English and English-Tonga dictionary. The second contains useful grammar charts and notes for easy reference. The third part contains phrase books targeted towards specific scenarios and specific project technical vocabulary. The fourth part includes 'short-cut' sections, which are intended to help locate words when the part of speech is known. The fifth part lists the words specific to one of the 3 main Citonga dialects. Please note that increasingly English words and even some grammatical patters are becoming part of the Citonga language, so some words that are in this dictionary may not be known by younger generations and even some in the older generations. Also, there are various colloquial phrases and words that have a different meaning than the ones presented here, owing to various regional dialects. Finally, this is a compilation of language books that have become antiquated so it is very likely that words have changed slightly as the language continues to evolve. In other words, this is a resource to aid in learning the language, but it is not the only (or even the most important) one. The best way to learn the language is to converse in the language as often as possible. Page 3 Using this Guide Using this Guide Abbreviation Meaning Pp Personal pronoun Ob Object of the verb Root The root of the verb Corrupt Whether the word was taken from English I The Ila dialect of Tonga M The Mukuni Dialect of Tonga L The Lenge Dialect of Tonga I, M Applicable to both Ila and Mukuni Dialects TM Tense Marker Irreg. Irregular Verb The conjugated verb except for the extension Na Not applicable Other notes 1 All verbs in Tonga have the infinitive form: Ku + root. Because of this, the initial 'Ku' is excluded in this guide to ease the search for verbs 2 Since multiple sources were used, some information such as noun classes will not be available for every entry 3 Some English words have several Citonga translations so to better judge the connotation look at the other translations of the Citonga words in question or use the grammar sections to understand the meaning and grammatical use of the Citonga word. 4 Some words are considered vulgar and impolite and should not be used in general conversation (or even in lectures) Consult a native Citonga speaker to determine which words are acceptable 5 There is no substitute for practice and conversation in language learning Pronunciation A As in FATHER AA Two As running together, hold twice as long B Soft, almost like a V BB Explosive B, close to English B C Like soft J except after N when it becomes like CH D stronger than in English E as in GET EE Two Es running together, hold twice as long F Similar to English F G stronger than in English H As in English Page 4 Using this Guide I As in MACHINE, But IN or IM after consonant II Two Is running together, hold twice as long J stronger than in English K Soft sound, similar to English G KK Hard K sound as in KITE L Sound veering between L and R M Like in English, but softer N More nasal than in English O As in OR OO Two Os running together, hold twice as long P As in English R usually written as L, see above for pronunciation S stronger than in English T As in English U As in RULER UU Two Us running together, hold twice as long V Like H but pronounced in the throat VW See above W As in English Y As in English Z stronger than in English NG As in FINGER NG' As in SINGER BW Best learned through imitation and practice BBW Best learned through imitation and practice SY aspirated S, similar to SH in English ZY Aspirated Z or HY Page 5 Dictionarys Tonga-English English-Tonga Dictionary Section Page 6 Tonga-English Tonga English Dictionary Tonga English Part of speech Class Corrupt Dialect A Ah! Dear me! Interjection Na No Na A And Conjunction Na No Na A At (time) Preposition Na No Na A Of Preposition Na No Na A On, with, on the place of Preposition Na No Na A Onto Preposition Na No Na Aaba These Demonstrative 2 No Na Aabo Those Demonstrative 2 No Na Aabo Those, that one Demonstrative Na No Na Aabona Sometimes Conjunction Na No Na Aakale Later on Adverb Na No Na Aalila Defeat Verb Na No Na Aalo It also Pronoun 6 No Na Aalo On it also Pronoun 16 No Na Aalya On yonder Demonstrative 16 No Na Aalya Yonder Demonstrative 6 No Na Aano Here Demonstrative 6 No Na Aano On here, right here Demonstrative 16 No Na Aano These, this here Demonstrative 6 No Na Aano mazuba Modern (these days) Adjective Na No Na Aawa On here Demonstrative 16 No Na Aba Share Verb Na No Na Ababo Those, those yonder Demonstrative 2 No Na Abalabo It also Pronoun 14 No Na Abalabo They also, with them Pronoun 2 No Na Abalo He/she as well Pronoun Na No Na Abalo They also Pronoun 4, 9 No Na Abalo They also, with them Pronoun 2 No Na Abana Share Verb Na No Na Abano These here Demonstrative 2 No Na Abanya Halve Verb Na No Na Abanya Share Verb Na No Na Abila Distribute Verb Na No Na Abila Divide Verb Na No Na Abila Give Verb Na No Na Abila Lend Verb Na No Na Abila Share Verb Na No Na Abo With them Demonstrative 2 No Na Abwalo It also Pronoun 14 No Na Acaleco Uncle Noun 1 No Na Acalo It also Pronoun 7 No Na Accu kaka Alas! Interjection Na No Na Accu kaka That’s too bad Interjection Na No Na Aciindi aciindi Periodic basis Noun Na No Na Acilaco It also Pronoun 7 No Na Aco It also Pronoun 7 No Na Afwiifwii Near Adjective Na No Na Ajulu Top Noun 5 No Na Aka This Demonstrative 13 No Na Akaka! Please! Interjection Na No Na Akalako It also Pronoun 13 No Na Akale Another time, in the future Adjective Na No Na Akalo It also Pronoun 13 No Na Akalo Name given by mothers clan Noun 5 No Na Akaniini Not at all Adverb Na No Na Akano This here Demonstrative 13 No Na Akati Center Locative Na No Na Akati Half-way Locative Na No Na Akati In the middle Locative Na No Na Akati Middle Locative Na No Na Akaya That yonder Demonstrative 13 No Na Page 7 Tonga-English Akayo They also Pronoun 13 No Na Ako That Demonstrative 13 No Na Akuliyandila Voluntary Adjective Na No Na Ala Be difficult Verb Na No Na Ala Be impossible Verb Na No Na Ala Be too much for one Verb Na No Na Alabana Wallow Verb Na No Na Alakwe He/she also Pronoun 1 No Na Alao Where Adjective Na No Na Ali oonse Anywhere Locative Na No Na Ali? Where? Question Na No Na Alika Marry more than one wife Verb Na No Na Alika Marry the second wife Verb Na No Na Alikke He/she alone Pronoun 1 No Na Alila Baffle Verb Na No Na Alila Be unable Verb Na No Na Alimwi Again Conjunction Na No Na Alimwi And Conjunction Na No Na Alimwi Further Conjunction Na No Na Alimwi Moreover Conjunction Na No Na Alo On it Demonstrative 6 No Na Alo They Pronoun 16 No Na Alualo It also Pronoun 11 No Na Aluka Fly Verb Na No Na Alulato They also Pronoun 11 No Na Aluluka Fly over Verb Na No Na Alwalo It also Pronoun 11 No Na Alwalo They also Pronoun 11 No Na Alyalo It also Pronoun 5 No Na Amafuta acesya kucumbana Lubricated Adjective Na No Na Amaulu On foot Adjective Na No Na Amba Speak Verb Na No Na Ambali Aside Preposition Na No Na Ambamzya Propose a marriage Verb Na No Na Ambaula Converse Verb Na No Na Ambaula Interview Verb Na No Na Ambauzya Address Verb Na No Na Ambauzya Speak to Verb Na No Na Ambawida Talk about Verb Na No Na Ambe I also Pronoun Na No I Ambebo I also Pronoun Na No I Ambebo I also Pronoun Na No Na Ambika Be said Verb Na No Na Ambika Speakable Verb Na No Na Ambika Tellable Verb Na No Na Ambila Feedback Noun Na No Na Ambila Make someone talk Verb 18 No Na Ambila Tell someone Verb 18 No Na Ambilila Speak on behalf of Verb Na No Na Ambilizya Report to (a person) Verb Na No Na Ambisya Speak loudly Verb Na No I, m Ambisya Speak vehemently Verb Na No Na