STP635-EB/NOV. 1977

Index

Disease in animals, 140 Disease in man, 140 Aeromanas, 24 Enumeration, 144 Coliform confusion, 61 Sources in water, 142 Aggregation Survival in water, 142, 143 Viruses, 203 Viability, 142 American Society of Civil Engineers Water isolations, 141 Environmental Quality Committee, 197 Chlorine residual test, 20 Anaerobic lactobacilli, 136 Drinking water, 20 B Clostridium perfringens Application indicator, 66 Bacterial indicators As indicator, 65 Sewage, 260 British MPN, 77 Streptococci use, 262 Definition, 66 Bacterial survival, 3, 23, 27 Enumeration, 77 Fecal Streptococci, 247 Epidemiology, 70 Salmonella, 3, 7 Importance, 68 Sand column, 7 Relationship to E. coli, 72 Sewage effluent, 293 Sewage, 68 Shigella, 9 Sources, 70 Shigella fiexneri, 3, 9 Closure hnes, 344 Vibrio cholerae, 9 Coliform index, 200 Bacterial species, 37, 38 Coliforms Definition, 38 Atypical forms, 60 In water, 43 Biotype change after chlorination, 5 Principles, 38 Citrobacter freundii, 26 Bacterial predators, 295 Definition, 44, 48, 60, 61 Bacteriophage, 228 Die-off, 51 Bathers, 227 Drug resistant, 169,179 Bifidobacteria Gas formation, 24 Definition, 133 Incubation, 24 Identification, 133 Index organisms, 63 Survival, 133 Lactose negative, 24 Bottled drinking water Multiplication in water, 61 Clostridia, 163 R factors, 169,178,179 P. aeruginosa, 92, 163 Coliphage, 3.199 Standards, 162 Chlorination effect, 10 Britain Enterovirus relationship, 3,13 Water technology, 291 Sewage effluent, 200 British chlorination practice, 294 Test evaluation, 10 Test for E. coli, 3,10 Virus indicator, 199,228 Candida albicans Committee on bathing places Definition, 139 Recommendations, 239 351

Copyright 1977 by ASTM International www.astm.org 352 BACTERIAL INDICATORS

Conference on recombinant molecules, 206,207 Ear infections Cyanophage, 198 P. aeruginosa, 84,94 Indicator of viruses, 201,213 E. coli, 3,24 Irradiation, 203 Animal feces, 51 Chlorination, 5 Definition, 40,42,45,49 D Enumeration, 53,54 Die-away rates, 13 Feces indication, 25,231,235 Coliphage, 13 Media selectivity, 4 Enteropathogens, 13 Pathogenicity, 207 Viruses, 13 Relationship to viruses, 228 Die-off Species definition, 231,235 Coliforms, 51 35°C versus 44.5°C, 54 E. coli, 50,51 Viral disease, 223 Dilution rate Edswardiella tarda, 38 Salmonella, 150 Eijkman, 48 DNA-DNA hybridization, 41 Enterobacter agglomerans, 39,40 Dracunculus medinensis, 15 Species definition, 40,42 Drinking water Enterococci Acid-fast bacilli, 20 Definition, 248 Aeromonas, 219 Indicators, 231,235 Bottled drinking water, 162 S. faecalis, ITil British standard, 294,299 Storm water, 259 Chlorine residual, 19,20 Enteroviruses Chlorine residual test, 220 E. coli relationship, 228 Clostridia, 165 Density in wastewaters, 3 Clostridium perfringens, 174 Recreational water samples, 227 Coliforms, 172 Enumeration methods Coliform testing, 19 C. albicans, 144 Colony counts, 159 C. perfringens, lA Criteria, 298 P. aeruginosa, 85 Disease outbreaks, 18,160 Environmental isolates, 37 Disease related to quality, 16 Epidemiological studies, 53,70 E. coli, 163,174 EPA, 233 Equipment, 163 Epidemiology studies Fecal coliforms, 174 Britain, 298 Germany, 159 Salmonella cycle, 156 Good quality, 218 Salmonellosis, 152 Household water treatment, 163 S. Africa, 171,175 International standards, 191 Swimming pools, 243 Microorganisms found, 219 World-wide, 177 Monitoring, 72 Parasitic ova, 175 P. aeruginosa, 89,91,92,174,177 False positives, 41 Robert Koch, 159 Fecal coliforms Standard plate count, 171,220 Composition, 49 Sterile, 305 Definition, 4,45,48,49 Treatment to remove viruses, 209 Klebsiella, 6 Viruses, 175,177 Fecal coliform test, 48 Virus isolation, 61 Problems, 49 Yeasts, 20 Fecal contamination of water, 23,30 Yersinia enterocolitica, 18 Bifidobacterium, 133 INDEX 353

Citrobacter, 25 P. aeruginosa, 165 Differentiate animals versus Giardiasis, 18 human, 136 Beavers, 18 Enterobacter, 25 Coliform indicator, 19 Enterobacteriaceae, 25 Glutamic acid decarboxylase test, 30 E. coli, 25 Occurrence in bacteria, 30 Feces, human, 25 Klebsiella, 25 (H) Levinia, 25 Salmonella, 165 Health hazard potentials, 222 Test for, 3,6,9,30,268 Health Hazards Fecal streptococci, 6 Microbial pollution, 297 Animal gut, 6 Heiberg scheme, 120 Chlorinated effluent, 252,253 Hepatitis, 21 Definition, 247 Lake water, 21 Differentiation tests, 6 Herbicola-Lathri group, 42 Enumeration, 250 Human pathogens, 42 Human feces, 6 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 42,46 Insects, 6,258 Serratia marcescens, 43 In nature, 254 Vibrio species, 124 Nonenteric, 250 Plants, 255 (I) Recovery, 6 Indexing health hazards, 223,224 Soil, 256 Indicator bacteria, 23,27 Water, 259 Aeromonas, 219 Feces (animal), 51 A. hydrophila, 230 Coliform composition, 51 Bifidobacter, 134,137,232 Streptococci, 255 Bottled water, 72 Feces (human), 50 Britain, 296 Bifidobacterium, 132 C. albicans, llil Citrobacter, 50 C. perfringens, 65,67,68,70,72,232 C. perfringens, 68 Definition, 4,223 Coliform density, 50 Drinking water, 219,220 Enterobacter, 50 Enterococci, 231 E. coli, 50 E. coli, 57,296 Fecal streptococci, 247,254 Europe, 57 Klebsiella, 50 Fecal coliforms, 57 P. aeruginosa, 91 Fecal streptococci, 6 Fluorescent antibody test Negative for pools, 241 Group D streptococci, 253 Pathogens, 124 Fluorescent pseudomonas P. aeruginosa, 230,244 Definition, 81 Remote pollution, 65 Distribution, 82 Shellfish quality, 337,339 Food processing waters Standard plate count, 220 Pseudomonads, 93 Staphylococci, 241 Swimming pool quality, 244 Total plate count, 160 Use of, 343 Gastroenteritis, 17 V. parahaemolyticus, 231 Yersinia enterocolitica, 18 Vibrio species, 124 Giardiasis, 18 Water supply, 19,20 German standard methods Wells, 3 Drinking water, 160,164 Yeasts, 220 354 BACTERIAL INDICATORS

Indicator organism, 214 Sources, 120 Indicator systems NSSP task force, 342,343 Evaluation, 232 Insects O Fecal streptococci, 258 Oysters Elevated temperature test, 340 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 42 Antibiotic susceptibility, 281 Biochemical reactions, 282 Pathogen organisms In environment, 276,286 Sources, 292 Isolation media, 285 Pathogen recovery Mouse pathogenicity, 280 Health risk, 186 Pathogenicity, 278 Phenotype difference, 39 Species definition, 43,282,284 Plants Thermotolerant, 277 Fecal streptococci, 255 A. faecalis variety liquefaciens, 261 M Plasmid DNA, 212 Mainz report, 192 Pour plate Membrane filter C. perfringens, 75 Membrane type, 4 Fecal streptococci, 253 Bacteriophage, 10 P. aeruginosa Membrane filtration test Animals, 103 Bifidobacter, 137 Coliform relation, 96 C. perfringens, 76 Definition, 81 Evaluation, 55,57 Direct plating, 87 E. coli, 55 Distribution, 83 Fecal streptococci, 251 Enumeration, 85 P. aeruginosa, 87 Fecal coliform relation, 102 S. African procedures, 170 Hospital isolates, 89 S. aureus, 127 Membrane filtration, 87 Teepol, 55 Pathogen, 83,84 V. parahaemolyticus, 124 Skin rashes, 95 Yersinia enterocolitica, 268 Swimming pool, 94 Membrane viruses, 207 Whirlpool bath, 94 Methyl violet 2B medium, 285 Milk P. aeruginosa, 90 Quahoq, 141 Monitoring, 295 MPN technique Coliphage, 10 MPN test Recreational waters, 21 E. coli, 54 Disease associated, 21 Most probable number test Guidelines/standards, 226,227 Enterococci, 252 Hepatitis, 21 V. cholerae, 123 Shigellosis, 224,225 Regrowth, 5 N E. coli, 261 NAG vibrios, 119 Fecal streptococci, 261 Alkaline peptone broth, 122 Salmonella, 261 Heiberg scheme, 120 Rhodotorula rubia, 143 Isolafion, 119 Royal commission on sewage Pathogenicity, 120 disposal, 293 INDEX 355

Fecal coliforms, 259 Salmonella Fecal streptococci, 260 Animal origin, 293 Stormy milk, 66,67 Chlorination of effluents, 154 Staphylococcus aureus Density estimation, 7 Definition, 126 Meuse river, 152 Enumeration, 128,129 Isolation, 127 Ratio to E. coli, 7 Rhine river, 151 Measure of chlorination, 129 Pathogenicity, 126 Sand column, 7 Significance in water, 127 Spread by effluents, 150 Salmonellosis Surface waters E. coli significance, 53 Contaminated surface waters, 152 Surfers foot, 141 Netherlands, 152 Sources, 152 Surveillance, 295 Sediments Swimming pools C. albicans, 144 C. perfringens, 40,43,75 Chlorine residuals, 97 Serratia marcescens, 43 Disease associated, 21 Septic tank coliforms, 51 P. aeruginosa, 94,165,244 Sewage Role of indicators, 240 Coliform content, 50 S. aureus, 128,129 P. aeruginosa, 102 Safety indicator, 21 Sewage indicators, 225 Shed skin bacteria, 240,243 Sewage treatment Standards, 98,243 Salmonella reduction, 149,150 Staphylococci, 165,241 Shellfish Total plate count, 245 E. coli, 303 Water quality, 165 Shellfish waters Development of standards, 338 Fecal coliform standard, 341 Growing area standard, 340 Taxonomy P. aeruginosa, 100 New approaches, 41 Standardized test, 339 Shigella Vibrios Classification, 42 Britain, 302 Isolation technique, 8 Definition, 116 Survival rate, 9 Diseases, 116 Sludge Enumeration, 123 Ocean dumping, 211 Pathogenicity, 124 Soil dumping, 212 Taxonomy, 116 Soil V. cholerae Fecal streptococci, 256,258 Alkaline peptone broth, 119 P. aeruginosa, 105 Cholerae, 115 Sources of infectious agents, 222 Definition, 116 South Africa Isolation, 119 Drinking water standard, 170,175 Oxidation ponds, 9 Effluent for irrigation, 179 Salmonella relationship, 123 Rand water board, 176 Transmission, 115 Water quality research, 169 V. parahaemolyticus, 115 Spray irrigation Definition, 116 Health risks, 205 Isolation, 120 Standard writing, 45,73 Transmission, 115 Storm water Viruses 356 BACTERIAL INDICATORS

Animals and birds, 205 E. co/i versus V. parahaemolyticus, 124 Activated sludge, 202 Relationship to vibrios, 124 Britain, 304 S. aereus, 127,129 Coliform ratio, 198 Viruses, 227 Concentration in water, 207 Water quality standards Detection, 171,175,200 Bottled drinking water, 162 Disinfected reuse water, 198 Britain (drinking water), 299 Epidemiology, 201 Czechoslovakia, 161 Indicator, 199 Dry weather conditions, 227 Lysogenized defective, 198 Federal Repubhc of Germany, 162 Lysogeny, 214 Mediterranean, 187 Sludge survival, 210 P. aeruginosa, 165 Soil survival, 212 Poland, 161 Storm runoff, 198 Recreational, 300 Recreational WHO, 186 W Romania, 161 Shellfish bed waters, 340 Walcheren project, 153,157 Spain, 162 Wastewater Swimming pools, 300 Bacterial content, 4 Switzerland, 161 C. albicans, 143 Total plate counts, 159 Chlorination, 154 Yugoslavia, 161 Coliform content, 50 Water safety Coliform multiplication, 50 Definition, 15 Die-away rates, 13 Whirlpool baths Netherlands, 148 P. aeruginosa, 94,99 Salmonella, 1, 150 World Health Organization Salmonella spread, 150 Drinking water supplies, 182,183 Vibrio cholerae survival, 9 Health criteria, 183 Water Mainz report, 192 C. albicans spread, 141 Operating procedure, 182 Fecal streptococci, 259 Potable water, aviation, and ship, 185 Virus stability, 208 Recreational waters, 186 Waterborne disease, 290 Shellfish bed waters, 187 Bacterial disease, 197,290 Gastrointestinal illness, 17 Hepatitis, 18 Yersinia Indicator bacteria, 16,17 Biochemical identification, 271 Outbreaks, 16,17 Definition, 265 Recreational waters, 21 Epidemiology, 266 Swimmers, 17 Human infection, 266,273 Transmittal, 15 Pathogenicity, 266 Viral disease, 197 Presence in water, 267 Water quality indicators, 223,227 Serotyping, 271,273 C. albicans, 141,142 Test for, 268