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The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research
THE NEXT GENERATION OF FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 29, 2009 Serial No. 111–61 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 52–894PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HON. BART GORDON, Tennessee, Chair JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois RALPH M. HALL, Texas EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER JR., LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California Wisconsin DAVID WU, Oregon LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas BRIAN BAIRD, Washington DANA ROHRABACHER, California BRAD MILLER, North Carolina ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio W. TODD AKIN, Missouri BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas PAUL D. TONKO, New York BOB INGLIS, South Carolina PARKER GRIFFITH, Alabama MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida JIM MATHESON, Utah BRIAN P. BILBRAY, California LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee ADRIAN SMITH, Nebraska BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri PETE OLSON, Texas BARON P. HILL, Indiana HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona CHARLES A. WILSON, Ohio KATHLEEN DAHLKEMPER, Pennsylvania ALAN GRAYSON, Florida SUZANNE M. -
An Overview of the Blue Gene/L System Software Organization
An Overview of the Blue Gene/L System Software Organization George Almasi´ , Ralph Bellofatto , Jose´ Brunheroto , Calin˘ Cas¸caval , Jose´ G. ¡ Castanos˜ , Luis Ceze , Paul Crumley , C. Christopher Erway , Joseph Gagliano , Derek Lieber , Xavier Martorell , Jose´ E. Moreira , Alda Sanomiya , and Karin ¡ Strauss ¢ IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY 10598-0218 £ gheorghe,ralphbel,brunhe,cascaval,castanos,pgc,erway, jgaglia,lieber,xavim,jmoreira,sanomiya ¤ @us.ibm.com ¥ Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urabana, IL 61801 £ luisceze,kstrauss ¤ @uiuc.edu Abstract. The Blue Gene/L supercomputer will use system-on-a-chip integra- tion and a highly scalable cellular architecture. With 65,536 compute nodes, Blue Gene/L represents a new level of complexity for parallel system software, with specific challenges in the areas of scalability, maintenance and usability. In this paper we present our vision of a software architecture that faces up to these challenges, and the simulation framework that we have used for our experiments. 1 Introduction In November 2001 IBM announced a partnership with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to build the Blue Gene/L (BG/L) supercomputer, a 65,536-node machine de- signed around embedded PowerPC processors. Through the use of system-on-a-chip in- tegration [10], coupled with a highly scalable cellular architecture, Blue Gene/L will de- liver 180 or 360 Teraflops of peak computing power, depending on the utilization mode. Blue Gene/L represents a new level of scalability for parallel systems. Whereas existing large scale systems range in size from hundreds (ASCI White [2], Earth Simulator [4]) to a few thousands (Cplant [3], ASCI Red [1]) of compute nodes, Blue Gene/L makes a jump of almost two orders of magnitude. -
Advances in Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers • Modeling Dispersions of Biological and Chemical Agents • Centennial of E
October 2001 U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Also in this issue: • More Advances in Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers • Modeling Dispersions of Biological and Chemical Agents • Centennial of E. O. Lawrence’s Birth About the Cover Computing systems leader Greg Tomaschke works at the console of the 680-gigaops Compaq TeraCluster2000 parallel supercomputer, one of the principal machines used to address large-scale scientific simulations at Livermore. The supercomputer is accessible to unclassified program researchers throughout the Laboratory, thanks to the Multiprogrammatic and Institutional Computing (M&IC) Initiative described in the article beginning on p. 4. M&IC makes supercomputers an institutional resource and helps scientists realize the potential of advanced, three-dimensional simulations. Cover design: Amy Henke About the Review Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. At Livermore, we focus science and technology on assuring our nation’s security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published 10 times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratory’s scientific and technological accomplishments in fulfilling its primary missions. The publication’s goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world. Please address any correspondence (including name and address changes) to S&TR, Mail Stop L-664, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or telephone (925) 423-3432. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. -
2017 HPC Annual Report Team Would Like to Acknowledge the Invaluable Assistance Provided by John Noe
sandia national laboratories 2017 HIGH PERformance computing The 2017 High Performance Computing Annual Report is dedicated to John Noe and Dino Pavlakos. Building a foundational framework Editor in high performance computing Yasmin Dennig Contributing Writers Megan Davidson Sandia National Laboratories has a long history of significant contributions to the high performance computing Mattie Hensley community and industry. Our innovative computer architectures allowed the United States to become the first to break the teraflop barrier—propelling us to the international spotlight. Our advanced simulation and modeling capabilities have been integral in high consequence US operations such as Operation Burnt Frost. Strong partnerships with industry leaders, such as Cray, Inc. and Goodyear, have enabled them to leverage our high performance computing capabilities to gain a tremendous competitive edge in the marketplace. Contributing Editor Laura Sowko As part of our continuing commitment to provide modern computing infrastructure and systems in support of Sandia’s missions, we made a major investment in expanding Building 725 to serve as the new home of high performance computer (HPC) systems at Sandia. Work is expected to be completed in 2018 and will result in a modern facility of approximately 15,000 square feet of computer center space. The facility will be ready to house the newest National Nuclear Security Administration/Advanced Simulation and Computing (NNSA/ASC) prototype Design platform being acquired by Sandia, with delivery in late 2019 or early 2020. This new system will enable continuing Stacey Long advances by Sandia science and engineering staff in the areas of operating system R&D, operation cost effectiveness (power and innovative cooling technologies), user environment, and application code performance. -
A Fusion Test Facility for Inertial Fusion
A Fusion Test Facility for Inertial Fusion The Fusion Test Facility would be part of an integrated IFE program where the essential elements are developed and implemented as systems in progressively more capable IFE oriented facilities. Fusion Test Facility (FTF) Direct laser drive Sub-megaJoule laser energy Goal of ~150 MW fusion power High flux neutron source Development path to a power plant Presented by Stephen Obenschain U.S. Naval Research Laboratory September 27 2006 Fusion Power Associates Meeting Introduction The scientific underpinnings for ICF has and is being developed via large single shot facilities. The IFE application, while greatly benefiting from this effort, requires a different and broader perspective. • Development of sufficiently efficient and durable high repetition rate drivers. • High gain target designs consistent with the energy application. • Development of economical mass production techniques for targets. • Precision target injection, tracking & laser beam steering. • Reaction chamber design and materials for a harsh environment. • Operating procedures (synchronizing a complex high duty cycle operation) • Overall economics, development time and costs. Individual IFE elements have conflicts in their optimization, and have to be developed in concert with their own purpose-built facilities. HAPL= $25M/yr High Average Power Laser program administered by NNSA See presentations by John Sethian and John Caird this afternoon. Typical GW (electrical )designs have >3 MJ laser drivers @ 5-10 Hz Target Factory Electricity -
Part 1: April 24, 2007 Presentations
UCRL-MI-231268 IFE Science and Technology Strategic Planning Workshop - Part 1: April 24, 2007 Presentations To select an individual presentation, click the table of contents entry on the next page or click the title on the agenda for Day 1 (using the Hand Tool icon). To save only a portion of this document, go to File/Print, select Adobe PDF as your printer, specify the desired range of pages, and save to a new file name. This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Portions of this work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48. Part 1 Contents Agenda ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Presentations 1. Welcome and Perspectives, Ed Synakowski, LLNL............................................................ -
NRL Nike Laser Focuses on Nuclear Fusion 20 March 2013
NRL Nike Laser focuses on nuclear fusion 20 March 2013 concept, numerous laser beams are used to implode and compress a pea-sized pellet of deuterium-tritium (D-T) to extreme density and temperature, causing the atoms to fuse, resulting in the release of excess energy. In an ICF implosion, a progressively diminishing portion of the beams will engage the shrinking pellet if the focal spot diameter of the laser remains unchanged. For optimal coupling, it becomes desirable to decrease the laser focal spot size to match the reduction in the pellet's diameter, minimizing wasted energy. This is the Nike Laser -- focal zooming. Credit: U.S. "Matching the focal spot size to the pellet Naval Research Laboratory throughout the implosion process maximizes the on- target laser energy," Kehne said. "This experiment validates the engineering of focal zooming in KrF lasers to track the size of an imploding pellet in Researchers at the U.S. Naval Research inertial confinement fusion." Laboratory have successfully demonstrated pulse tailoring, producing a time varying focal spot size With single-step focal zooming implemented, the known as 'focal zooming' on the world's largest Nike laser provides independent control of pulse operating krypton fluoride (KrF) gas laser. shape, time of arrival, and focal diameter allowing greater flexibility in the profiles and pulse shapes The Nike laser is a two to three kilojoule (kJ) KrF that can be produced. The flexibility in pulse system that incorporates beam smoothing by shaping provides promising uses in both future induced spatial incoherence (ISI) to achieve one experiments and laser diagnosis. -
Evaluation of Wavelength Detuning to Mitigate Cross-Beam Energy Transfer Using the Nike Laser
Evaluation of Wavelength Detuning to Mitigate Cross-Beam Energy Transfer Using the Nike Laser Backlighter beams dm: !3 Å KrF 10 J in 400 ps (FWHM*) Drive beams dm: !3 Å (KrF) Target 1.8 kJ in 4 ns 200-nm outer diameter Nike target chamber 57th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society P. W. McKenty Division of Plasma Physics University of Rochester Savannah, GA Laboratory for Laser Energetics 16–20 November 2015 1 Summary The Nike laser can be employed to examine the effects of laser wavelength detuning to mitigate cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) • Wavelength detuning is predicted to shift the CBET interaction region within the corona, affecting the gains/losses because of CBET • The Nike platform is well suited for these studies, providing a well- diagnosed system over a range of detunings (Dm ~6 Å KrF) • Initial experiments have commenced on Nike, measuring energy dependence of wavelength detuning TC12419 2 Collaborators J. A. Marozas University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics J. Weaver, S. P. Obenschain, and A. J. Schmitt Naval Research Laboratory 3 Successful wavelength detuning shifts the resonance location sufficiently to mitigate CBET When probe rays are blue-shifted, the resonance shifts to a higher Mach Pump beam number where intersecting probe rays are negligible When probe rays are red-shifted, the resonance shifts to a lower Mach number where probe rays are blocked CBET causes probe rays and/or have negligible intensity Target to extract energy from rc high-intensity pump rays Parabolic locus of turning points Probe beam TC11766e 4 The NIKE experiments will evaluate the disposition of the scattered light at two specific locations OMEGA Nike CBET Target Target Scattered-light disposition TC12420 D. -
R00456--FM Getting up to Speed
GETTING UP TO SPEED THE FUTURE OF SUPERCOMPUTING Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors Committee on the Future of Supercomputing Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov- erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi- neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for ap- propriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Spon- sor Award No. DE-AT01-03NA00106. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-09502-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-54679-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2004118086 Cover designed by Jennifer Bishop. Cover images (clockwise from top right, front to back) 1. Exploding star. Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) Center for Supernova Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. 2. Hurricane Frances, September 5, 2004, taken by GOES-12 satellite, 1 km visible imagery. U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 3. Large-eddy simulation of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability run on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MCR Linux cluster in July 2003. -
Blue Gene/L Architecture
Blue Gene/L Blue Gene/L Architecture Burkhard Steinmacher-Burow IBM Watson / Böblingen November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L Outline Architecture Motivation Given the motivation, the architecture should seem natural and obvious. Architecture Overview 2 Blue Gene/L Supercomputer Overview | November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L What is the Blue Gene/L Project? A 512- to 65536-node highly-integrated supercomputer based on system-on-a-chip technology: Node ASIC. Link ASIC. Strategic partnership with LLNL and other high performance computing centers and researchers: – Focus on numerically intensive scientific problems. – Validation and optimization of architecture based on real applications. – Grand challenge science stresses networks, memory and processing power. – Partners accustomed to "new architectures" and work hard to adapt to constraints. – Partners assist us in the investigation of the reach of this machine. 3 Blue Gene/L Supercomputer Overview | November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L BG/L for Capability Computing December 1999: IBM Research announced a 5 year, $100M US, effort to build a petaflop/s scale supercomputer to attack science problems such as protein folding. Goals: Advance the state of the art of scientific simulation. Advance the state of the art in computer design and software for capability and capacity markets. November 2001: Announced Research partnership with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). November 2002: Announced planned acquisition of a BG/L machine by LLNL as part of the ASCI Purple contract. June 2003: First DD1 chips completed. November 2003: BG/L Half rack DD1 prototype (512 nodes at 500 MHz) ranked #73 on 22nd Top500 List announced at SC2003 (1.435 TFlops/s ). -
Parallel Gaussian Elimination
Outline • Review Gaussian Elimination (GE) for solving Ax=b • Optimizing GE for caches on sequential machines - using matrix-matrix multiplication (BLAS and LAPACK) CS 267 • Minimizing communication for sequential GE Dense Linear Algebra: - Not LAPACK, but Recursive LU minimizes bandwidth (latency possible) Parallel Gaussian Elimination • Data layouts on parallel machines • Parallel Gaussian Elimination (ScaLAPACK) • Minimizing communication for parallel GE - Not ScaLAPACK (yet), but “Comm-Avoiding LU” (CALU) - Same idea for minimizing bandwidth and latency in sequential case James Demmel • Summarize rest of dense linear algebra • Dynamically scheduled LU for Multicore www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/cs267_Spr14 • LU for Heterogeneous computers (CPU + GPU) 03/04/2014 CS267 Lecture 13 1 03/04/2014 CS267 Lecture 13 2 Summary of Matrix Multiplication Sca/LAPACK Overview • Goal: Multiply n x n matrices C = A·B using O(n3) arithmetic operations, minimizing data movement • Sequential - Assume fast memory of size M < 3n2, count slow mem. refs. - Thm: need Ω(n3/M1/2) slow mem. refs. and Ω(n3/M3/2) messages - Attainable using “blocked” or “recursive” matrix multiply • Parallel - Assume P processors, O(n2/P) data per processor - Thm: need Ω(n2/P1/2) words sent and Ω(P1/2) messages - Attainable by Cannon, nearly by SUMMA • SUMMA used in practice (PBLAS) - c copies of data ⇒ c1/2 times fewer words, c3/2 fewer messages • Which other linear algebra problems can we do with as little data movement? - Today: Solve Ax=b in detail, summarize what’s known, open3 -
IFE/P6-07 Advantages of Krf Lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion
1 IFE/P6-07 Advantages of KrF Lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion Energy J. L. Weaver 1), S. P. Obenschain 1), J. D. Sethian 1), A. J. Schmitt 1), V. Serlin 1), R. H. Lehmberg 2), M. Karasik 1), J. Oh 2), J. W. Bates 1), Y. Aglitskiy 3), D. Kehne 1), M. Wolford 1), F. Hegeler 4), M. Myers 1), L. Phillips 5), D. Fyfe 5), D. Colombant 1), E. Mclean 2), W. Manheimer 2), J. Seely 6), U. Feldman 7), M. Klapisch 7), A. L. Velikovich 1), J. Giuliani 1), L. Y Chan 1), S. Zalesak 8), C. Manka 2) 1) Plasma Physics Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA 2) Research Support Instruments Inc., Lanham, MD, USA 3) Science Applications International Corporation, Mclean, VA, USA 4) Commonwealth Technology Inc., Alexandria, VA, USA 5) Lab. for Computational Sciences, NRL, Washington, DC, USA 6) Space Science Division, NRL, Washington, DC, USA 7) ARTEP Inc., Ellicot City, MD, USA 8) Berkeley Research Associates Inc., Beltsville, MD, USA E-mail contact of first author: [email protected] Abstract. Advanced concepts for direct drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) have emerged that may lead to sufficient gain for the energy application (g>140) at laser driver energies as low as 1 megajoule. For example, recent “shock ignition” designs compress low aspect ratio pellets then apply a final high intensity spike pulse (1016 W/cm2) to ignite the fuel via a converging shock wave. These analyses were based on an excimer laser with a Krypton-Fluoride lasing (KrF) medium. KrF systems are particularly well suited to these new ideas as they operate in the deep ultraviolet ( =248 nm), provide highly uniform illumination, possess large bandwidth (1-3 THz), and can easily exploit beam zooming to improve laser-target coupling for the final spike pulse.