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An Overview of the Blue Gene/L System Software Organization
An Overview of the Blue Gene/L System Software Organization George Almasi´ , Ralph Bellofatto , Jose´ Brunheroto , Calin˘ Cas¸caval , Jose´ G. ¡ Castanos˜ , Luis Ceze , Paul Crumley , C. Christopher Erway , Joseph Gagliano , Derek Lieber , Xavier Martorell , Jose´ E. Moreira , Alda Sanomiya , and Karin ¡ Strauss ¢ IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY 10598-0218 £ gheorghe,ralphbel,brunhe,cascaval,castanos,pgc,erway, jgaglia,lieber,xavim,jmoreira,sanomiya ¤ @us.ibm.com ¥ Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urabana, IL 61801 £ luisceze,kstrauss ¤ @uiuc.edu Abstract. The Blue Gene/L supercomputer will use system-on-a-chip integra- tion and a highly scalable cellular architecture. With 65,536 compute nodes, Blue Gene/L represents a new level of complexity for parallel system software, with specific challenges in the areas of scalability, maintenance and usability. In this paper we present our vision of a software architecture that faces up to these challenges, and the simulation framework that we have used for our experiments. 1 Introduction In November 2001 IBM announced a partnership with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to build the Blue Gene/L (BG/L) supercomputer, a 65,536-node machine de- signed around embedded PowerPC processors. Through the use of system-on-a-chip in- tegration [10], coupled with a highly scalable cellular architecture, Blue Gene/L will de- liver 180 or 360 Teraflops of peak computing power, depending on the utilization mode. Blue Gene/L represents a new level of scalability for parallel systems. Whereas existing large scale systems range in size from hundreds (ASCI White [2], Earth Simulator [4]) to a few thousands (Cplant [3], ASCI Red [1]) of compute nodes, Blue Gene/L makes a jump of almost two orders of magnitude. -
Advances in Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers • Modeling Dispersions of Biological and Chemical Agents • Centennial of E
October 2001 U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Also in this issue: • More Advances in Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers • Modeling Dispersions of Biological and Chemical Agents • Centennial of E. O. Lawrence’s Birth About the Cover Computing systems leader Greg Tomaschke works at the console of the 680-gigaops Compaq TeraCluster2000 parallel supercomputer, one of the principal machines used to address large-scale scientific simulations at Livermore. The supercomputer is accessible to unclassified program researchers throughout the Laboratory, thanks to the Multiprogrammatic and Institutional Computing (M&IC) Initiative described in the article beginning on p. 4. M&IC makes supercomputers an institutional resource and helps scientists realize the potential of advanced, three-dimensional simulations. Cover design: Amy Henke About the Review Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. At Livermore, we focus science and technology on assuring our nation’s security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published 10 times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratory’s scientific and technological accomplishments in fulfilling its primary missions. The publication’s goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world. Please address any correspondence (including name and address changes) to S&TR, Mail Stop L-664, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or telephone (925) 423-3432. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. -
2017 HPC Annual Report Team Would Like to Acknowledge the Invaluable Assistance Provided by John Noe
sandia national laboratories 2017 HIGH PERformance computing The 2017 High Performance Computing Annual Report is dedicated to John Noe and Dino Pavlakos. Building a foundational framework Editor in high performance computing Yasmin Dennig Contributing Writers Megan Davidson Sandia National Laboratories has a long history of significant contributions to the high performance computing Mattie Hensley community and industry. Our innovative computer architectures allowed the United States to become the first to break the teraflop barrier—propelling us to the international spotlight. Our advanced simulation and modeling capabilities have been integral in high consequence US operations such as Operation Burnt Frost. Strong partnerships with industry leaders, such as Cray, Inc. and Goodyear, have enabled them to leverage our high performance computing capabilities to gain a tremendous competitive edge in the marketplace. Contributing Editor Laura Sowko As part of our continuing commitment to provide modern computing infrastructure and systems in support of Sandia’s missions, we made a major investment in expanding Building 725 to serve as the new home of high performance computer (HPC) systems at Sandia. Work is expected to be completed in 2018 and will result in a modern facility of approximately 15,000 square feet of computer center space. The facility will be ready to house the newest National Nuclear Security Administration/Advanced Simulation and Computing (NNSA/ASC) prototype Design platform being acquired by Sandia, with delivery in late 2019 or early 2020. This new system will enable continuing Stacey Long advances by Sandia science and engineering staff in the areas of operating system R&D, operation cost effectiveness (power and innovative cooling technologies), user environment, and application code performance. -
NNSA — Weapons Activities
Corporate Context for National Nuclear Security Administration (NS) Programs This section on Corporate Context that is included for the first time in the Department’s budget is provided to facilitate the integration of the FY 2003 budget and performance measures. The Department’s Strategic Plan published in September 2000 is no longer relevant since it does not reflect the priorities laid out in President Bush’s Management Agenda, the 2001 National Energy Policy, OMB’s R&D project investment criteria or the new policies that will be developed to address an ever evolving and challenging terrorism threat. The Department has initiated the development of a new Strategic Plan due for publication in September 2002, however, that process is just beginning. To maintain continuity of our approach that links program strategic performance goals and annual targets to higher level Departmental goals and Strategic Objectives, the Department has developed a revised set of Strategic Objectives in the structure of the September 2000 Strategic Plan. For more than 50 years, America’s national security has relied on the deterrent provided by nuclear weapons. Designed, built, and tested by the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies, these weapons helped win the Cold War, and they remain a key component of the Nation’s security posture. The Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) now faces a new and complex set of challenges to its national nuclear security missions in countering the threats of the 21st century. One of the most critical challenges is being met by the Stockpile Stewardship program, which is maintaining the effectiveness of our nuclear deterrent in the absence of underground nuclear testing. -
R00456--FM Getting up to Speed
GETTING UP TO SPEED THE FUTURE OF SUPERCOMPUTING Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors Committee on the Future of Supercomputing Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov- erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi- neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for ap- propriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Spon- sor Award No. DE-AT01-03NA00106. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-09502-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-54679-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2004118086 Cover designed by Jennifer Bishop. Cover images (clockwise from top right, front to back) 1. Exploding star. Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) Center for Supernova Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. 2. Hurricane Frances, September 5, 2004, taken by GOES-12 satellite, 1 km visible imagery. U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 3. Large-eddy simulation of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability run on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MCR Linux cluster in July 2003. -
Blue Gene/L Architecture
Blue Gene/L Blue Gene/L Architecture Burkhard Steinmacher-Burow IBM Watson / Böblingen November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L Outline Architecture Motivation Given the motivation, the architecture should seem natural and obvious. Architecture Overview 2 Blue Gene/L Supercomputer Overview | November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L What is the Blue Gene/L Project? A 512- to 65536-node highly-integrated supercomputer based on system-on-a-chip technology: Node ASIC. Link ASIC. Strategic partnership with LLNL and other high performance computing centers and researchers: – Focus on numerically intensive scientific problems. – Validation and optimization of architecture based on real applications. – Grand challenge science stresses networks, memory and processing power. – Partners accustomed to "new architectures" and work hard to adapt to constraints. – Partners assist us in the investigation of the reach of this machine. 3 Blue Gene/L Supercomputer Overview | November 2, 2004, DESY-Zeuthen © 2004 IBM Corporation Blue Gene/L BG/L for Capability Computing December 1999: IBM Research announced a 5 year, $100M US, effort to build a petaflop/s scale supercomputer to attack science problems such as protein folding. Goals: Advance the state of the art of scientific simulation. Advance the state of the art in computer design and software for capability and capacity markets. November 2001: Announced Research partnership with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). November 2002: Announced planned acquisition of a BG/L machine by LLNL as part of the ASCI Purple contract. June 2003: First DD1 chips completed. November 2003: BG/L Half rack DD1 prototype (512 nodes at 500 MHz) ranked #73 on 22nd Top500 List announced at SC2003 (1.435 TFlops/s ). -
Kull: Llnl's Asci Inertial Confinement Fusion Simulation Code
KULL: LLNL'S ASCI INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION SIMULATION CODE James A. Rathkopf, Douglas S. Miller, John M. Owen, Linda M. Stuart, Michael R. Zika, Peter G. Eltgroth, Niel K. Madsen, Kathleen P. McCandless, Paul F. Nowak, Michael K. Nemanic, Nicholas A. Gentile, and Noel D. Keen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-18 Livermore, California 94551-0808 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Todd S. Palmer Department of Nuclear Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 [email protected] ABSTRACT KULL is a three dimensional, time dependent radiation hydrodynamics simulation code under development at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI), KULL’s purpose is to simulate the physical processes in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets. The National Ignition Facility, where ICF experiments will be conducted, and ASCI are part of the experimental and computa- tional components of DOE’s Stockpile Stewardship Program. This paper provides an overview of ASCI and describes KULL, its hydrodynamic simulation capability and its three methods of simulating radiative transfer. Particular emphasis is given to the parallelization techniques essen- tial to obtain the performance required of the Stockpile Stewardship Program and to exploit the massively parallel processor machines that ASCI is procuring. 1. INTRODUCTION With the end of underground nuclear testing, the United States must rely solely on non-nuclear experiments and numerical simulations, together with archival underground nuclear test data, to certify the continued safety, performance, and reliability of the nation’s nuclear stockpile. -
Parallel Gaussian Elimination
Outline • Review Gaussian Elimination (GE) for solving Ax=b • Optimizing GE for caches on sequential machines - using matrix-matrix multiplication (BLAS and LAPACK) CS 267 • Minimizing communication for sequential GE Dense Linear Algebra: - Not LAPACK, but Recursive LU minimizes bandwidth (latency possible) Parallel Gaussian Elimination • Data layouts on parallel machines • Parallel Gaussian Elimination (ScaLAPACK) • Minimizing communication for parallel GE - Not ScaLAPACK (yet), but “Comm-Avoiding LU” (CALU) - Same idea for minimizing bandwidth and latency in sequential case James Demmel • Summarize rest of dense linear algebra • Dynamically scheduled LU for Multicore www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/cs267_Spr14 • LU for Heterogeneous computers (CPU + GPU) 03/04/2014 CS267 Lecture 13 1 03/04/2014 CS267 Lecture 13 2 Summary of Matrix Multiplication Sca/LAPACK Overview • Goal: Multiply n x n matrices C = A·B using O(n3) arithmetic operations, minimizing data movement • Sequential - Assume fast memory of size M < 3n2, count slow mem. refs. - Thm: need Ω(n3/M1/2) slow mem. refs. and Ω(n3/M3/2) messages - Attainable using “blocked” or “recursive” matrix multiply • Parallel - Assume P processors, O(n2/P) data per processor - Thm: need Ω(n2/P1/2) words sent and Ω(P1/2) messages - Attainable by Cannon, nearly by SUMMA • SUMMA used in practice (PBLAS) - c copies of data ⇒ c1/2 times fewer words, c3/2 fewer messages • Which other linear algebra problems can we do with as little data movement? - Today: Solve Ax=b in detail, summarize what’s known, open3 -
75 YEARS Trinity Test the Dawn of America’S Scientific Innovation CONTENTS
75 YEARS Trinity Test The Dawn of America’s Scientific Innovation CONTENTS 1 THE MANHATTAN PROJECT ........ 4 2 TRINITY TEST - JULY 16, 1945 ...... 6 3 1940s .............................................. 10 4 1950s ..........................................12 5 1960s ..........................................14 1970s ..........................................16 Beyond the advances in nuclear physics 6 and chemistry that made the “ 7 1980s ..........................................18 “ first functional atomic device possible, Trinity was arguably the greatest 1990s ..........................................20 scientific experiment ever conducted. 8 9 2000s ..........................................22 Lisa E. Gordon-Hagerty U.S. Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration 10 2010s ..........................................24 11 2020 and FORWARD ..................... 26 1 Manhattan Project: The Origin of the Trinity Test In the 1920s-1930s, a young Hungarian-German physicist Roosevelt responded by launching The Manhattan Project, Leo Szilard led the field of nuclear research, submitting a nationwide network of laboratories and manufacturing patents for a linear accelerator (1928) and cyclotron (1929), facilities designed to collaboratively assist in the before collaborating with Albert Einstein to develop the manufacture of a new atomic weapon. Einstein refrigerator. But when Hitler came into power in 1933, Szilard fled to England, encouraging his friends and family to do the same. In England, he first described the nuclear chain reaction (1933) and patented an early design for a nuclear fission reactor (1934). In 1938, Szilard joined Einstein in the United States, but the rumor that a group of Berlin chemists had split the uranium atom made them so concerned that in 1939, they sent an urgent letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning him that that Axis scientists were working to turn new nuclear discoveries into a superweapon. -
Supercomputers – Prestige Objects Or Crucial Tools for Science and Industry?
Supercomputers – Prestige Objects or Crucial Tools for Science and Industry? Hans W. Meuer a 1, Horst Gietl b 2 a University of Mannheim & Prometeus GmbH, 68131 Mannheim, Germany; b Prometeus GmbH, 81245 Munich, Germany; This paper is the revised and extended version of the Lorraine King Memorial Lecture Hans Werner Meuer was invited by Lord Laird of Artigarvan to give at the House of Lords, London, on April 18, 2012. Keywords: TOP500, High Performance Computing, HPC, Supercomputing, HPC Technology, Supercomputer Market, Supercomputer Architecture, Supercomputer Applications, Supercomputer Technology, Supercomputer Performance, Supercomputer Future. 1 e-mail: [email protected] 2 e-mail: [email protected] 1 Content 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2 The TOP500 Supercomputer Project ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 The LINPACK Benchmark ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 TOP500 Authors ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 The 39th TOP500 List since 1993 .............................................................................................. 5 2.4 The 39th TOP10 List since 1993 ............................................................................................... -
Delivering Insight: the History of the Accelerated Strategic Computing
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Computation Directorate Dona L. Crawford Computation Associate Director Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue, L-559 Livermore, CA 94550 September 14, 2009 Dear Colleague: Several years ago, I commissioned Alex R. Larzelere II to research and write a history of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) and its evolution into the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Program. The goal was to document the first 10 years of ASCI: how this integrated and sustained collaborative effort reached its goals, became a base program, and changed the face of high-performance computing in a way that independent, individually funded R&D projects for applications, facilities, infrastructure, and software development never could have achieved. Mr. Larzelere has combined the documented record with first-hand recollections of prominent leaders into a highly readable, 200-page account of the history of ASCI. The manuscript is a testament to thousands of hours of research and writing and the contributions of dozens of people. It represents, most fittingly, a collaborative effort many years in the making. I’m pleased to announce that Delivering Insight: The History of the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) has been approved for unlimited distribution and is available online at https://asc.llnl.gov/asc_history/. Sincerely, Dona L. Crawford Computation Associate Director Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An Equal Opportunity Employer • University of California • P.O. Box 808 Livermore, California94550 • Telephone (925) 422-2449 • Fax (925) 423-1466 Delivering Insight The History of the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) Prepared by: Alex R. -
High Speed Computing LANL • LLNL
LA-13474-C Conference Proceedings from the Conference on High Speed Computing LANL • LLNL The Art of High Speed Computing April 20–23, 1998 Architecture Algorithms Language Salishan Lodge Gleneden Beach, Oregon Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the United States Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. Photocomposition by Wendy Burditt, Group CIC-1 Special thanks to Orlinie Velasquez and Verna VanAken for coordinating this effort. An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness.