DOCSLIB.ORG

Citrus Production in Turkey Ben Faber, Turgut Yesiloglu, and Akif Eskalen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Citrus Production in Turkey Ben Faber, Turgut Yesiloglu, and Akif Eskalen Citrus Production in Turkey Ben Faber, Turgut Yesiloglu, and Akif Eskalen lexander the Great introduced ’Navelina’, ’Navelate’, ‘Lane Late’ and the threat of root rot and reducing the citrus to Turkey, as well as many ‘Cara Cara’. The rest of the orange impact of high pH), and they claim it Aother areas of the Middle East, production is Valencias,’Shamouti’ and reduces frost threat. Reliance on one in the fourth century BC. Since then, other local selections. Sixty percent of rootstock has been an issue, since sour the country has developed considerable the mandarins are Satsumas, such as orange is extremely sensitive to tristeza acreage, including most of the varieties ‘Okitsu Wase’,’ Owari’ and ‘Dobashi which is found in all the citrus-growing grown in many other citrus production Beni’; the rest of the plantings include areas, so in new plantings they have been areas of the world. Acreage in 1970 was ‘Nova’,’ Robinson’,’Fremont’, Clemen- evaluating trifoliate and the citranges, around 97,560 ac, and began expanding tine and ‘Minneola’. Troyer, Carrizo and C-35. – especially in the 1980’s – after large Fifty percent of the lemons are One result of the ridge plantings irrigation projects had been installed. ‘Kutdiken’ lemon (Citrus limon,a lo- is that it is hard to furrow irrigate the Today there are about 300,000 acres, cal selection), 15% are ‘Interdonato’ way they have done the older orchards. which translates into 3,026,940 tons of (Italy) which are less prone to a fatal Nearly all new plantings are set up with all manner of citrus. About half of this fungal disease Mal Secco (Phomoa drip and filters. This is in part because tonnage (47%) is oranges, around 25% tracheiphila), but the third variety and the government pays for a portion of is mandarins (but rapidly expanding), gaining rapidly because of high yields the system on the condition that growers and about 22% is lemons; the rest is and even more resistance to Mal Secco plant trees certified free of disease. Prior grapefruit and other miscellaneous and cooler conditions is ‘Meyer’ (15%). to 1992, plantings were often contami- citrus. As cotton, wheat and tobacco Virtually all the rootstocks are sour nated with viruses from the nursery. By come out of production, it is estimated orange because of high soil clay content, helping to fund the irrigation systems, that the citrus production capacity could high soil pH, and in places over 30 inches infection sources are being cleaned up. increase fivefold (Yesilogluet al., 2007). of rainfall. This rootstock is more resis- This is the only government support for Although there is still some risk of tant to root rot and to high pH (leading growers. There were lots of government frost, most of the production is in three to iron, zinc and manganese chlorosis). subsidies for various crops in the past, areas, none too far from the coast. A bit Farmers also deal with the problem by but no longer. over 75% is produced on the Cukurova building ridges that are about three feet Tristeza has been recognized as Plain near the city of Adana. Another high and five feet wide. This channels a problem since the 1920s. Growers 15% or so is around the town of Antalya, rainfall away from the roots, allowing are concerned with other diseases which also grows bananas and avoca- the roots to dry out sooner (reducing including Phytophthora root rot, Mal dos. And, the third Secco, Alternaria area (about 9% of the brown rot, citrus total production) is blast, stubborn, and around Izmir near the viruses and virus- Aegean Sea where like diseases, such as it is a little colder in exocortis, psorosis, winter and they focus crinkly leaf, xylopo- on mandarin produc- rosis, gummy bark, tion. Another area chlorotic dwarf, cit- located in the eastern rus variegated virus Black Sea region has and curly leaf. negligible production Some of the in- (about 0.6%). sect pests that are Seventy-nine per- problematic to the cent of the orange industry include production is navels Adana, Antalya and Izmir, circled, are the largest citrus-growing areas in whitefly, mealybug, such as ‘Washington’, Turkey. (Map source: US State Dept.) Mediterranean fruit 34 Citrograph September/October 2010 fly, California red scale, citrus rust mite but it then can lead to an outbreak of with 65% being eaten fresh domesti- and citrus leafminer. The chemicals they other pests. Growers here know this but cally. Ten percent is processed as juice. are allowed to use are largely dictated are forced to do so by regulations and In 2005, Turkey was the fourth largest by what the European Union and Russia economics. There is also an insectary exporter in the world. Most of the fruit will allow and the cost of the materials. modeled after the one in Santa Paula goes to Europe with 45% going to There are fewer registered pesticides that produces Leptomastix parasitic Russia and Ukraine. Lemons have the in Turkey than in the United States. For wasp and Cryptolaemus beetles for con- highest export earnings of citrus, with some reason, horticultural oils are more trolling mealybugs. The insectary has an mandarins returning 32% and oranges expensive in Turkey than in California. active trade among citrus growers here 20%.There are standards for exported The grower will apply a broad- spectrum and also ships to growers in Europe for fruit but not for the domestic fruit. pesticide like malathion for California citrus and other crops. The agriculture industry as a whole red scale because it is cheaper than oil, About 25% of the fruit is exported is coming to grips with Hazard Analysis (Top left) This particular terrain in Turkey looks so familiar, like a scene in the San Joaquin Valley. (Top right) Cukurova Plain with citrus orchards in the background. (Middle left) New plantings of ‘Meyer’ lemon which are resistant to Mal Secco disease. (Middle right) Extremely modern facilities for propagating disease-free plants for sale to growers. (Bottom left) New plantings of ‘Meyer’ lemon with mandarins in the distance. (Bottom right) Spray application the old way. September/October 2010 Citrograph 35 and Critical Control Points (HAACP) and European Good Agriculture Prac- tices (EuroGAP). You can imagine how difficult food safety issues would be when the average-sized citrus orchard here is 7.5 acres compared to the aver- age-sized farm in Turkey of 14.5 acres. The bulk of the fruit is sold domes- tically, and by law the traders who buy the fruit must sell through wholesale markets and not direct to retailers. The traders judge the crop, negotiate a price, harvest, transport, pack, store and distribute the fruit. The growers take all of the risks of freeze, hail damage and market fluctuations. The fruit is then dis- tributed to consumers in open markets (permanent and temporary bazaars), small grocers and street sellers. More and more, large retail supermarkets Harvesting lemons. Note ridges where the trees are planted. This is to improve are becoming prevalent and are asking drainage of both water and cold air and to improve soil aeration in wet weather. for bulk deliveries and cheaper prices. Imagine keeping track of where the ronment driven by export requirements, place to be able to move the increasing fruit is going and where it has been in and increasing citrus plantings are going amount of production through this new this system. to change the look of citrus in Turkey. A environment to the consumer. There no The pressures to conform to new better integration between the produc- doubt will be consolidation of the many markets, an increasing regulatory envi- ers and sellers is going to need to take pieces in this system in the next several years. With all the new acreage being planted, Turkey will become more and more a world citrus player in the market, PACIFIC DISTRIBUTING, INC and California growers should be aware Distributor for of what is going on there as well as in Orchard-Rite® other countries around the world. Ben Faber is a University of Cali- wind machines for fornia Cooperative Extension farm frost protection & advisor working in Ventura and Santa Tropic Breeze® Barbara counties. Dr. Faber is currently on sabbatical at Cukurova University original parts in Adana, Turkey, working on a variety of citrus and avocado research trials Sales with various faculty at the university. Service Turgut Yesiloglu is chair of the Hor- ticulture Department at Cukurova New University, and his research focuses on Used subtropical tree crops. Akif Eskalen, a native of Turkey, is UC Cooperative Portable Extension Subtropical Plant Patholo- Stationary gist and a research plant pathologist in the Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department at UC Riverside. 24 Hour The economic data for this article were taken from: Yesiloglu, T., F. Eme- Emergency ksiz, O. Tuzcu and T. Alemdar. 2007. Service Safe and high quality supply chains and Randy Quenzer, Sales networks for the citrus industry be- 559-564-3114 559-805-8254 tween Mediterranean partner countries. [email protected] National citrus sector analysis: Turkey. Woodlake, CA Jeff Thorning, Sales EuroMedCitrusNet. Pp39. Visit http:// 559-972-9937 www.yms.gov.tr/istatistik.aspx, Common [email protected] Board of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables www.orchard-rite.com Exporter Unions l 36 Citrograph September/October 2010.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TRISTEZA the Worldwide Threat from Destructive Isolates of Citrus
    TRISTEZA The Worldwide Threat from Destructive Isolates of Citrus Tristeza Virus-A Review C. N. Roistacher and P. Moreno ABSTRACT. This paper reviews the effects of extremely destructive forms of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) which poses serious threats to citrus industries worldwide. These include Capao Bonito CTV in Brazil, navel orange stem pitting CTV in Peru, stem pitting 12B CTV found in the university orchards in Southern California, severe grapefruit stem pitting CTV found in South Africa, recent forms of CTV responsible for decline of sweet orange on sour orange rootstock in Florida and Israel and other severe CTV isolatesreported from Spainand elsewhere. Many ofthesedestructive CTVisolates are transmitted by Toxoptera citricidus but most can be transmitted by Aphis gossypii at relatively high levels of efficiency. The impact of recent changes in aphid transmissibility and population dynamics, and the threat of movement of T. citricidus into new regions of the world are reviewed. The appearance and impact of new strains or mutants of CTV differing in pathogenic capacities or in aphid transmissibility are discussed. Methods for the identification of new or destructive isolates of CTV are also reviewed. Concepts for prevention which include quarantine, eradication and education are presented. The immediate need is to test for presence of CTV in those countries where sour orange is the predominant rootstock. Also, to test for and eliminate very destructive forms of CTV, to strengthen quarantine laws and regulations, and to educate scientists, nurseryman and growers to the dangers involved in budwood importation and virus or vector spread. Tristeza, caused by the citrus ravages of tristeza once it begins to tristeza virus (CTV) remains today as spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Canker in California
    Ex ante Economics of Exotic Disease Policy: Citrus Canker in California Draft prepared for presentation at the Conference: “Integrating Risk Assessment and Economics for Regulatory Decisions,” USDA, Washington, DC, December 7, 2000 Karen M. Jetter, Daniel A. Sumner and Edwin L. Civerolo Jetter is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of California, Agricultural Issues Center (AIC). Sumner is director of AIC and a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis. Civerolo is with the USDA, Agricultural Research Service and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis. This research was conducted as a part of a larger AIC project that dealt with a number of exotic pests and diseases and a variety of policy issues. Ex ante Economics of Exotic Disease Policy: Citrus Canker in California 1. Introduction This paper investigates the economic effects of an invasion of citrus canker in California. We consider the costs and benefits of eradication under alternatives including the size of the infestation, whether it occurs in commercial groves or in urban areas, and various economic and market conditions. The impacts of various eradication scenarios are compared to the alternative of allowing the disease to become established again under various conditions, including the potential for quarantine. We do not consider here the likelihood of an infestation or the specifics of exclusion policies. Rather we focus on economic considerations of eradication versus establishment. 2. A background on the disease, its prevalence, and spread Citrus canker is a bacterial disease of most commercial Citrus species and cultivars grown around the world, as well as some citrus relatives (Civerolo, 1984; Goto 1992a; Goto, Schubert 1992b; and Miller, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Florida's Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP): Annual Economic Impact on Florida's Processed Orange Industry1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. FE533 Florida's Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP): Annual Economic Impact on Florida's Processed Orange Industry1 Thomas H. Spreen, Marisa L. Zansler and Ronald P. Muraro2 Rapid expansion and integration of international establish guidelines for averting the spread of the trade, increased tourism, and changes in methods of disease. Currently there is no biological or chemical production in recent decades have increased the cure for citrus canker. All infected trees and citrus likelihood of the introduction of invasive species to trees within a radius of 1900 feet of an infected tree U.S. (United States) agriculture. Invasive species can must be eradicated (1900-foot rule). On-site have adverse environmental and/or economic impacts decontamination of grove workers, field equipment, when introduced into a region. Economic impacts and packinghouses is also mandatory. include marketing, production, and trade implications. The current effort to eradicate citrus canker from the industry, the CCEP, has been mired in One such invasive species imposing adverse controversy associated with public opinion and legal economic impacts to the Florida citrus industry is a action. A benefit-cost analysis was conducted to bacterial disease known as citrus canker (caused by determine whether the CCEP is, indeed, a useful Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. citri). Citrus canker policy tool in combating the economic ramifications causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus associated with citrus canker. trees. The disease adversely affects the proportion of fruit intended for the fresh market, serves to weaken A model of the world orange juice market was citrus trees, and leads to a reduction in yields and originally developed at the University of Florida in higher costs of production.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Fruits 2020 Summary (August 2020) 3 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service
    United States Department of Citrus Fruits Agriculture National 2020 Summary Agricultural Statistics Service August 2020 ISSN: 1948-9048 Contents Utilized Citrus Production – United States Chart ................................................................................................................... 6 Citrus Value of Production – United States Chart .................................................................................................................. 6 Citrus Narrative ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Citrus Acreage, Production, Utilization, and Value – States and United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Citrus Acreage, Production, Utilization, and Value by Crop – United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Orange Acreage, Yield, Utilization, Price, and Value by Type – States and United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Bearing Acres of Oranges – United States Chart .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Fruit
    AGRI.G2 - F&V - 2020 WORKING DOCUMENT WG - Working Group for Citrus fruit Vol. 01 - PRODUCTION The citrus market in the EU: production, areas and yields ------ 23 November 2020 -------- Contact point: European Commission - DG Agri G2 Exclusion of liability: this document of the European Commission aims to contribute to the analysis of the citrus fruit market situation in the EU. The Commission accepts no responsibility for the information contained herein. Data sources: data come mainly from experts and official statistics; they may have been supplemented with data from other types of sources. Their reproduction or use is permitted with mention of their source. INDEX Index of tables and graphs INDEX - Part 1 - PRODUCTION Production Table 1.2 1.1 Production (source(source: CLAM) Eurostat) Graph 1.1 Production of citrus fruit by Member State Graph 1.2 Production of oranges by Member State Graph 1.3 Production of small citrus fruit by Member State Graph 1.4 Production of lemons by Member State Graph 1.5 EU citrus production evolution per type Table 1.2 Production of citrus fruit in the EU since 1985 Graph 1.6 Total production of citrus fruit in the EU Graph 1.7 Production of citrus fruit by type Area Table 2.1 Area (source: Eurostat) Graph 2.1 Orange area by Member State Graph 2.2 Small citrus fruit area by Member State Graph 2.3 Lemons area by Member States Graph 2.4 Total citurs area by Member State Yield / (ex withdrawal) Table 3.1 Yield by product (calculated) Graph 3.1 Orange yield by Member State Graph 3.2 Small citrus fruit yield by Member State Graph 3.3 Lemon yield by Member State (ex-Tablex 3.x, Graphs 3.x - discontinued!!) (regime "market withdrawals" discontinued since the reform "FruVet" in 2008) Table 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Citrus Outlook Methodologies and Sources
    Global Citrus Outlook Methodologies and sources Data in T Short-term comparison Long-term comparison EU trade data include covering 1980 to 2017 ranging from last 5 to 10 years internal shipments Currency €/USD USDA World Citrus FAOSTAT EUROSTAT COMTRADE report EU Commission citrus SHAFFE Summer Citrus Freshfel Qlickfresh FRuitTROP Magazines report report Citrus production and export in perspective of global fruit trends Steady growth of fruit production in the last 3 decades (since 1980 ) from 338 Mio T to 865 Mio T Bananas ( 148 Mio T) and citrus ( 146,5 Mio T) are the two leading products Global Fruit production Citrus (140% ) , lower growth rather than world fruit average (155 %) and significantly lower than growth the other fruit ( mangoes, avocadoes, melons, kaki Share of citrus of total fruit production dropping from 18% to 17% => increased competition inside the fruit category and further pressure of overall decline of consumption of fresh produce in many markets Oranges: share drops from 67% to 55% to 73 Mio T (growing in volume by 83%) Soft citrus: up from 13% to 25% to 33 Mio T (growing in volume by 288%) Lemons: increase from 8% to 13% to 17,5 Mio T Citrus (growing in volume by 218%) production & Grapefruits: drop by 1% from 8% to 7% to 9 Mio growth trends T (growing in volume by 100%) by categories Share of citrus production grapefruit 7% lemons 13% oranges 55% soft citrus 25% Steady growth of fruit exports in the last 3 decades from 23 Mio T to 87,5 Mio T Growth of all fruit exports Global Fruit (280%), faster than production growth (+155%).
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Subtropical Fruit Crops: Citrus
    IMPROVEMENT OF SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS: CITRUS HAMILTON P. ÏRAUB, Senior Iloriiciilturist T. RALPH ROBCNSON, Senior Physiolo- gist Division of Frnil and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Tndusiry MORE than half of the 13 fruit crops known to have been cultivated longer than 4,000 years,according to the researches of DeCandolle (7)\ are tropical and subtropical fruits—mango, oliv^e, fig, date, banana, jujube, and pomegranate. The citrus fruits as a group, the lychee, and the persimmon have been cultivated for thousands of years in the Orient; the avocado and papaya were important food crops in the American Tropics and subtropics long before the discovery of the New World. Other types, such as the pineapple, granadilla, cherimoya, jaboticaba, etc., are of more recent introduction, and some of these have not received the attention of the plant breeder to any appreciable extent. Through the centuries preceding recorded history and up to recent times, progress in the improvement of most subtropical fruits was accomplished by the trial-error method, which is crude and usually expensive if measured by modern standards. With the general accept- ance of the Mendelian principles of heredity—unit characters, domi- nance, and segregation—early in the twentieth century a starting point was provided for the development of a truly modern science of genetics. In this article it is the purpose to consider how subtropical citrus fruit crops have been improved, are now being improved, or are likel3^ to be improved by scientific breeding. Each of the more important crops will be considered more or less in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020–2021 Florida Citrus Production Guide: Tristeza Decline1 Ozgur Batuman, Amit Levy, Mark E
    PP-181 2020–2021 Florida Citrus Production Guide: Tristeza Decline1 Ozgur Batuman, Amit Levy, Mark E. Hilf, Peggy J. Sieburth, William O. Dawson, and Ronald H. Brlansky2 Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a major cause of the decline Citrus tristeza virus is transmitted by aphids. They acquire and eventual death of trees on sour orange rootstocks. it within minutes of feeding on an infected plant and Initially, affected trees have small leaves and twig dieback. transmit it to healthy plants within minutes of picking up Diseased trees often produce very small fruit, and the the virus. The brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida), yield declines. Eventually, large limbs die back and the tree which first appeared in Florida in 1995, is considered the gradually declines. In extreme cases, trees may suffer from most efficient vector of the virus. The cotton or melon quick decline and wilt, dying in a matter of weeks. On sour aphid (Aphis gossypii) is a less efficient but still effective orange rootstock, some isolates of CTV cause an incompat- vector, whereas the green citrus or spirea aphid (Aphis ibility at the bud union, which results in the loss of fibrous spiraecola) and the black citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantii) roots and reduced ability for water uptake. Bark flaps cut are considered to be less efficient vectors of CTV in Florida. from across the graft union of declining trees often show The establishment of T. citricida in Florida is believed to pitting consisting of small holes (honeycombing) on the have resulted in a more rapid spread of decline-inducing inside face of the bark flap from the rootstock side of the isolates of tristeza.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening)
    PUBLICATION 8218 Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) MARYLOU POLEK, Program Manager and Plant Pathologist, Citrus Tristeza Virus Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Tulare; GEORGIOS VIDALAKIS, Director, Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), Department of Plant Pathology, University of UNIVERSITY OF California, Riverside; and KRIS GODFREY, Senior Environmental Research Scientist, CALIFORNIA Biological Control Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources INTroduCTioN http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Compared with the rest of the world, the California citrus industry is relatively free of diseases that can impact growers’ profits. Unfortunately, exotic plant pathogens may become well established before they are recognized as such. This is primarily because some of the initial symptoms mimic other diseases, mineral deficiencies, or toxicities. In addition, development of disease symptoms caused by some plant pathogenic organisms occurs a long time after initial infection. This long latent period results in significantly delayed disease diagnosis and pathogen detection. Citrus canker (CC) and huanglong- bing (HLB, or citrus greening) are two very serious diseases of citrus that occur in many other areas of the world but are not known to occur in California. However, if the patho- gens causing these diseases are introduced into California, they will create serious prob- lems for the state’s citrus production and nursery industries. CiTrus BACTerial CaNker Disease Citrus bacterial canker disease (CC) is caused by pathotypes or variants of the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis (formerly campestris) pv. citri (Xac). This bacterium is a quar- antine pest for many citrus-growing countries and is strictly regulated by international phytosanitary programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Lime
    MEXICAN LIME Commercial citrus production in the Yuma area is devoted primarily to tangelo/tangerines, a distant second to desert lemons, the major citrus fruit grown in the area. Mexican limes, however, fit into a local niche market, with the small acreage grown essentially for local markets. · Of the two acid, or sour, limes in world trade, the one longest known and most widely cultivated is the Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifoli), and many often refer the tangy fruit merely as "lime". · The Mexican lime tree is exceptionally vigorous; may be shrubby and range from 6 1/2 to 13 feet high, with many slender, spreading branches, and usually with numerous, very sharp spines to 3/8 inch long. The lime fruits are borne singly or in 2's or 3's (or sometimes large clusters), at the twig tips. The pulp of the Mexican lime is greenish-yellow and the fruits are quite juicy, very acid and flavorful, with few or many small seeds which are also green in color. · The Mexican lime, because of its special bouquet and unique flavor, is ideal for serving in half as a garnish and flavoring for fish and meats, for adding zest to cold drinks, and for making limeade. Commercially bottled lime juice is prized the world over for use in mixed alcoholic drinks. · Limes are a very juicy citrus fruit. In fact, it is calculated that 2,200 lbs of fruit yields 1,058 pounds of juice. · Mexican limes are often made into jam, jelly and marmalade. They are also pickled by first making 4 incisions at the top of the fruit and covering the fruits with salt, and later preserv- ing them in vinegar.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Citrus in the Sierra Nevada Foothills
    GROWING CITRUS Page 1 GROWING CITRUS IN THE Publication Number 31-018C SIERRA NEVADA FOOTHILLS (March 2010) AUTHOR: Cindy Fake, Horticulture and Small Farms Advisor, Nevada & Placer Counties Mandarins are the signature Mandarins dominate commercial Meyer lemon (22°F) > oranges - fruit of the Sierra Nevada citrus production in the Navel, blood, etc. (24°F) > foothills. Warm days and cool foothills, but many other citrus grapefruit (26°F)> true lemons nights during the growing species can also be grown. (Eureka, Lisbon) (28°F)>lime season provide near-perfect Navel, blood, and Valencia (30°F). Low temperature conditions for production of oranges, lemons, limes, tolerance depends on many high-quality flavorful fruit, the grapefruit and kumquats are all factors, including tree age, produced commercially in the nutritional status, soil water Mountain Mandarin®. Recent research has also revealed that foothills. Microclimates created status, acclimatization, and fruit mandarins contain significant by foothill topography also maturity, among others. These amounts of synephrine. allow production of more exotic temperatures are guidelines, Synephrine is a natural citrus species such as pommelo, given to assist in selecting antihistamine, which can shaddock, limequat, appropriate species. All of the alleviate the symptoms of colds calamondin, and yuzu. Not all citrus species cited can and allergies, so mandarins are varieties can be grown in all successfully be grown in the also health foods. microclimates, however. For right microclimate of the lower more information on citrus foothills. Commercial mandarin varieties, see UCCE Publication production flourishes in the 16C: Citrus Varieties for the foothills at elevations from 400 Foothills. to 1000 feet. Most of the Eco-requirements production is Owari Satsuma for citrus production mandarins: sweet, seedless, zip- skin fruit.
    [Show full text]