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Prevalence of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Mycoplasma Synovae in Poultry- India Perspective

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Prevalence of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Mycoplasma Synovae in Poultry- India Perspective Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2213-2220 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.258 Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synovae in Poultry- India Perspective A. Prajapati1*, N. Subhashree1, J. Siju Susan2, Manjunath G.B. Reddy2, R. Yogisharadhya2 and S.S. Patil2 1Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India 2ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru- 64, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae are important poultry pathogens K e yw or ds responsible for high economic losses to the poultry industry in term of mortality, poor Prevalence, weight gain and decrease of feed efficiency in broiler chickens and reduction of egg Mycoplasma production in layer chickens and turkeys. Serum plate agglutination (SPA), gallisepticum, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and ELISA are the most common serological techniques Mycoplasma used for rapid detection of infection and the adoption of control measures of the diseases. synovae, Poultry, Application of molecular techniques like PCR, real time PCR is currently used for the India demonstration of the DNA of the pathogen. Different studies based on detection of anti antibodies and DNA of organism show that disease is quiet prevalent in both broiler and Article Info layer in India. Both killed and live vaccines are available for vaccination against Accepted: Mycoplasma gallisepticum or M. synoviae which can be a useful to control vertical 18 April 2018 transmission from breeder to chicks. Eradication of disease is possible through strict Available Online: biosecuity measure at farm, early detection of new infections and prevention of vertically 10 May 2018 transmission of agents. Introduction costs occur in treatment (Peebles and Branton, 2012). Poultry mycoplasmosis is an important a respiratory diseases of chickens and turkey. Etiology Disease is of worldwide distributions and affects both the broiler grower and the layer Avian mycoplasmosis is mainly caused by birds. Poultry industry are facing significant Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma economic losses occurring due to drop in egg synoviae species of mycoplasma (OIE, 2008) production, decrease in egg quality, high and less commonly by Mycoplasma embryonic mortality, poor hatchability, high meleagridis and Mycoplasma iowae. morbidity, poor weight gain and medication Organism classified into the class Mollicutes 2213 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2213-2220 Order Mycoplasmatales and Family carry the mycoplasma infection (Peebles and Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasmas are the Branton, 2012). smallest free living eubacteria but differ from other bacteria not having cell wall. The Risk factors complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain reveal the presence of Immune status of birds, litter conditions, 996,422 bp with an overall G+C content of 31 stocking density, climate, type of drinker and mol% (Papazisi et al., 2003). feeder affects the rate of spread within the flock. Infected fomites and personal carry the Species affected organism play important role in between flock transmission (Nneoma Okwara, 2016). Co- Presently mycoplasmosis is one of the most infection of M. gallisepticum and low important economic diseases of poultry and pathogenic avian influenza virus (H3N8) in particularly affect intensive production chickens has been reported (Stipkovits et al., systems in most of countries. Of different 2012) which suggested that LPAI may pathogenic mycoplasma species M. predispose the birds to M. gallisepticum gallisepticum is most economically significant infection and vice versa (Sid et al., 2016). and affects mainly gallinaceous avian species. Presence of concurrent infection with ranikhet It causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. M. colibacillosis or other pathogens make disease synoviae is also pathogenic for both chickens more severe (Matilda et al., 2018; Nneoma and turkeys. All the age groups of turkeys and Okwara, 2016). chickens are susceptible but disease is more common in upto 32 weeks old commercial Indian scenario layer chicken (Udhayavel et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2016). Mycoplasma meleagridis and Recent reports by various workers showed that Mycoplasma iowae is pathogenic primarily for M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae is quite turkeys only. prevalent in different states and geographical location of India and its prevalence varies Transmission from 10% to 55% and 2% to 52% respectively (Table 1 and 2). Seasonal wise study showed Poultry mycoplasmas are transmitted through that incidence of CRD was observed highest both direct and indirect contact with infected during summer followed by winter and rainy birds and fomites (Kleven, 2008). Horizontal season (Rajkumar et al., 2017). bird-to-bird transmission occurs within flocks through close contact. Infectious aerosols Prevalence in different countries generated after coughing and sneezing of infected birds carry the organism and Systematic review of some recent publication transmitted it other birds through direct showed that M. gallisepticum in poultry is inhalation or contact with infected bird or highly prevalent in developing countries i.e. infected fomites (NneomaOkwara, 2016). 43.50% layers and 63.5% broiler in Malaysia (Ching et al., 2016), 45.1% in Bangladesh Contaminate feed and water can also transmit (Hossain et al., 2010), 0.9% Layers and 2.7% the disease. Infected breeders can also broilers in Belgium (Michiels et al., 2016), transmit the mycoplasma vertically to chicks 53.40% in Pakistan (Hussain et al., 2018) and through in ovo resulting hatched chickens 29.5% in Accra, Ghana (Matilda et al., 2018). 2214 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2213-2220 Table.1 Prevalence of M. gallisepticum in poultry in India State Samples Size Test Prevalence/Inc References idence Some Districts of 1350 ELISA and 55.5% in SPA Vadivalagan Tamil Nadu Sera sample SPA and 42.1% in et al., 2018 ELISA Namakkal region of 103 layer sera Indirect 53.40% Udhayavel et Tamil Nadu samples ELISA al., 2016 Different geographical 1827 serum ELISA 43.95% Reddy, 2014 regions in the country samples Different geographical 1715 Choanal Isolation and 10.38% Reddy, 2014 regions in the country cleft swabs PCR samples 7 States (Telangana, 309 Choanal PCR 11.65% Rajkumar et Karnataka, swabs al., 2018 Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha) 5 States (Telangana, 635 serum ELISA 32.6% Rajkumar et Karnataka, Gujarat, samples al., 2018 Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal) Different States (n = 7) 1, 285 sera ELISA 32.06% Baksi et al., of India samples 2016 Haryana 92 tissue PCR 27% Tomar et al., samples 2017 Haryana 98 serum RPA 22.44% Tomar et al., samples 2017 Haryana (18 different 284 serum RPA 28.87% Tomar et al., hatcheries) samples from 2017 Hyderabad 13,394 dead Post mortem 11.50% CRD Rajkumar et (Organized poultry birds examination al., 2017 farm) Rewa (Madhya 98 serum ELISA 21.40% Singh et al., Pradesh) sample 2016 2215 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2213-2220 Table.2 Prevalence of M. synovae in poultry in India State Samples Size Test Prevalence/In References cidence 7 States (Telangana, 309 Choanal PCR 33.0% Rajkumar et Karnataka, Tamilnadu, swabs al., 2018 Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha) 5 States (Telangana, 635 serum ELISA 52.1 % Rajkumar et Karnataka, samples al., 2018 Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal) Different states (n = 7) of 1354 ELISA 41.1% Baksi et al., India 2016 Haryana 92 tissue PCR 2.1% Tomar et al., samples 2017 Haryana 98 serum RPA 18.36% Tomar et al., samples 2017 Haryana 284 serum RPA 10.56% Tomar et al., (18 different hatcheries) samples 2017 Tamilnadu 116 samples PCR 36.2% Senthilnathan et al., 2015 Clinical signs respiratory distress, lameness, pale comb, swollen hock and foot pad. Infections mainly M. gallisepticum infection involve synovial membranes of joints and M. gallisepticum infection is characterized by tendon sheaths resulting exudative synovitis, respiratory manifestation. The incubation tendovaginitis, or bursitis (Ferguson and period of chronic respiratory disease varies Noormohammadi, 2013). In some cases ranging between 6-21 days. Infected chickens associated with egg shell apex abnormalities, show sign of coughing, sneezing, rales, ocular shell thinning with cracks and breaks and nasal discharges. There is decrease in (Feberwee et al., 2009). feed consumption, decrease in egg production, increased mortality and poor Diagnosis hatchability. In broilers most outbreaks occur between 3rd and 6th weeks of age that lead to Isolation and Identification of Mycoplasma poor feed conversion, sharp decline in weight spp gain and low carcass quality. In turkeys M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae are infection is characterised by swelling of the relatively fastidious micro-organisms that infra orbital sinus, conjunctivitis and frothy require special nutritional requirement exudates (Peebles and Branton, 2012). (Kleven, 2008). Frey medium (Frey et al., M. synoviae infection 1968), SP-4 medium (Bradbury, 1998), PPLO medium (Kleven, 2008) are some of the M. synoviae infection are mostly subclinical commercial available liquid and agar media in nature
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