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Respiratory Diseases of Turkeys – Part Two

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Respiratory Diseases of Turkeys – Part Two Respiratory diseases of turkeys – part two by Hafez Mohamed Hafez, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Königsweg, 14163 Berlin, Germany. ycoplasmas have affected This does not seem to be true poultry production for for MG or MS, both of which Mmany years and effective have been found in a number of control of mycoplasma infection avian hosts. A widespread epi- has been a fundamental stepping demic of MG infection also stone to improved performance occurred in North American and productivity. However, infec- finches. tions appear to be making a In addition, MM was isolated comeback. from raptors in Germany and Numerous species of mycoplas- MI from chickens and from wild mas have been isolated from and exotic birds.The clinical avian sources. Two species are signs and the course of the dis- recognised as predominantly ease are influenced by several pathogenic to chickens and factors such as the presence of turkeys. Mycoplasma gallisep- concurrent micro-organisms ticum (MG) affects the respira- (TRT, influenza, reo and E. coli) tory system and is referred to as and/or improper management chronic respiratory disease (increased dust and ammonia (CRD) in chickens, and infectious levels in the environment). sinusitis in turkeys. The clinical manifestation due Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) may to Mycoplasma gallisepticum cause either respiratory diseases Infectious sinsusitis – mycoplasma. (MG) may include drops in feed and/or joint diseases. Two addi- consumption, coughing, sneezing, tional species are known to be pathogenic mycoplasma survival in poultry populations. râles, ocular and nasal discharge and to turkeys. Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) The disease spreads from flock to flock by swelling of sinuses. In some cases, sinusitis causes airsacculitis, and Mycoplasma iowae vertical transmission through infected eggs. may be absent and only rhinitis, tracheitis (MI) causes decreases in hatchability. Infected progeny then transmit the agent and airsacculitis could be found accompa- Mycoplasmas are the smallest self replicat- horizontally either by direct bird to bird nied by a fibrinous pneumonia in some ing procaryotic organisms. They have no contact or by indirect contact through con- cases. cell wall but are bounded by a triple layered taminated feed, water and equipment. plasma membrane which is composed Concerning vertical transmission, hens mainly of lipids and proteins. which become infected before the onset of Mcyoplasma synoviae laying tend to egg transmit at a lower rate than hens initially infected during egg pro- Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) has the affinity Environment sensitive duction. Generally egg transmission is inter- for synovial membranes and may infect the mittent and the rate is variable (1-10%) and membranes of joints resulting in swelling of The genus Mycoplasma belongs to the fam- very low. The spread of infection from bird the joints followed by lameness. ily Mycoplasmataceae, order Mycoplas- to bird within one pen is usually rapid but it Hocks, footpads, wing joints and the ster- matales of the class Mollicutes. is rarely transmitted from one pen to nal bursa are most frequently involved. Mycoplasmas are sensitive in the environ- another. Affected birds are not able to move and ment and susceptible to the most com- However, in continuous production com- lose or fail to gain weight. MS may also monly used chemical disinfectants. plexes (multiple-age) with chronic apparent cause respiratory disease and airsac lesions The viability of mycoplasmas outside the healthy carriers the spread of infection is similar to MG. host is of short duration – 2-8 days at 5- difficult to control since the cycle of infec- The role of MS as a primary pathogen in 10°C. Sunlight kills the organism in 20-30 tion can not be broken without complete both respiratory and locomotory disease of minutes. They remain stable in faeces at depopulation. turkeys is less clear and other factors may 20°C for three days, in hatchery fluff for five The agent can also be transmitted by be involved and responsible for the onset of days and at -20°C for several months. other species of birds as well as mechani- clinical signs. Mycoplasma can survive in the human cally by other animals and man. Bradbury Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) causes nasal passage for 24 hours, on human hair (1999) reported on the problems related to embryo deaths, sinusitis, stunting, airsacculi- for three days, and on feathers for 2-4 days. re-emergence of mycoplasma infections. In tis, and occasionally bone defects as well as They may exist for very long periods in the the past mycoplasmas appeared to have a swollen hock joints. Mycoplasma iowae respiratory tract of infected birds and these restricted host range, which should help to (MI) causes mortality of turkey embryos apparently healthy carriers are essential for limit their lateral spread. Continued on page 13 International Hatchery Practice — Volume 20 Number 7 11 Continued from page 11 are commercially available. The test is and some strains may cause inflammation of quick, inexpensive and highly sensitive, but the joints, but the organism appears to be there are also variations between batches in rarely encountered since its eradication by sensitivity and specificity. the primary breeders. Serum plate agglutination suspected reac- Diagnosis of mycoplasma on the basis of tors generally must be confirmed by other clinical features and pathological lesions is tests such as a haemagglution inhibition test often difficult, since these signs may be con- (HI) using fresh culture antigen. The corre- fused with other infectious diseases. Proof sponding titres are 1:40 and 1:80 or above of infection, therefore, must be confirmed respectively. by laboratory diagnosis either by direct The HI test appears to be more specific detection, direct isolation or indirectly using than SPA, but still shows wide variations in serological methods. results due to lack of uniformity between antigen preparations and that some isolates fail to agglutinate red blood cells and do not Acute stages of infection stimulate the production of HI antibody. ELISA kits have also been developed for During the acute stages of infection the detection of antibodies against MG, MS, and population of mycoplasma in the respira- MM. These kits are commercially available. tory tract is very high. In such cases 5-10 ELISA is sensitive and specific but can also tracheal or chonal cleft cotton swabs are be prone to false positive and negative sufficient for mycoplasma isolation. results. Generally, significant antigenic vari- In chronic cases however, a high number ability among strains also exists, which of samples is essential. In dead birds culture could affect the sensitivity of serological of lesions should be carried out. For cultur- tests. In all cases confirmation of positive ing embryonated eggs, samples of yolk and cases can be carried out only by retesting yolk membrane should be included. the birds after about a month, or by cul- The medium developed by Frey et al. ture. (1968) is widely used for isolation of MG and M. synoviae. Specimens should be cul- G Treatment and control tured within 24 hours. With MM and MI, Several drugs have been found useful for primary isolation on agar plates may be reducing clinical signs and shedding in more successful than using broth culture. infected flocks. However, no antibiotic The isolation is accompanied by several regardless of dosage or length of treatment disadvantages: can eliminate the infection in birds and G The organism is relatively fastidious and hatching eggs. Among the more common slow growing and culturing requires about antibiotics are tylosin, spiramycin, tetracy- 21-28 days confirming a negative result. cline, quinolones (enrofloxacin, flumequin), G The growth of mycoplasmas may be spectinomycin and lincomycin. inhibited by damage during sample trans- The drugs can be administered by numer- port to laboratory or by growth inhibitors ous routes (Injection, feed, water). Treat- in the medium. ment is able to reduce the losses, but G In some flocks several different relapses may occur when treatment is dis- mycoplasmas (non-pathogenic) can be continued. Since the isolation of the grown from a single sample and compete causative agent is difficult and time consum- with the growth of a pathogenic one. ing, currently little is known about the sus- To avoid such difficulties MG and MS ceptibility of recent isolates. DNA probe test kits have been developed Eradication of mycoplasma in breeder and are now commercially available. flocks through testing and slaughter is the preferred method to clean the production chain from the top and to prevent myco- DNA probe test kits plasma introduction through primary and commercial breeder flocks. However, in The test is highly sensitive and specific and places with intensive continuous poultry is able to detect small amount of mycoplas- production and in valuable pedigree lines it mas even in long term frozen samples has been determined that this method is within eight hours. too expensive and impractical. The cost is comparable to isolation proce- Hatching egg treatments with antibiotics dures. In addition, several PCR based tests for the control of egg transmitted bacterial have also been developed for MG and are pathogens has been widely investigated and cited by Kempf (1998) including a multiplex seems to be of great value. Different meth- PCR, which is designed to detect all four ods of egg treatment have been used such avian mycoplasma pathogens.
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