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Communalism in Nationalist Politics UNIT Communalism in 6 Nationalist Politics Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with The emergence of religious nationalism in pre-independent India British Divide and Rule policy to promote their imperial interests Grant of separate electorate by the British for Muslims encouraging the League and Jinnah to press their demand for a separate state for Muslims Acceptance of office by Congress, under Government of India Act, 1935, and the increasing gap between Congress and Muslim League Call for Direct Action Day given by Jinnah and the resultant communal violence in Calcutta The partition of the country into India and Pakistan Introduction new avenues opened by colonialism. With the emergence of Indian nationalism especially Before the establishment of British Raj, among the educated Hindu upper castes, the Mughals and their agents had ruled large British saw in the Muslim middle class a force parts of the country. Large sections of the to keep the Congress in check. They cleverly Muslims therefore enjoyed the advantages of exploited the situation for the promotion being the co-religionists of the ruling class of their own interests. The competing many of whom were sovereigns, landlords, three strands of nationalism namely Indian the generals and officials. The official and nationalism, Hindu nationalism, and Muslim court language was Persian. When the British nationalism are dealt with in this lesson. gradually replaced them they introduced a new system of administration. By the 6.1 Origin and Growth mid-nineteenth century English education of Communalism in predominated. The 1857 rebellion was the last British India gasp of the earlier ruling class. Following the brutal suppression of the revolt, the Muslims lost everything, their land, their job and other (a) Hindu Revivalism opportunities and were reduced to the state of Some of the early nationalists believed that penury. Unable to reconcile to the condition nationalism could be built only on a Hindu to which they were reduced, the Muslims foundation. As pointed out by Sarvepalli Gopal, retreated into a shell. And for the first few Hindu, revivalism found its voice in politics generations after 1857 they hated everything through the Arya Samaj, founded in 1875, with British. Besides they resented competing with its assertion of superior qualities of Hinduism. the Hindus who had taken recourse to the Besant identified herself with Hindu nationalists 73 12th_History_EM_Unit_6.indd 73 24-03-2020 09:59:11 and expressed her ideas as follows: ‘The Indian (d) Moves of the Congress work is first of all the revival, strengthening and Though many congress men had uplifting of ancient religions. This has brought involvement in Hindu organisations like with it a new self-respect, a pride in the past, a Arya Samaj, the Congress leadership was belief in the future and as an inevitable result, a secular. When there was an attempt by some great wave of patriotic life, the beginning of the Congressmen to pass a resolution in the third rebuilding of a nation.’ session of the Indian National Congress, making cow killing a penal offence, the Congress (b) Rise of Muslims Consciousness leadership refused to entertain it. The Congress Islam on the other hand, to quote subsequently resolved that if any resolution Sarvepalli Gopal again, was securing its affecting a particular class or community was articulation through the Aligarh movement. objected to by the delegates representing that The British, by building the Aligarh college community, even though they were in minority, and backing Syed Ahmed Khan, had assisted it would not be considered by the Congress. the birth of a Muslim national party and Muslim political ideology. The Wahabis (e) Role of Syed Ahmed Khan wanted to take Islam to its pristine purity Sir Syed Ahmed and to end the superstition which according Khan, the founder of to them had sapped its vitality. From the Aligarh movement was Wahabis to the Khilafatists, grassroots initially supportive of activism played a significant role in the the Congress. Soon politicization of Muslims. he was converted to Muslim consciousness developed due to the thinking that in other reasons as well. The Bengal government’s a country governed order in the 1870s to replace Urdu by Hindi, by Hindus, Muslims Sir Syed Ahmed khan and the Perso-Arabic script by Nagri script in would be helpless, as the courts and offices created apprehension in they would be in a minority. However, there the minds of the Muslim professional group. were Muslim leaders like Badruddin Tyabji, Rahmatullah Sayani in Mumbai, Nawab Syed (c) Divide and Rule Policy of Mohammed Bahadur in Chennai and A. Rasul British in Bengal who supported the Congress. But The object of the the majority of Muslims in north India toed British was to check the line of Syed Ahmed Khan, and preferred the development of a to support the British. The introduction composite Indian identity, of representative institutions and of open and to forestall attempts competition to government posts gave rise to at consolidation and apprehensions amongst Muslims and prompted unification of Indians. Syed Ahmed Khan and his followers to work The British imperialism for close collaboration with the Government. By collaborating with the Government he followed the policy of Elphinstone Divide and Rule. Bombay hoped to secure for his community a bigger Governor Elphinstone wrote, ‘Divide et share than otherwise would be due according Impera was the old Roman motto and it to the principles of number or merit. should be ours.’ The British government lent The foundation of the Indian National legitimacy and prestige to communal ideology Congress in 1885 was an attempt to narrow and politics despite the governance challenge the Hindu-Muslim divide and place the that communal riots posed. genuine grievances of all the communities in Religion in Nationalist Politics 74 12th_History_EM_Unit_6.indd 74 24-03-2020 09:59:11 the country before the British. But Sir Syed Muslim supporters of the Swadeshi movement Ahmed Khan and other Muslim leaders like were condemned as “Congress touts.” The silence Syed Ameer Ali, the first Indian to find a of the Congress and its refusal to deal with such place in London Privy Council, projected the elements frontally not only provided stimulus Congress as a representative body of only to communal politics but also demoralized and the Hindus. Of the seventy-two delegates discouraged the nationalist Muslims. attending the first session of the Congress only two were Muslims. Muslim leaders opposed Hindu and Muslim Communalism were the Congress tooth and nail on the plea that products of middle class infighting utterly Muslims’ participation in it would create divorced from the consciousness of the Hindu an unfavourable reaction among the rulers and Muslim masses. —Jawaharlal Nehru against their community. The situation took a turn for the worst in the (f) Communalism in Local Body first decade of the twentieth century when political Elections radicalism went hand in hand with religious Democratic politics had the unintended conservatism. Tilak, Aurobindo Gosh and Lala effect of fostering communal tendencies. Lajpat Rai aroused anti-colonial consciousness by Local administrative bodies in the 1880s using religious symbols, festivals and platforms. provided the scope for pursuing communal The most aggravating factor was Tilak’s effort to politics. Municipal councillors acquired vast mobilise Hindus through the Ganapati festival. powers of patronage which were used to Lal Chand spared no efforts to condemn the build-up one’s political base. Hindus wresting Indian National Congress of pursuing a policy of the control of municipal boards from the appeasement towards Muslims. Muslims and vice-versa led to communalisation of local politics. 6.2 Formation of All India Muslim League Lal Chand, the principal spokesperson of On 1 October 1906, a 35-member the Punjab Hindu Sabha delegation of the Muslim nobles, aristocrats, and later the leader of legal professionals and other elite sections Arya Samaj, highlighted of the community mostly associated with the extent to which some Aligarh movement gathered at Simla under the Municipalities were leadership of Aga Khan to present an address organised on communal Lal Chand to Lord Minto, the viceroy. They demanded lines: ‘The members of the Committee arrange proportionate representation of Muslims in themselves in two rows, around the presidential government jobs, appointment of Muslim chair. On the left are seated the representatives judges in High Courts and members in Viceroy’s of the banner of Islam and on the right the council, etc. Though the Simla deputation failed descendants of old Rishis of Aryavarta. By to obtain any positive commitment from the this arrangement the members are constantly Viceroy, it worked as a catalyst for the foundation reminded that they are not simply Municipal of the All India Muslim League (AIML) to Councillors, but they are as Muhammedans safeguard the interests of the Muslims in 1907. versus Hindus and vice-versa....’. A group of big zamindars, erstwhile Nawabs and ex-bureaucrats became active members of this (g) Weak-kneed Policy of the movement. The League supported the partition Congress of Bengal, demanded separate electorates At the dawn of twentieth century, during for Muslims, and pressed for safeguards for the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905–06), Muslims in Government Service. 75 Religion in Nationalist Politics 12th_History_EM_Unit_6.indd 75 24-03-2020
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