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Api Islam Syed Ameer Ali; Alimuddin : Api Islam Syed Ameer Ali; ..... API ISLAM SYED AMEER ALI: Perdebatan atas Wacana Poligami, Budak, dan Eskatologis Alimuddin Hassan Palawa Institute for Southeast Asian Islamic Studies (ISAIS) [email protected] Abstak Poligami dalam Islam pada dasarnya tidak mengharamkan poligami. Karena pada kondisi tertentu poligami dapat dibenarkan dan malah boleh jadi dianjurkan. Akan tetapi, sprit ajaran Islam tidak memperkenankan poligami. Disimpulkan pria yang berpologami dapat dipastikan tidak akan berlaku adil terhadap istri-istrinya; dan perempuan yang dimadu juga dapat pastikan tidak meresa nyaman dan bahagia dengan kondisinya tersebut. Padahal perkawinan dalam Islam meniscayakan berangkat dari keadilan; dan tujuannya bermuara pada kenyamanan dan kebahagian itu sendiri. Perbudakan dalam Islam nyata sekali melarang perbudakan. Nabi Muhammad saw. sendiri telah bersungguh-sungguh untuk menghapus perbudakan dalam Islam dengan berbagai cara. Perbudakan ibarat dua mata pisau, bukan saja pengingkaran terhadap kemanusiaan, tetapi sekali pengingkaran terhadap ketuhanan. Sang majikan meniadakan kemanusiaan seseorang, dan itu adalah dzalim; dan sang budak mengakui adanya dua sandaran dan pengabdian, dan itu adalah syrik. Islam dengan penegasan Rasul Allah hanya mengakui perbudakan lewat tawanan perang. Artinya ketika peperangan sudah tidak ada maka dengan sendirinya perbudakan menjadi tiada. Tetapi dewasa ini, muncul perbudakan ala modern. Manusia tidak lagi diperbudak oleh sesama manusia, tetapi malah diperbudak oleh dirinya sendiri [oleh pekerjaannya, misalnya], suatu kehidupan yang lebih ironi. Eskatologi dalam Islam adalah kehidupan akhirat tempat mempertanggungjawabkan segala perbuatan di dunia. Sementara noktah yang mengiringinya, apakah kehidupan eskatologis bersifat badaniah atau spritual itu adalah berupakan percabangan. Konsepsi eskatololis dalam Islam mengalami perkembangan, seiring dengan kematangan pemikiran keagamaan dan kedalaman spiritualitas seseorang. Sehingga, pada gilirannya spirit ajaran Islam dalam kehidupan akhirat lebih menekankan pada ganjaran dan balasan bersifat spritual dan rohani. Kata Kunci: Syed Ameer Ali, Poligami, Budak, Eskatologis Pendahuluan tersebut di masa kini dan di masa-masa mendatang? Dalam mengejawantahkan Dewasa ini, ungkapan “al-,slm ugkapan itu lagi, umat Islam terlebih ya‘l_ wal yu‘la ‘alayh” (Islam itu tinggi dahulu harus membuktikan bahwa Islam dan tidak ada yang mengatasinya), adalah “ali f) kulli zamn wa maNn” sepertinya hanya berlaku pada tataran (selaras dalam setiap waktu dan tempat) idealitas, dan bukan pada tataran realitas. dalam menghadapi dan menjawab Dulu umat Islam memang pernah tantangan modernitas di kekinian dan di membuktikan ungkapan tersebut dalam kedisinian. realitas yang menyejarah. Lalu, bagaimana objektivikasi ungkapan 97 TOLERANSI: Media Komunikasi umat Beragama Vol. 8, No. 1, Januari – Juni 2016 Alimuddin : Api Islam Syed Ameer Ali; ..... Dalam mencermati problem- Islam mundur karena meninggalkan problem dihadapi dunia Islam, di agamanya” (Rahman, 1984: 322-323; kalangan intelektual dan pemikir Hourani, 1962: 130-159). pembaharu Muslim terdapat beberapa Jika direnungkan lebih mendalam variasi pandangan dan pemikiran sebab- ungkapan Muhammad Abduh ini, akan sebab keterbelakangan kaum Muslim dan menghasilkan argumen bahwa menjadi sekaligus upaya solusi pemecahannya. rasional dalam Islam adalah inheren Namun, rumusan sebab dan upaya (melakat dalam) agama itu sendiri, pemecahan keterbelakangan itu, sedangkan pada orang Barat adalah sepertinya masih jauh “panggang dari tantangan terhadap agamanya. Jika alur api.” Sehingga dewasa ini dunia Islam logika ini diteruskan, argumen berikutnya tetap merupakan kawasan di bumi ini bahwa menjadi modern dan ilmiah yang paling terkebelakang di antara dalam Islam adalah konsisten dengan penganut agama-agama besar di jagad ini ajaran agama Islam, sedangkan pada (Nurcholish Madjid, 1997: 21). orang Barat berarti penyimpangan dari Sebetulnya kondisi memilukan ini agamanya (Nurcholish Madjid, 1997: tidak perlu berlanjut hingga kini, minimal 165). mengurangi jarak ketertinggalan, kalau Belakangan, menurut Rahman saja umat Islam, misalanya, mau (1984: 322-323), pandangan pemikiran menyahuti seruan gagasan beberapa semacam ini dipopolerkan dan pembaharu, khususnya seperti diperdebatkan dengan intens oleh ahli Muhammad Abduh dan Syed Ahmad hukum dan pemikir Anak-Benua India Khan, masing-masing dari Mesir dan yang terkemuka: Syed Ameer Ali. Maka Indo-Pakistan, untuk kembali sangat logis dan relevan kalau ia menangkap ajaran agama Islam yang mengungkapkan bahwa agama yang lebih kreatif, dinamis dan logis, segaligus dibawa oleh Nabi Muhammad bukanlah lebih otentik serta mampu menangkap agama yang membawa kepada “api ,slam” dan meninggakalkan kemunduruan. Tetapi sebaliknya, agama “abunya”, sebagaimana yang pernah Islam adalah agama rasional yang diperagakan oleh umat dalam sejarah mengantarkan kepada kemajuan (Ali, Islam klasik selama berabad-abad t.th: 435). (Nurcholish Madjid, 1997: 22). Untuk membuktikan Namun kenyataannya tidaklah pandangannya ini, Syed Ameer Ali demikian, jangankan menangkap “api” kembali merujuk kepada sejarah Islam, umat Islam justru meninggalkan kegemilangan umat Islam klasik. Tetapi ajaran agamanya dan hanya pandangan dan sikap seperti ini tidak menggenggam “abunya”. .Drenanya, jarang oleh orang Barat (orientalis) Muhammad Abduh benar ketika dipandangnya sebagai apologia terbesar. mengatakan, “umat Kristen maju karena Maksud Syed Ameer Ali meninggalkan agamanya; dan ummat mengungkapkan kejayaan Islam klasik, 98 TOLERANSI: Media Komunikasi umat Beragama Vol. 8, No. 1, Januari – Juni 2016 Alimuddin : Api Islam Syed Ameer Ali; ..... bukanlah sekedar untuk “onanisme” sebab kemundurannya. Berikutnya, (pemuasan diri) sesaat, apa lagi sembari tulisan ini menyorot, di antara sekian menepuk-nepuk dada dengan bangga. banyak pokok-pokok pemikirannya, Lebih jauh dari itu, dalam pandangan untuk meninjau beberapa gagasan Ameer Ali, ada pelajaran menarik yang liberal-rasionalnya, tiga diantaranya dapat dijadikan pengalaman historis: apa tentang: (i) poligami dalam Islam; (ii) penyebab umat Islam klasik maju, dan perbudakan dalam Islam; dan (iii) apa pula penyebab (setelah itu) umat kehidupan eskatologi dalam Islam. Islam menjadi mundur. Suatu keniscayaan bagi tulisan ini untuk Menurut Syed Ameer Ali, memulai dengan memaparkan riwayat jawabnya singkat meskipun tidak hidup tokoh dimaksud seala-kadarnya. sederhana: Pemikiran liberalisme dan Riwayat Hidup Syed Ameer Ali rasionalisme Islam. Karenanya, lewat Tidak diragukan lagi, Syed Ameer karya-karya, khusus karya masterpiece-nya, Ali merupakah salah seorang dari tokoh The Spirit of Islam, Syed Ameer Ali, pembaharuan pemikiran Islam yang melebihi penulis manapun, benar-benar sangat penting dan mondial. Ia seorang telah menampilkan konsepsi Islam liberal sejarawan, pengacara, dan ahli hukum dan rasional secara konkrit, substansial yang sangat menghargai liberalisme dan dan memuaskan. Pemikiran Ameer Ali rasionalisme dalam bertindak dan ini sangat berpengaruh di dunia Islam. berpikir. Dia dilahirkan pada 6 April Tak pelak lagi, konsepsi Islam 1849 di Chinsura, Bengal, daerah di sedemikian ini telah mendapat bagian Calcutta, India. Dia dilahirkan pengakuan secara bulat dan penuh dari keturunan keluarga syi’ah yang, semangat dari umat Islam terpelajar, di sebelum kelahirannya, berimigrasi dan mana sebelumnya secara diam-diam untuk bergabung dengan sebuah telah merasa dikecewakan atas komunitas kecil pengukit 0uslim Syi’ah penampilan konsepsi Islam yang keturunan orang Iran (Persia) (Eliade konservatif dan tradisional. Sampai batas [ed], 1995: 232). Kakeknya, Ahmad Afzal tertentu, dia telah berhasil mencapai Khan adalah seorang prajurit angkatan sasarannya, dan bahkan lebih penting bersenjata Nadir Syah yang ikut lagi, dia telah sukses menggerakkan para melakukan ekspansi ke Delhi, India, dan ulama ortodoks-konservatif untuk akhirnya menetap di sana. Sedangkan menerima dan mendukung beberapa ayahnya, Sa’adat Ali Khan adalah gagasan yang dipaparkan dalam bukunya seorang dokter dari keluarga yang tersebut (Gibb, 1996: 119). terhormat dan kaya ketika itu. Keluarga Untuk itu, tulisan sederhana ini ini bekerja di Istana Raja Moghol dan akan memaparkan pandangan- Awadh. Akhirnya keluarganya bekerja pandangan Syed Ameer Ali secara umum pada kompeni (Inggris) di India Timur tentang sebab-sebab kejayaan umat Islam (Gibb, 1960; Harun Nasution [ed], 1993: klasik; seraya diiringi dengan sebab- 120; Abdul Azis Dahlan [ed], 1993: 28). 99 TOLERANSI: Media Komunikasi umat Beragama Vol. 8, No. 1, Januari – Juni 2016 Alimuddin : Api Islam Syed Ameer Ali; ..... Syed Ameer Ali memulai Temple, Inggris di tahun 1869. Pada pendidikannya di Muhsiniyyah College di masa-masa inilah dia memulai menulis Calcutta. Di lembaga pendidikan inilah karya monumentalnya, The Spirit of Islam. dia belajar bahasa Inggris, sastra, dan Dia menyelesaikan pendidikannya hukum. Di samping itu, dia juga belajar dengan meraih gelar kesarjanaan di dasar-dasar agama langsung dari seorang bidang hukum pada tahun 1873. Setelah maulvi (guru) (Gibb, 1960: 120). Tetapi ia menyelesaikan pendidikannya di Inggris, tidak pernah berhubungan secara dia kembali ke India. Di tanah signifikan dengan Bengali atau mengikuti kelahirannya, Ameer Ali bekerja dalam pelatihan dan pendidikan dalam bahasa berbagai lapangan keilmuan yang Arab secara substansial; pendidikanya penting. Di samping dia bekerja sebagai dijalani dalam bahasa Inggris,
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