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By Ian Abbott Zoology Depaxtnent, University of Western Australia

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By Ian Abbott Zoology Depaxtnent, University of Western Australia WESTERNAUSTRALIAN HERBARIUM RESEARCH NOTES No. 5, 1981: 5-18 VEGETATIONMAPS OF FOUR LARGE ISLANDS NEAR ALBANY, WESTERNAUSTRALIA By Ian Abbott ZooLogy Depaxtnent, University of Western Australia, Nedlands l1I.A.6009 . (Present address: Institute of Forest Researchand Protection. HaymanRoad, ComoW.A. 6152) ABSTRACT Vegetation maps otd coftn'nentay,Aane prouided fot, the fout: Lctrgest islands ( BaLd, Ecli,ps e, Breaksea, Miclnelnas ) neaz. Albang, Westewt Australia. The unLts nopped uez'e recognized by a mi.nture of strucku,al c*td florLsti,c ctitez"La. The nutnber of units napped ronged fz,omfour, (EcLipse f,) to ntne (Breaksea I.). Vegetati,on strLtctur.e cmd flor"Lstics of each island az,e dLscussed brLeflg in the contert of erposuz,e to saLt-bea?ing uindB, geoLogg, and nestirq s eabi.r'ds. It i,s axgued tLmt descrLption of the uegetati,on of Laz,ge islands of the Soul;h-ueatewl artd southern coastLi,nes of Ausl;y,aLia Lns intportont scientific uaLue. These isLands pr.ouide a baseLine ufuLeh eould aid undeystandLng of the Long temn effects of AborLgirnl fi.r"Lng on the uegetation of tLrc mainLand coast. INTRODUCTION Bald, Eclipse, Breaksea and lr{ichael.nasIslands, although only four of the 300 islands near the southern coastline of Western Austlcalia, are arnongstthe largest, They differ markedly in vegetation because of differences in area, naxinum elevation, distance from the mainland and degree of exposure and orientation to the swel1 (coning from the southwest) The purpose of this paper is to provide vegetation maps with detailed comnentaries for the four islands. Short descriptions of the vegetation present on snallelc islands near Albany are supplied, and brief conparisons are rnadebetween the vegetation present on islands and on peninsulas and headlands on the adj acent nainland. This is a conpanion paper to Abbott (in press b), whi.chdeals with plant species richness of islands and coastal nainland sites near Albany, analysed nathenatically. Vegetation naps for the four large islands were constructed from extensive reconnaissance on the ground and interpretation of large-scale I. Abbott No. 5 aerial photographs (1:4400 to 1:15840). As in Abbott and Watson ( J.978) and Abbott and Black (1978) the conmunities napped represent a conbination of str'uctural and floristic rmits, MAPS AND COMMENTARY 1. EcJ"ipse Island 35o11'S, 117o53'E. Area 104 hal maxim.rmelevation 109 n [north of centTe); isolation, 6.1 kn fron mainlartd at Ca.vepoint; orientation of long axis, east/west; degree of exposure to swe1l, high; visited 4-15 April 1975; rock type, granite-gneiss; nurnber of plant species recorded, 51; usage by seabirds, four hole-nesting and one surface-nesting species breed on the island (Fullagar 1978), Recorded human disturbance: Sealers frequented the island when the settlernent at King George Sound was founded in 1g26 (Lockyer 1827J . A lighthouse was established and rnanned by three fanilies from 1926 but was autonated in 1975, A fire in 1968 burnt a snall portion of the NWpart of the island. Rabbits are present. The nost extensive plant connunities are designated Cat"pobz:otus and, Zantedes cfuLa in Fig, 1.. Tine Ca"rpobt'otus one, however, actually conceals a more diverse comnunity, Although Ca.z,pobrotus uireacens is nearly everrvhere the dominant elenent, in some places other species becorne locally codoninant and change the structure frorn herbland to open-heath. On the eastem hill (elevation 44 n) , AndersowLa sprengelLoides, VerticordLa plwnosa, Bo?onia aLata and Dodonaea cenatoeazyta are codominant. Soils here are so poorly developed that the eastern hill is the only place on the island I carpobrotus 0.5 km El Zantedcachia ffi Mctaleucamicroptrytta E Mctalcucatanccotata Fig. 1. Vegetation map of Ecli-pse IsIand. No. 5 Vegetation of Islands near AlbanY lacking nesting seabirds. Nearer the coast CalacepLnLus bz'oadi ' ,Se-neci2 Lautusl eoa poif orwLs, Lepidospenna gladtatun, Scit:pus nodasLts and Spot'obolus rlit ginicus aie prominent mernbers of the Cat'pob?ol,i/"s unrt as mapped' With inc"reaslng distince f ron the sea Borcni-a alal;a, Leucopog.on,r'euoluttrs ' stu Li dLun adnatum, v ertL coTdLa plwno s a, TLnyptomen e sani coLa, Chov"Llaern qiercifoLLa, And.ersoni a sprengeLioides and Hibbertia cunei,fomrLs becorne lnore conspicuous and generally increase from 1n to 2 n in height' 0n the other hand the zanted.e.schia cornnunity is virtually monospecific, and is best developed on the rnore sheltered (northern) slopes of the island- It consists of the Antm LiLy Zantedeschia aethiopica, evidently an escape from a lighthouse keeper's garden since 1926, As it dies off in sunmer, much bare soil is then exposed and probably washed from the island' zontedeschia grows to L rr and clearly excludes many native species, probably those constituting the open-heath of the CoJ"pobroras corununity ' The renaining two corulunities mapped are the tallest on the island, and consist of nearly pure stands of one or other of lwo MelaLeuca species. Maxinum heights r"u.it"-d are 6 m lM. nic:t"ophgLLa) and !2 m (M. Lanceolata) ' The tallest I:4. Lm.ceoLata trees a1'e restricted to the most shelteled valley on the island, running NE fron the sunnlt i'nto the sea' There is a sparse ground cover of Z. aethiopica,-of otheruise most is bare earth. Where openings Iccur, occasional bushes LeL/,ljopogonreUoLutus, Pi.melea cLauata, Hibbet:tia czmeiformi.s, choy"tlaena quet:cLfolia and Thr"gptomene scwLcola (this last only a"nln-d "*por"d sheets of rock) occur, In contlast to BTeaksea and lvlichaelnas island Islands, Agonis flen'Losa and RtngooLLav'adiata are so scarce on the as to nake- no contribution to the physiognomy of the vegetation' The NE peninsula is a herbland doninated by Cazpobxottts l)iv'escera and Disphyma ZLauelT.atum with scattered low bushes (0.5 rn hlgh) of Leucopogon reuoluttrs. 2- Breaksea Island 35004'S, 1l-8o05'E. Area 102 ha; rnaxinurnelevation 102 n (east of of centre); isoJ.ation, 5.1 kn from nainland at Bald Head; orientation of long axis, east,/west; degree of exposure to swell, high; vi-sited 25 August- 1 Septenber 1975; rock type, granite-gneiss with extenslve aeollanite u"tt"!t; nunber of plant species recorded, 6L; usage by seabirds, three hole-nesting and one surface-nesting species breed on the island (Abbott 1978) . Recorded hunan disturbance: Sealers worked the island in the 1820s and a lighthouse was manned by three families fron 1858 to 1926. The vegetation units on this island have been napped (Fig' 2) nore intensively than on Eclipse Island' Over twice as many units axe recognized' The dominant unit is RVngo&Laz'adLata' of height 1.0-1.5 rn, fo'rming a closed- heath over much of the lee slopes of the island but only on aeoliarite. Associated perennial species are Hibbertia cwledfozrnis ' Iltt'yptonene sarLcola, pba poifozwLs, Lepidosp er"rna gLa&Lotun, P:LmeLeaclauata and Leucopogot TeuoLutd. Many annuals arJ also present and include PotLetarLa debilis ' Senecio Lautus, Arngallis aruensis ar'd Urtica uvens - The exposed side of the island is rnainly bare rock, both gneissic and aeolianite' During gales all of the southern side becomes drenched with salt spxay. Consequently, its vegetated parts consist of open-herblatd of CalmtfurLnia caLgptrata and associited speiies larcocov'nlq bLackLana, MaiTeana opposi'tifolia, SomoLus repens and Spoz,oboLusuir:ginicus, and tussock grassland (1 n high) of Poa poiTor*1" with CalocepLnlus btoanii, S. r'epens, M- oppositifolia' S. uit ginie'ts and Apiwn pvosltrafu)m. I. Abbott No. 5 I mRt)aqc,da ffi eoa I Thryptcrnene/scLrp.rsI Ma,.e.na Carpobrotus/Lepdosperma = CalaMrlnla @l Calocepl-Elus N Arctotheca E | ,+gonLs Fig. 2. Vegetation rnap of Breaksea Island. 0n the backbone of the island, largely gneissic, and elsewhere on the island wherever gneisses are exposed is present an open-heath conprising Ihrgptomene so,.xicola, Cheilanthes ternLifoLia, Leucopagon z'eualutus and ScirTtus noopsus. T, sa.:ricola and L, TeDolutus do rrot occur east of the houses. Agoni.s fleruosa is represented by a tiny grove of bushes and trees (1-5 m) at two places on the island. A large area doni"nated by CapeweedArctotheca calenduLa is present north of the lighthouse buildings; this is of vigorous growth with plants having large leaves and reaching 0.5 m in height. Atthough ZantedeschLa aethiopica is present, only a few plants were found about the lighthouse buildings. I do not know why this species has not spread as widely as it has on Eclipse Island, but the garden escape Cotgledon ot:bicuLata has a wide range about the buildings. A11 vegetation units on Breaksea Island are burrowed by nesting seabirds (Abbott 1978) . 3, Michaelnas Isl and 55o03'S, 118002'E. Area 90 ha; naximum elevation 152 m (at east end); lsolation, 2.2 km fron nainland at Herald Point and 1.4 kn north of Breaksea Island; or:ientation of long axis, east/west; degree of exposure to swel1, low (sheltered by Breaksea Island and Fllnders Peninsula); visited 4 Septenber-14 Septenber 1975; rock type, granite-gneiss with aeolianite capping on northern slopes only; number of plant species recorded, 78; usage by seabirds, two hole-nestlng species breed (Abbott 1978), Recorded hunan disturbance: A severe fire was lit on the island in L826 by sealers (Lockyer 1827) . Seven units were recognized (Fig. 3). A nixture of closed-herbland and open-heath, ca-ILed I CarpabTotus cotnplex' in Fig, 3, occurs on the northern sLopes; it is extraordinarlly rich in codominant species, lncluding Cat:pobrotus Direscens, ThnelkeldLa dLifusa, Tett:agonia anpLexicoma, )LearLa No. 5 Vegetatjon of Islands near AIbany .o...,ru an"s"or" e"" $ erc"tvnt.rs Q / Eucalyptus rn.yot"-""" m arEulosa S carcoorotr:s comorex = agonrs rexuosa I ffi asonrs marstnara Fig.
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