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Inhalt Abkürzungen 3 Glossar 9 Referenzen 25 Antimikrobielle Therapie 26 Antimikrobielle non-Suszeptibilität / Resistenz 29 Multiresistenz 30 Ambler Klassifikation von ß-Lactamasen 32 Besondere Klassifikationen 33 BSL (Bio-Safety Level, Biologische Schutzstufe) 33 Priority Pathogens (NIAID) / Bioterrorism Agents (000) 34 Select agents (Tier 1 BSATs) 34 UN 2814 (Infectious substances Meeting humans) 34 WHO Pandemie Alert Phases 35 Pandemie Severity Index (PSI) 36 Baltimore Klassifikation von Viren 36 Viren Togaviridae [(+)ssRNAJ Chikungunya Virus: Chikungunya Virusinfektion 41 Onyong-Nyong Virus: Onyong-Nyong Virusinfektion 43 Semliki Forest Virus: Semliki Forest Virusinfektion 44 Ross River Virus: Ross River Virusinfektion 45 Mayaro Virus: Mayaro Virusinfektion 46 Rastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Madariaga Virus: Rastern Equine Encephalitis, Madariaga Virusinfektion 47 Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Western Equine Encephalitis 49 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 50 Sindbis Virus: Sindbis Virusinfektion 52 Barmah Forest Virus: Barmah Forest Virusinfektion 53 Rubella Virus: Rubella Virusinfektion (Röteln), Congenitales Rubella Syndrom (CRS) 54 Flaviviridae [(+)ssRNA] Dengue Virus: Dengue Virusinfektion 56 Japanische Encephalitis Virus: Japanische Encephalitis (JE) 59 West Nil Virus, Kunjin Virus: West Nil Virusinfektion, Kunjin Virusinfektion 61 Usutu Virus: Usutu Virusinfektion 63 Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus: Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Infektion, „Australien Encephalitis“ 64 Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus: Saint Louis Encephalitis 65 Zika Virus: Zika Virusinfektion 66 Gelbfieber Virus: Gelbfieber Virusinfektion 68 Wesselsbron Virus: Wesselsbron Virusinfektion Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV, inkl. CEEV, RSSEV): Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus Infektion (inkl. FSME) 71 Alkhurma Virus: Alkhurma Virusinfektion...................................................................................................................... 73 Powassan Virus: Powassan Virusinfektion 74 Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Omsk Haemorrhagisches Fieber 76 Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus: Kyasanur Forest Disease 77 Hepatitis C Virus: Hepatitis C Virusinfektion 78 Picornaviridae [(+)ssRNA] Hepatitis A Virus: Hepatitis A Virusinfektion 80 Rhinovirus: Rhinovirus Infektion 82 Poliovirus: Poliovirusinfektion, Poliomyelitis 83 Enterovirus (non-Poliovirus / non-Rhinovirus), Coxsackievirus, Echovirus: Enterovirusinfektion (inkl. Coxsackieviren, Echoviren) Cardiovirus: Cardiovirus Infektion & Parechovirus: Parechovirus Infektion 9( XIV Coronaviridae [(+)ssRNA] Coronaviren: Coronavirus Infektion................................................................................................................................91 SARS-Coronavirus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).............................................................................92 MERS-Coronavirus: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)................................................................................94 Caliciviridae [(+)ssRNA] Norovirus spp. (inkl. Norwalk Virus): Norovirus / Norwalk virus Infektion....................................................................97 Sapoviren (inkl. Sapporo virus): Sapovirus Infektion.....................................................................................................99 Hepeviridae [(+)ssRNA] Hepatitis E Virus: Hepatitis E Virusinfektion................................................................................................................ 100 Astroviridae [(+)ssRNA] Astrovirus: Astrovirus Infektion....................................................................................................................................102 Retroviridae [ssRNA-RT] Humanes Immundefizienz Virus (HIV): HIV Erkrankung, akutes retrovirales Syndrom, AIDS...................................103 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HIEV): Adultes T-Zell Leukämie-Lymphom (ATLL), Tropische Spastische Paraparese (ISP)............................................................................................................................................................106 Bunyavirales [(-)ssRNA] Orthohantavirus spp. (Hantaviren): Orthohantavirus Infektion, HFRS, HPS..............................................................108 Orthobunyavirus spp: Orthobunyavirus Infektion........................................................................................................111 Krim-Kongo haemorrhagisches Fieber Orthonairovirus: Krim-Kongo haemorrhagisches Fieber........................... 113 Phlebovirus - Sandfly fever serocomplex (inkl. SFNV, TOSV, SFSV): Phlebotomus Fieber..................................... 115 Phlebovirus - Ritt Valley Fieber Phlebovirus: Ritt Valley Fieber (RVF)........................................................................ 117 Phlebovirus - Adria Virus: Adria Virusinfektion.............................................................................................................119 Phlebovirus - SETS Phlebovirus: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS).................................... 120 Phlebovirus - Heartland Virus: Heartland Virusinfektion..............................................................................................122 Arenaviridae [(-)ssRNA] Lassa mammarenavirus: Lassa Virusinfektion............................................................................................................123 Lujo Mammarenavirus: Lujo Haemorrhagisches Fieber (LUHF)................................................................................. 125 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus: Lymphocytäre Choriomeningitis................................................. 126 Neuwelt / Tacaribe Arenavirus Komplex: Südamerikanische haemorrhagische Fieber...........................................128 Rhabdoviridae [(-)ssRNA] Rabies Lyssavirus: Rabies (Tollwut)..............................................................................................................................131 Lyssavirus spp. (Übersicht)...........................................................................................................................................134 Chandipura Vesiculovirus: Chandipura Virusinfektion.................................................................................................135 Vesicular Stomatitis Virusgruppe: Vesicular Stomatitis Virusinfektion....................................................................... 136 Filoviridae [(-)ssRNA] Filoviridae (inkl. Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus): Ebola Virus-Krankheit, Marburg Virus-Krankheit................................. 137 Paramyxoviridae [(-)ssRNAJ Parainfluenza Virus: Parainfluenza Virusinfektion.........................................................................................................141 Masern Morbillivirus: Masern Virusinfektion / Rubeola...............................................................................................143 Mumps Rubulavirus: Mumps Virusinfektion, Parotitis epidemica............................................................................. 145 Henipa Virusgruppe (inkl. Hendra henipavirus, Nipah henipavirus): Henipavirus Infektion...................................... 147 Pneumoviridae [(-)ssRNA] Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infektion....................................................................149 Metapneumovirus: Metapneumovirus Infektion...........................................................................................................151 Orthomyxoviridae [(-)ssRNA] Influenzaviren: Influenza Virusinfektion........................................................................................................................152 Hepadnaviridae [dsDNA] Hepatitis B Virus: Hepatitis B Virusinfektion...............................................................................................................156 XV Deltaviren [(-)ssRNA] Hepatitis Delta Virus: Hepatitis D Virusinfektion.......................................................................................................... 159 Herpesviridae [dsDNA] Human alphaherpesvirus 1 -2 (HHV1 -2) / Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV1 -2): Herpes Simplex Virusinfektion...........161 Human alphaherpesvirus 3 (HHV3) / Varicella zoster Virus (VZV): Varicella zoster Virusinfektion, Varicella (Windpocken), Herpes Zoster (Gürtelrose).................................................................................................................164 Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (HHV4) / Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Epstein-Barr Virusinfektion, Mononucleosis infectiosa.......................................................................................................................................................................167 Human betaherpesvirus 5 (HHV5) / Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Cytomegalovirus-1nfektion, Cytomegalie............... 169 Humanes Herpesvirus 6/7 (HHV6, HHV7): Exanthema subitum / Roseola infantum........................................... 171 Human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV8) / Kaposi’s Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV): Kaposi-Sarkom..... 173 Papillomaviridae [dsDNA] Humane Papillomaviren (HPV): Papillomavirus Infektion, Papillome (Warzen)..........................................................175 Polyomaviridae [dsDNA] Humane Polyomaviren (inkl. JC / BK Polyomavirus): Progressive Multifokale Leukencephalopathie (PME)..........177 Adenoviridae [dsDNA] Adenovirus ssp.: Adenovirus Infektion.......................................................................................................................
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  • Genomic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Lassa Virus Outbreaks in Nigeria

    Genomic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Lassa Virus Outbreaks in Nigeria

    Genomic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Lassa Virus Outbreaks in Nigeria Abdulwahid Abaukaka Yahaya Tehran University of Medical Sciences Yazdan Asgari ( [email protected] ) Tehran University of Medical Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-6956 Research article Keywords: Genomic, Lassa Virus, Phylogeography, Spatiotemporal and Nigeria Posted Date: October 28th, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.16266/v2 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/20 Abstract Abstract Background Lassa virus (LASV) is a single-negative strand RNA Arenavirus (genus Mammarenavirus), oriented in both negative and positive senses. Due to the increase in the fatality rate of deadly disease LASV caused (Lassa fever), widespread LASV in Nigeria has been a subject of interest. Following the upsurge of LASV endemicity in 2012, another marked incidence recorded in Nigeria, 2018, with 394 conrmed cases in 19 states, and an estimated 25% cases led to death. This study aimed at acquiring the genetic variation of LASV ancestral evolution with the evolvement of new strains in different lineage and its geographical distributions within a specic time of outbreaks through Bayesian inference, using genomic sequence across affected states in Nigeria. Results From the result, we were able to establish the relationship of Lassa mamarenavirus and other arenaviruses by classifying them into distinct monophyletic groups, i.e., the old world arenaviruses, new world arenaviruses, and Reptarenaviruses. Corresponding promoter sites for genetic expression of the viral genome were analyzed based on Transcription Starting Site (TSS), the S_Segment (MK291249.1) is about 2917–2947 bp and L_Segment (MH157036.1), is about1863–1894 bp long.