The India-Pakistan Reconciliation And Other Experiences In Post-Conflict Management Edited by Gilles Boquérat and Richard Asbeck l es é tud es The Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, IFRI sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, IFRI brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, IFRI stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2009 ISBN: 978-2-86592-630-5 ISSN: 1962-610X Ifri Ifri-Bruxelles 27 rue de la Procession Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – France 1000 Bruxelles – Belgium Phone: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Phone : +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Contents Introduction ..................................................................................... 3 PART 1 DEFUSING THE PAST: THE ROLE OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY .......... 8 Recollections of Hope Kuldip Nayar ............................................................................... 9 European Unity and Franco-German Reconciliation Gérard Bossuat ......................................................................... 14 Citizen Diplomacy and Civil Society Contacts Asma-ul-Husna Faiz ................................................................. 30 PART 2 HISTORY AS A METAPHOR OF ESTRANGEMENT/ RAPPROCHEMENT ....................................................................... 47 Post-Conflict Memory and Representation: How Trafalgar Affects Franco-British Relations Today Claire Sanderson ...................................................................... 48 Distortion and the Historiography in Pakistan Ahmad Salim ............................................................................. 57 From Enmity to Reconciliation: The Role of Franco-German Bilateral Institutions Martin Koopmann ..................................................................... 66 1 © Ifri The India-Pakistan Reconciliation PART 3 UNLOCKING CONFLICT NARRATIVES ........................................ 73 The Role of Media in India-Pakistan Relations: A Reflection on Agra Summit Nazir Hussain ............................................................................ 74 Communicating and Exchanging Peace Narratives Through Art and Culture Shahid Nadeem and Madeeha Gauhar .................................... 88 PART 4 OVERCOMING THE TRUST DEFICIT: OTHER PARADIGMS IN RECONCILIATION ............................... 105 From Hatred to Friendly Cooperation: Poland and Germany After the Second World War Klaus Ziemer ........................................................................... 106 Reawakening of Sino-Japanese War Memories Hugues Tertrais ...................................................................... 122 The My Lai Massacre and its Memory: the Long Path Toward Reconciliation Between Vietnam and the USA Pierre Journoud ...................................................................... 129 Overcoming 60 Years of Strategic Hostility: Challenges before the Subconitnent’s Peace Movement Praful Bidwai ........................................................................... 147 2 © Ifri The India-Pakistan Reconciliation Introduction The reactions in India and Pakistan to the Mumbai terrorist attacks of November 2008 have shown the fragility of the apparent bonhomie resulting from the composite dialogue started in 2004. The air was soon thick with accusations and counter-accusations on respective responsibilities and motives. The veneer of trust that has been developed over the last few years evaporated quickly. Suspicions and bitterness resurfaced. Once again, the international community could only hope that the tense situation would not get out of hand. It is still a long way to go before the bilateral relations move from roller coaster to smooth sailing. Also the question remains: How to sustain trust and understanding so that it convincingly overcomes inimical mindsets in a conflict-prone subcontinent? Based on a seminar held in Lahore in the summer of 2008, the present collection intends to highlight a comparative approach towards managing post-conflict situations and the construction of “living together (peaceful symbiosis).” These proceedings not only reflect the past but also recommend actions relevant for experts and policy-makers. Two dimensions are emphasized. The first one is the narrative of wars/conflicts and the treatment given to memories attached to adversarial relations. Those imprints of war, physical and mental, and the post-conflict representation of the “other” can be projected in different forms: official celebrations, memorials, textbooks, etc. The challenge to find ways and means of closing the divide without abjuring the past and its often painful memories is a delicate balancing act since it could also reinforce the distance with the “enemy.” The second dimension deals with the multifarious ways of peace-building so as to extol the tools which could have a far- reaching and positive impact. A fresh thinking comes from the experiences shared in different parts of the world on how to overcome a traumatic past and build a process of reconciliation. Does it imply the reconstruction of identity? What are the factors into play which foster bridge-building from below, but do not contradict state-induced strategies of reconciliation? History can indeed teach a few lessons and show a path forward while keeping alert to the fact that the nature of the conflict can be different and sometimes still simmering. The in-depth reconciliation process between France and Germany after three traumatic wars in less than a century is a case in point. The context is different for India and Pakistan. The two young and asymmetrical 3 © Ifri The India-Pakistan Reconciliation post-colonial states were born out of a bloody vivisection and therefore carry a common historical baggage which generates a “part of us” feeling. Yet, in spite of commonalities, one (Pakistan) defines its existence largely in opposition to the other (India). Other pairs are looked at in this collection of essays: China and Japan, Germany and Poland, United States and Vietnam. The cross examination of experiences in different parts of the world with different cultural background, different political environment can give useful insights into success and failure of past and present reconciliation processes. The first part of this book looks at the role of the civil society in defusing the past. Kuldip Nayar, a leading Indian journalist born in Sialkot (Pakistan), is well-placed to discuss this issue because of his lifelong commitment to Pak-India understanding. His prolific writing relies on his own personal experience. He extols the virtues of people to people contacts to soften the crust of hostility which more than once is sustained by half-hearted politicians, an uncooperative bureaucracy, not to mention the military establishment. He claims that reconciliation starts with a liberal visa regime and the absence of police reporting. People must be allowed to meet for bilateral hostility to recede. If visas are a thing of the past for Europeans crossing borders within the continent (a requirement abolished in the 1950s for the original European Economic Community member-countries), Gérard Bossuat, who holds the Jean Monnet chair at the University of Cergy-Pontoise (North of Paris), reminds us that during the formative years the people have rather reluctantly followed the integration process than actively pushed for it. In the case of France, the reconciliation with Germany responded first of all to a rational impulse driven by strategic and economic imperatives and the constructive attitude of some dedicated individuals. Asma-ul-Husna Faiz, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, brings us back to the India-Pakistan divide. She expounds on citizen diplomacy as a necessary complement to official dialogue. The pursuit of durable peace through a vigilant attitude in deflating tensions diminishes stereotypical images of the “other” and bridges “the perceptual divide.” But this is only part of a multilevel process which needs to involve a wide range of persons. Also, there is an inherent difficulty in quantifying the impact of citizen dialogues on conflict resolution and on the decision-makers. The second part is looking at history as a metaphor of estrangement or rapprochement. Claire Sanderson, who is teaching at the University of Paris VII, points to the battle of Trafalgar as an example, how conflicts can be represented very differently in the collective memory and how it can affect bilateral relations. One may be reminded of the two narratives in India and Pakistan on who initiated and who won the wars. No reconciliation process is worthwhile if prejudices go from one generation to the next through school textbooks. Ahmed Salim, a senior research associate with the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad, dwells on the politics of history and underlines the narrow nationalism propagated 4 © Ifri The India-Pakistan Reconciliation by